National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information about conditions in specific countries. Updates occur periodically based on publicly available information. Countries with high volumes of claims may be updated more frequently. In periods of rapid change and/or uncertainty, updates may be delayed to build a body of relevant information.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
NDPs include Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website. RIRs may have attachments that are not available online. To obtain a copy of any such attachment, please
email us.
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
31 March 2026
VENEZUELA
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Title:
Venezuela. Situation générale. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde.
Source:
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
Date of Document:
6 January 2026
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Follow-up Report on the Complex Humanitarian Emergency in Venezuela - 2024
Date of Document:
8 October 2025
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
7 January 2026
Accessed Date:
24 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela: Background and U.S. Relations
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
6 December 2022
Author:
Rebecca M. Nelson et al.
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela. BTI 2026 Country Report.
Date of Document:
March 2026
Accessed Date:
26 March 2026
Title:
Country of Origin Information. Venezuela: Country Focus.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
November 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
General Country of Origin Information Report: Venezuela 2020
Source:
Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Date of Document:
June 2020
Accessed Date:
25 September 2020
Title:
Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
6 October 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Colombia/Venezuela: Border Area Abuses by Armed Groups
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
28 March 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of). Social Security Around the World: Country Profiles.
Source:
International Social Security Association
Date of Document:
1 January 2023
Accessed Date:
6 March 2025
Title:
Présentation du Vénézuéla
Source:
France. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
Date of Document:
December 2020
Accessed Date:
21 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy. In Focus.
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
8 September 2025
Author:
Clare Ribando Seelke
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela, Year 2024: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
Source:
Austrian Red Cross. Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation.
Date of Document:
5 February 2025
Accessed Date:
21 March 2025
Title:
Food is Not a Game: Serious violations to the human right to food in Venezuela
Source:
International Federation of Human Rights; Provea
Date of Document:
March 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Availability of health care, including for persons with disabilities and older persons; treatment of persons with disabilities and older persons within the healthcare system (2021–January 2023)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 February 2023
Accessed Date:
27 February 2023
Title:
Final Report. Venezuela: Health Emergency.
Source:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Date of Document:
28 January 2022
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Member State Profile. Mental Health Atlas 2020.
Source:
World Health Organization
Date of Document:
15 April 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
‘Power of Law' Must Prevail in Venezuela, Secretary-General Tells Security Council, Citing Heightened Risk of Regional Instability
Date of Document:
5 January 2026
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. VIII Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur on Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights (REDESCA) of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), 2024.
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Date of Document:
13 March 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
IACHR expresses concern over armed incursion in Venezuela, calls for respect for international law, and the end of repression
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Date of Document:
13 January 2026
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 August 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2025.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
April 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. World Report 2026: Events of 2025.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
February 2026
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. Freedom in the World 2025.
Accessed Date:
6 March 2025
Title:
Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Committee.
Date of Document:
28 November 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/1
Date of Document:
9 November 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Compilation on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
16 November 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Summary of Stakeholders' submissions on Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
1 November 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Detailed findings of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
14 October 2024
Accessed Date:
6 March 2025
Title:
Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
17 November 2022
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Concluding observations on the initial report of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
Date of Document:
20 May 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Chapter IV.b: Venezuela. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Annual Report 2024.
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Report of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States and the Panel of Independent International Experts on the Possible Commission of Crimes Against Humanity in Venezuela
Source:
Organization of American States
Date of Document:
March 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Outcomes of the investigation into allegations of possible human right violations of the human rights to life, liberty and physical and moral integrity in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
17 September 2020
Accessed Date:
21 March 2024
Title:
Independence of the justice system and access to justice in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, including for violations of economic and social rights, and the situation of human rights in the Arco Minero del Orinoco region
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
29 September 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
“The Guerrillas Are the Police”: Social Control and Abuses by Armed Groups in Colombia's Arauca Province and Venezuela's Apure State
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
22 January 2020
Editor:
Tamara Taraciuk et al.
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela: Information for the United Nations Human Rights Committee, 139th session, 9 October – 3 November 2023
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
12 September 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Treatment of citizens by the authorities based on whether or not they participate in anti-government protests, including whether some are more targeted than others and for what reasons; whether access to social security programs may be affected ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 February 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela : accès aux médicaments pour le traitement du VIH
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
16 July 2018
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights, Alena Douhan, on her visit to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
4 October 2021
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Situation of human rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
18 June 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
From Detention to Torture and Disappearance: The Consolidation of State Terror in Venezuela by the OAS Panel of Independent International Experts on the Possible Commission of Crimes Against Humanity in Venezuela.
Source:
Organization of American States
Date of Document:
May 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Hunger for Justice: Crimes Against Humanity in Venezuela
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
14 May 2019
Accessed Date:
8 August 2019
Title:
Venezuela. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
22 April 2024
Accessed Date:
19 May 2024
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Chapter II: Nationality and Citizenship. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)'s Constitution of 1999 with Amendments through 2009.
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain the Homeland Card (Carnet de la Patria); content, appearance, and security features; social services available for holders; availability of documentation to prove that a person does not possess the card; ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
28 January 2022
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. U.S Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
20 March 2026
Title:
Report on Citizenship Law: Venezuela
Source:
European University Institute. European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship.
