National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information about conditions in specific countries. Updates occur periodically based on publicly available information. Countries with high volumes of claims may be updated more frequently. In periods of rapid change and/or uncertainty, updates may be delayed to build a body of relevant information.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
NDPs include Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website. RIRs may have attachments that are not available online. To obtain a copy of any such attachment, please
email us.
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
29 March 2019
UNITED STATES
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Accessed Date:
14 November 2012
Title:
États-Unis. L'Encyclopédie en ligne.
Accessed Date:
25 January 2017
Title:
United States. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. . Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
19 March 2019
Accessed Date:
20 March 2019
Title:
United States. Freedom in the World 2019.
Accessed Date:
28 March 2019
Title:
United States of America. Amnesty International Report 2017/2018: The State of the World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
22 February 2018
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
United States. World Report 2019: Events of 2018.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2019
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Whether an individual can apply for a US visa at a US embassy in a country where they do not have legal status; interview and recording of fingerprints requirements (August 2014-May 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
4 May 2015
Accessed Date:
11 March 2016
Title:
The Immigrant Visa Process
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
Visa Waiver Program
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
21 March 2018
Title:
Report on Citizenship Law: United States of America
Source:
European University Institute. European University Democracy Observatory on Citizenship.
Date of Document:
July 2015
Accessed Date:
25 February 2016
Keywords:
children; citizenship; gender equality; legislation; marriage
Title:
208.4 – Filing the application. Title 8: Aliens and Nationality. Electronic Code of Federal Regulations.
Source:
United States. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
Date of Document:
20 December 2018
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
Loss of permanent residence status, including whether it is automatically lost as a result of remaining outside the US for a period of time; whether proof of such a loss is issued by authorities; procedure for cancelling permanent residence...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 December 2016
Accessed Date:
15 March 2017
Title:
Information on the category C-18 Employment Authorization Card, including what it signifies, whether it can be renewed, and the requirements for renewal; whether it is possible for a US citizen to sponsor a foreign national spouse from within the...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
19 February 2016
Accessed Date:
15 March 2017
Title:
Circumstances in which US authorities seize an asylum claimant's passport and/or other identity documents, including whether this happens if a person is detained prior to their credible fear interview; whether the person is given a copy of the seize...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
28 April 2016
Accessed Date:
15 March 2017
Title:
Information on the meaning of 'Alien Registration Card/Permanent Resident Card Prior to 1998,' including any associated status or documentation, including Temporary Protected Status (2015-February 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 February 2017
Accessed Date:
23 March 2017
Title:
Representing Statelessness Before U.S. Immigration Authorities. First Edition.
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
August 2017
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
Category (c)(9) on the Employment Authorization Document (EAD), including a description of the associated rights, procedures to obtain, maintain and renew such a status
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 June 2010
Accessed Date:
14 November 2012
Keywords:
identity documents; labour
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
United States of America. Election for US House of Representatives of 6 November 2018.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
United States of America. Election for US Senate of 6 November 2018
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
United States of America. Mid-Term Congressional Elections, 6 November 2018
Source:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.
Date of Document:
13 February 2019
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
12th Annual Domestic Violence Counts Report. 24-Hour Census of Domestic Violence Shelters and Services
Source:
National Network to End Domestic Violence
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
United States of America. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2019.
Source:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Date of Document:
7 December 2018
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
Report of the Working Group on the issue of discrimination against women in law and in practice on its mission to the United States of America
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
4 August 2016
Accessed Date:
25 January 2017
Title:
Unaccompanied Alien Children: An Overview
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
18 January 2017
Author:
William A. Kandel
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
Practice Advisory: The Child Status Protection Act
Source:
American Immigration Council
Date of Document:
February 2015
Accessed Date:
15 February 2016
Keywords:
children; citizenship; legislation
Title:
Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth reports submitted by the United States of America under article 12 (1) of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution...
Code:
CRC/C/OPSC/USA/CO/3-4
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Rights of the Child.
