National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information about conditions in specific countries. Updates occur periodically based on publicly available information. Countries with high volumes of claims may be updated more frequently. In periods of rapid change and/or uncertainty, updates may be delayed to build a body of relevant information.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
NDPs include Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website. RIRs may have attachments that are not available online. To obtain a copy of any such attachment, please
email us.
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
29 March 2019
ERITREA
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Title:
Érythrée. L'Encyclopédie en ligne.
Accessed Date:
26 October 2012
Title:
Eritrea. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
4 June 2018
Accessed Date:
14 June 2018
Title:
Country of Origin Report on Eritrea
Source:
Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Date of Document:
6 February 2017
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Eritrea: National service and illegal exit. Version 4.0e.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
25 October 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Présentation de l'Érythrée
Source:
France. Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international.
Date of Document:
11 December 2017
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
September 2006
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Eritrea: Religious groups. Version 3.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
February 2018
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Érythrée. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde.
Source:
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
Date of Document:
28 December 2017
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
DFAT Country Information Report: Eritrea
Source:
Australia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
Date of Document:
8 February 2017
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2018.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
13 March 2019
Accessed Date:
18 March 2019
Title:
Eritrea. Amnesty International Report 2017/2018: The State of the World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
22 February 2017
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Eritrea. Freedom in the World 2017.
Accessed Date:
25 June 2018
Title:
Report of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
9 May 2016
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Eritrea. World Report 2018: Events of 2017.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2018
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
24 July 2017
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
EASO Country of Origin Information Report. Eritrea: Country Focus.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
May 2015
Accessed Date:
24 July 2015
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Eritrean Nationality Proclamation (No. 21/1992)
Accessed Date:
26 October 2012
Keywords:
citizenship; identity documents; legislation
Title:
Truck driver's licenses, including issuance procedures and appearance (2013-August 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 September 2014
Accessed Date:
26 September 2014
Keywords:
identity documents
Title:
Prevalence of fraudulent identity documents, including national identity cards (2012-August 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 September 2014
Accessed Date:
26 September 2014
Keywords:
document fraud; freedom of movement; identity documents
Title:
Procedures for obtaining Eritrean nationality for persons born outside Eritrea; whether new nationality legislation is being drafted or enacted
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 September 2009
Accessed Date:
26 October 2012
Keywords:
citizenship; identity documents; legislation
Title:
Military identification cards and permits, including appearance (2012-August 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 September 2014
Accessed Date:
26 September 2014
Keywords:
document fraud; freedom of movement; identity documents; military service
Title:
Identification documents, including national identity cards and birth certificates; requirements and procedures for obtaining and renewing identity documents, both within the country and abroad (2009-August 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
16 September 2013
Accessed Date:
27 September 2013
Keywords:
freedom of movement; identity documents; military service
Title:
Eritrea. U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
28 June 2018
Title:
Appearance of national identity cards, including description of security features and size; whether the acronym 'PGE' is printed on the border of the laminate (2014-May 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
4 May 2015
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
identity documents
Title:
Birth certificates issued by the Public Registration Office of Zoba Maekel [Maakel] (Central Zone); including whether the certificate has a standard format and appearance (2013-November 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 December 2014
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
identity documents
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain a birth certificate, both within and outside the country; information on regional differences (2014-May 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
6 June 2017
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Saudi Arabia and Eritrea: Requirements and procedures to obtain an Eritrean birth certificate from the Eritrean embassy in Riyadh for persons born in Eritrea, including appearance, security features, information included on the document; whether...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 July 2017
Accessed Date:
26 June 2018
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
Mystery Shrouds Rare Protest in Eritrea
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
3 November 2017
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Eritrean opposition parties and civic organisations.
Source:
Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre
Date of Document:
January 2015
Author:
Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad and Kjetil Tronvoll
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Title:
I. Political Transformation. Transformation Index 2018 Country Report: Eritrea.
Source:
Bertelsmann Stiftung
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
The Eritrean People's Democratic Party (EPDP)-Zete, including objectives, leaders and membership procedure; treatment of members and supporters by authorities (2015-December 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
9 December 2016
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Report on Women's Rights Violations in Eritrea – HRCE Report 1/2017
Source:
Human Rights Concern Eritrea
Date of Document:
8 March 2017
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2014.
Source:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Accessed Date:
28 November 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; domestic violence; family law; freedom of movement; gender equality; gender-based violence; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; political activities; political prisoners; sexual violence; statistics
Title:
Concluding observations on the fourth and fifth periodic reports of Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Date of Document:
12 March 2015
Accessed Date:
24 July 2015
Title:
Concluding observations on the fourth and fifth periodic reports of Eritrea. Addendum: Information provided by Eritrea in follow-up to the concluding observations.
Code:
CEDAW/C/ERI/CO/5/Add.1
Date of Document:
6 March 2018
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Eritrea. State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Sexual Orientation Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition. 12th Edition.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
May 2017
Author:
Aengus Carroll; Lucas Ramón Mendos
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Eritrea Tier 3. Trafficking in Persons Report 2018.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
June 2018
Accessed Date:
29 June 2018
Title:
Eritrea. 2018 Crime and Safety Report.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
22 May 2018
Accessed Date:
25 June 2018
Title:
Tackling the Root Causes of Human Trafficking and Smuggling from Eritrea
Source:
International Refugee Rights Initiative et al.