Date of Document:
12 July 2017
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
LGBT Policy Spotlight : Public Accommodations Nondiscrimination Laws
Source:
Movement Advancement Project
Date of Document:
January 2018
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
United States: Tier 1. Trafficking in Persons Report 2018.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
June 2018
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
Criminal Victimization, 2016
Source:
United States. Department of Justice.
Date of Document:
October 2018
Author:
Rachel E. Morgan; Grace Kena
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
In the Line of Fire: Human Rights and The U.S Gun Violence Crisis
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
12 September 2018
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
Desertion and Unauthorized Absence
Source:
United States. Department of Defense.
Date of Document:
31 March 2017
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
Report of the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention on its visit to the United States of America
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
17 July 2017
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
Excessive Use of Force by the Police against Black Americans in the United States
Source:
Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Global Justice Clinic et al.
Date of Document:
12 February 2016
Accessed Date:
15 March 2017
Title:
Deadly Force: Police Use of Lethal Force in the United States
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
18 June 2015
Accessed Date:
15 February 2016
Keywords:
crime; extralegal executions/killings; judicial efficacy; legal system; legislation; penal system; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; race; statistics
Title:
United States. Freedom of the Press 2017.
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
United States. Freedom on the Net 2018.
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
Assessing the Legality and Proportionality of Communications Surveillance in United States Law
Source:
Necessary and Proportionate
Date of Document:
March 2016
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
12.
Religion - (No items in this section)
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
Report of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on its mission to the United States of America
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
18 August 2016
Accessed Date:
25 January 2017
Title:
Discrimination in America: Experiences and View of African Americans
Source:
National Public Radio et al.
Date of Document:
October 2017
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Basic Procedural Manual for Asylum Representation Affirmatively and in Removal Proceedings
Source:
National Immigrant Justice Center
Date of Document:
October 2017
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
Applying for Admission into United States
Source:
United States. Customs and Border Protection.
Date of Document:
10 March 2015
Accessed Date:
15 March 2017
Title:
Whether an individual who is apprehended near a land border without status and subsequently detained, who is subject to expedited removal, can be paroled into the United States after expressing a fear of persecution, without first undergoing...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
9 February 2012
Accessed Date:
14 November 2012
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; citizenship; identity documents; legal system; legislation; nationality; police/security forces
Title:
Whether immigration judges issue written reasons for decisions made in asylum claims; if this is the case, requirements and procedures for the claimant to request the written reasons, including if the claimant is outside the country
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
21 July 2014
Accessed Date:
16 March 2016
Keywords:
identity documents; legal system
Title:
Refugee Admissions and Resettlement Policy
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
18 December 2018
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
United States and Canada: The Peace Arch park on the border between Washington state and British Columbia, including patrol procedures by the border agencies of both countries; whether it is possible to cross the border in the park without detection
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 January 2014
Accessed Date:
30 October 2014
Keywords:
country overview
Title:
Barriers to Protection: The Treatment of Asylum Seekers in Expedited Removal
Source:
United States. Commission on International Religious Freedom.
Date of Document:
2 August 2016
Accessed Date:
29 March 2017
Title:
The Deported: Immigrants Uprooted from the Country they Call Home
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
5 December 2017
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
Information on refugees resettled in the US by the UNHCR, including status documents provided; ability to study, work, access social security, and travel outside the US; impact of travel outside the US on residency status and ability to ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 April 2017
Accessed Date:
21 March 2018
Title:
Judge and Jailer: Asylum Seekers Denied Parole in Wake of Trump Executive Order
Source:
Human Rights First
Date of Document:
29 September 2017
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
Temporary Protected Status: Overview and Current Issues
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service
Date of Document:
17 January 2018
Accessed Date:
21 March 2018
Title:
Period of authorized stay for holders of visitor visas (B1, B2 and B1/B2) (2016-February 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
6 February 2018
Accessed Date:
21 March 2018
Title:
Circumstances under which victims of domestic violence and gang violence are granted protection; protection offered to claimants who do not meet Refugee Convention grounds, but instead claim a risk to their life or a risk of torture, or cruel ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
18 October 2018
Accessed Date:
13 March 2019
Title:
Haiti and United States: Whether legal representation is required for persons who apply for asylum in the US; availability of legal aid for asylum applicants, particularly for Haitians, in the states of California, Florida, New Jersey and New York...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
6 June 2018
Accessed Date:
16 July 2018
Title:
The Trump Administration's “Zero Tolerance” Immigration Enforcement Policy
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
26 February 2019
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
Removal proceedings pursuant to Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) Sec. 237(a)(1)(A) of an accepted refugee and permanent resident, due to a finding of misrepresenting a material fact in an asylum claim; whether a decision to find someone ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 January 2019
Accessed Date:
13 March 2019
Title:
Code Red: The Fatal Consequences of Dangerously Substandard Medical Care in Immigration Detention
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
20 June 2018
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
US Deporting Iraqis Without Valid Documents
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
20 December 2018
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
How to Save the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program. United States Report N°2.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
12 September 2018
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
The withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture, including the rights of those granted this status, the validity period of this status, and whether it is renewable
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 February 2016
Accessed Date:
25 March 2019
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions - (No items in this section)
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 29 March 2018:
Title:
United States. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
14 March 2018
URL:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html
Accessed Date:
21 March 2018
Title:
United States. Freedom in the World 2018.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2018/united-states
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
United States. World Report 2018: Events of 2017.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2018
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/united-states
Accessed Date:
21 March 2018
Title:
The Immigrant Visa Process
Source:
United States. Department of State.
URL:
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/immigrate/the-immigrant-visa-process.html
Accessed Date:
21 March 2018
Title:
Section 208.4 – Filing the application. Title 8 – Procedures for Asylum and Witholding of Removal.
Source:
United States. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
Date of Document:
1 April 1997
URL:
https://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-14927/0-0-0-15007.html
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
11th Annual Domestic Violence Counts Report. 24-Hour Census of Domestic Violence Shelters and Services
Source:
National Network to End Domestic Violence
URL:
https://nnedv.org/mdocs-posts/census_2016_handout_report/
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
United States of America. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2014.
Source:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
URL:
http://www.genderindex.org/country/united-states
Accessed Date:
28 November 2014
Keywords:
children; domestic violence; family law; female genital mutilation; gender equality; indigenous groups; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; police efficacy; political activities; sexual violence; social services; statistics; trafficking in persons
Title:
United States: Tier 1. Trafficking in Persons Report 2017.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
June 2017
URL:
https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2017/271309.htm
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
Criminal Victimization, 2016
Source:
United States. Department of Justice.
Date of Document:
7 December 2017
Author:
Rachel E. Morgan; Grace Kena
URL:
https://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/cv16.pdf
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
United States. Freedom on the Net 2017.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-net/2017/united-states
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
Basic Procedural Manual for Asylum Representation Affirmatively and in Removal Proceedings
Source:
National Immigrant Justice Center
Date of Document:
May 2016
URL:
http://www.immigrantjustice.org/sites/default/files/NIJC%2520Asylum%2520Manual_05%25202016_final.pdf
Accessed Date:
25 January 2017
Title:
Refugee Admissions and Resettlement Policy
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
7 November 2017
URL:
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31269.pdf
Accessed Date:
5 March 2018
Title:
Puerto Rico. Freedom in the World 2016.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2016/puerto-rico
Accessed Date:
25 January 2017
Title:
United States of America. Election for President of 8 November 2016.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
Date of Document:
8 November 2016
URL:
http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2370/
Accessed Date:
14 March 2017
Title:
United States of America. Election for US Senate of 8 November 2016
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
URL:
http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/2422/
Accessed Date:
14 March 2017
Title:
Child Maltreatment 2016
Source:
Child Welfare Information Gateway
Date of Document:
1 February 2018
URL:
https://www.acf.hhs.gov/cb/resource/child-maltreatment-2016
Accessed Date:
21 March 2018
Title:
United States. State of the World's Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2016: Events of 2015.