Date of Document:
November 2017
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Eritrea: National service
Source:
Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo
Date of Document:
20 May 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Just Deserters: Why Indefinite National Service in Eritrea has Created a Generation of Refugees: Revised Edition
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
1 August 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
EASO Country of Origin Report. Eritrea: National service and illegal exit.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office
Date of Document:
November 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Erythrée: recrutement de mineurs
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
21 January 2015
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; legislation; military service; police/security forces
Title:
Information on exemption from National Service, including for Eritrean citizens living outside the country (2014-February 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 February 2017
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Report of a Home Office Fact-Finding Mission. Eritrea: illegal exit and national service. Conducted 7–20 February 2016.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
February 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Erythrée: service national
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
30 June 2017
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
Update: Introduction to Eritrean Legal System and Research
Date of Document:
September 2015
Author:
Luwam Dirar; Kibrom Tesfagabir
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
ethnic and national groups; judicial efficacy; legal system; legislation; marriage; political activities; political organizations; religion
Title:
Issuance and delivery procedures for police orders or summonses in Asmara for suspected offenders or those violating reporting conditions, including whether the order or summons has to be delivered to the specified individual or can be left with ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 May 2014
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; corruption; judicial efficacy; legal system; military service; police efficacy; police/security forces; religion; warrants
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
Information on military structure, including ranks; reason and process for advancement among ranks and transferring between areas, particularly to the Sudan border area; information on the logistics unit and the unit responsible for patrolling the Sudan..
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 July 2016
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea. Freedom of the Press 2016.
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea. International Religious Freedom Report for 2017.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
29 May 2018
Accessed Date:
28 June 2018
Title:
Treatment of Christians by the authorities, including denominations not recognized by the state (2011-August 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 September 2013
Accessed Date:
27 September 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; citizenship; military service; religion; torture
Title:
Eritrea. United States Commission for International Religious Freedom Annual Report 2018.
Source:
United States. Commission on International Religious Freedom.
Date of Document:
April 2018
Accessed Date:
25 June 2018
Title:
Information on the Tehadiso movement, including core teachings and tenets; status of the movement in Eritrea; treatment of members by authorities (2015-January 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 January 2017
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
The Medhane Alem movement in Eritrea, including religious affiliation and history; treatment of members by authorities (2003-February 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 March 2015
Accessed Date:
27 July 2015
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; religion
Title:
Treatment of Evangelical and Pentecostal Christians by authorities; including members of the Mulu Wongei [Full Gospel] Church; incidents of arrests and detention of Mulu Wongel Church members in Asmara (2002-October 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
27 October 2014
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; disappeared persons; family law; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; identity documents; internal displacement; labour; legal system; legislation; military service; religion; state surveillance; torture
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
Treatment of Jeberti people by government authorities, including Jeberti returnees (2010-August 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 September 2013
Accessed Date:
27 September 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; ethnic and national groups; military service; minorities; rejected asylum seekers; religion; torture
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Eritrea and Sudan: Situation of the border region between the two countries, including military and police patrols, as well as legal crossing points; information on physical obstacles to prevent crossing, such as fences and mines; number of people legally and irregularly crossing the border (2013-May 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 May 2014
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Keywords:
abduction; children; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of movement; government corruption; identity documents; labour; legislation; marriage; military service; police corruption; police/security forces; rejected asylum seekers; sexual violence; torture; trafficking in persons; transport infrastructure
Title:
Situation of people returning to the country after they either spent time, claimed refugee status, or were seeking asylum abroad (July 2015-May 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 June 2017
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
Information on exit procedures, including type of exit document issued and validity period of the document; whether exit stamps that were issued in 2012 or prior, were valid for 2016 (2011-February 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 March 2017
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea: Exit visas and illegal exit.
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo
Date of Document:
15 April 2015
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
abduction; children; ethnic and national groups; freedom of movement; government corruption; identity documents; military service; political opposition; trafficking in persons
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions - (No items in this section)
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 29 June 2018:
Title:
Eritrea. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
20 April 2018
URL:
http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2017&dlid=276997
Accessed Date:
23 April 2018
Disclaimer
National Documentation Packages (NDPs) include country-of-origin information that is publicly accessible at the time of publication and available within time constraints. While the Research Directorate strives to maintain the
NDP with current information, the research is not exhaustive and country conditions can change rapidly. Members of the public are invited to
suggest documents they feel are relevant to the
NDP.
NDPs are not, and do not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Rather, they are intended to support the refugee determination process. The assessment and weight to be given to the information in the
NDPs are the responsibility of independent
IRB members (decision-makers) after considering the evidence and arguments presented by the parties.
All sources are fully cited, including a hyperlink, to facilitate the location of the information. The
IRB will attempt to ensure that these links are maintained for the most recent
NDP. It cannot guarantee or be responsible for:
- the functionality of links to external sources,
- the content accessed by these links,
- the availability of external content in both English and French,
- any other part of a third party website.
The information presented in
NDPs solely reflects the views and perspectives of the sources cited and does not necessarily reflect the position of the
IRB or the Government of Canada.