Source:
Minority Rights Group International
Date of Document:
July 2016
URL:
http://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Americas.pdf
Accessed Date:
25 January 2017
Title:
United States of America. Election for US House of Representatives of 6 November 2018.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
URL:
http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3074/
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
United States of America. Election for US Senate of 6 November 2018
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
URL:
http://www.electionguide.org/elections/id/3075/
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
United States of America. Mid-Term Congressional Elections, 6 November 2018
Source:
Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.
Date of Document:
13 February 2019
URL:
https://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/usa/411254?download=true
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
LGBT Policy Spotlight : Public Accommodations Nondiscrimination Laws
Source:
Movement Advancement Project
Date of Document:
January 2018
URL:
http://www.lgbtmap.org/file/Spotlight-Public-Accommodations-FINAL.pdf
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
In the Line of Fire: Human Rights and The U.S Gun Violence Crisis
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
12 September 2018
URL:
https://www.amnestyusa.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Gun-Report-Full_16.pdf
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
Circumstances under which victims of domestic violence and gang violence are granted protection; protection offered to claimants who do not meet Refugee Convention grounds, but instead claim a risk to their life or a risk of torture, or cruel ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
18 October 2018
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457616
Accessed Date:
13 March 2019
Title:
Haiti and United States: Whether legal representation is required for persons who apply for asylum in the US; availability of legal aid for asylum applicants, particularly for Haitians, in the states of California, Florida, New Jersey and New York...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
6 June 2018
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457499
Accessed Date:
16 July 2018
Title:
The Trump Administration's “Zero Tolerance” Immigration Enforcement Policy
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
26 February 2019
URL:
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/R/R45266
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
Removal proceedings pursuant to Immigration and Nationality Act (INA) Sec. 237(a)(1)(A) of an accepted refugee and permanent resident, due to a finding of misrepresenting a material fact in an asylum claim; whether a decision to find someone ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 January 2019
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457709
Accessed Date:
13 March 2019
Title:
Code Red: The Fatal Consequences of Dangerously Substandard Medical Care in Immigration Detention
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
20 June 2018
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/report/2018/06/20/code-red/fatal-consequences-dangerously-substandard-medical-care-immigration
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
US Deporting Iraqis Without Valid Documents
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
20 December 2018
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/12/20/us-deporting-iraqis-without-valid-documents
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
How to Save the U.S. Refugee Admissions Program. United States Report N°2.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
12 September 2018
URL:
https://www.crisisgroup.org/united-states/002-how-save-us-refugee-admissions-program
Accessed Date:
19 March 2019
Title:
The withholding of removal under the Convention Against Torture, including the rights of those granted this status, the validity period of this status, and whether it is renewable
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 February 2016
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456356
Accessed Date:
25 March 2019
Disclaimer
National Documentation Packages (NDPs) include country-of-origin information that is publicly accessible at the time of publication and available within time constraints. While the Research Directorate strives to maintain the
NDP with current information, the research is not exhaustive and country conditions can change rapidly. Members of the public are invited to
suggest documents they feel are relevant to the
NDP.
NDPs are not, and do not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Rather, they are intended to support the refugee determination process. The assessment and weight to be given to the information in the
NDPs are the responsibility of independent
IRB members (decision-makers) after considering the evidence and arguments presented by the parties.
All sources are fully cited, including a hyperlink, to facilitate the location of the information. The
IRB will attempt to ensure that these links are maintained for the most recent
NDP. It cannot guarantee or be responsible for:
- the functionality of links to external sources,
- the content accessed by these links,
- the availability of external content in both English and French,
- any other part of a third party website.
The information presented in
NDPs solely reflects the views and perspectives of the sources cited and does not necessarily reflect the position of the
IRB or the Government of Canada.