Date of Document:
March 2016
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Residence status of Venezuelan refugees and transiting migrants in Mexico, including requirements and procedures to apply for residence status; rights and obligations associated with residence status; documents issued (2024–March 2026)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 March 2026
Accessed Date:
27 March 2026
Title:
Information on the meaning of the prefix 'E' on a cédula de identidad (national identity card), including requirements and procedures to obtain the card; requirements and procedures for placement on the Listado de Miembros de Mesa (Polling...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 July 2017
Accessed Date:
10 May 2018
Title:
Colombia and Venezuela: Whether a Venezuelan national who was born to a Colombian parent has the right to Colombian nationality; requirements and procedures for a Venezuelan national to access Colombian nationality (2016-May 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 May 2018
Accessed Date:
29 May 2018
Title:
Colombia and Venezuela: Whether Colombian citizenship is transmitted through both parents and whether both parents are required to provide identification documents; alternative application procedures when one parent is estranged from the child...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 May 2020
Accessed Date:
29 May 2020
Title:
Social protection systems in Venezuela: Surveillance, gender and human rights. Identity systems and social protection in Venezuela and Bolivia: Gender impacts and other inequalities.
Source:
Derechos Digitales América Latina
Date of Document:
15 April 2021
Author:
Marianne Díaz Hernández
Editor:
Jamila Venturini et al.
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Haiti and Venezuela: Requirements and procedures for foreign nationals, particularly Haitians, to obtain and maintain residence status in Venezuela; rights and obligations of Haitian residents; circumstances leading to the loss of residence status; possibility of extending or reacquiring status if lost or expired; treatment of Haitians by society and the authorities; state protection (2021–February 2023)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 February 2023
Accessed Date:
24 July 2023
Title:
Cuba and Venezuela: Requirements and procedures for foreign-born nationals, including those born in Venezuela, who were born to a Cuban parent, to obtain Cuban citizenship (2017–December 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 January 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2022
Title:
Colombia and Venezuela: Access for Venezuelans to obtain legal residency status in Colombia, including rights and obligations of residency (2021–January 2023)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 January 2023
Accessed Date:
27 February 2023
Title:
Chile and Venezuela: Access for Venezuelans to obtain legal residency status in Chile, including rights and obligations of residency (2021–January 2023)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
28 October 2024
Accessed Date:
30 October 2024
Title:
Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, and Uruguay: Rights of citizens of countries belonging to the Southern Common Market (Mercado Común del Sur, MERCOSUR) to residence, employment, and education in other MERCOSUR countries (2021–April 2023)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
24 April 2023
Accessed Date:
29 May 2023
Title:
Venezuela : Conditions d'enregistrement d'un mariage religieux et d'un divorce
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
12 March 2024
Accessed Date:
6 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela : Mariage contracté au Consulat d'Haïti d'un couple naturalisé après sa célébration
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
14 March 2024
Accessed Date:
6 March 2025
Title:
Peru and Venezuela: Requirements and procedures for foreign nationals, particularly Venezuelans and including family members of Peruvian citizens or residents, to obtain and maintain permanent residence in Peru, including through temporary residence...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 March 2025
Accessed Date:
25 March 2025
Title:
Availability of passports; requirements and procedures to obtain a passport within the country and from abroad; content, appearance, and security features; prevalence of fraudulent passports (2024–January 2026)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
9 February 2026
Accessed Date:
27 March 2026
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
Political situation, including the 2024 presidential elections; treatment of political opponents and protesters (2023–February 2025)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
21 February 2025
Accessed Date:
24 March 2025
Title:
Legislative Elections in Venezuela: Post-election report
Date of Document:
26 May 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela : Le parti politique Encuentro Ciudadano
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
16 June 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
The Justice First (Primero Justicia, PJ) [also known as Movimiento Primero Justicia (MPJ)] political party, including treatment of party members by the authorities; its structure and leadership; its membership procedure, including membership cards, their content, appearance, and issuing authority (2022–February 2024)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 March 2024
Accessed Date:
27 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela: Decision adopted by the Committee on the Human Rights of Parliamentarians at its 164th session (virtual session, 8 to 20 March 2021)
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Treatment of suspected whistleblowers and former government employees by authorities and pro-government groups (colectivos; circulos bolivarianos); whether current government employees are required to participate in activities promoting state policie...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
4 March 2024
Accessed Date:
22 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela : Situation et répression post-électorale (en 2024)
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
18 April 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
The Democratic Unitary Platform (Plataforma Unitaria Democrática, PUD) [Unitary Platform (Plataforma Unitaria, PU)] political alliance, including the parties making up the alliance, its political agenda, structure, and leadership; whether document...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
6 March 2025
Accessed Date:
24 March 2025
Title:
Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS), including structure, leadership, and membership process; MAS membership cards, including description; treatment of members by authorities and society (2008-January 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
29 January 2015
Accessed Date:
28 May 2015
Title:
The Alianza Bravo Pueblo (ABP) political party, including its mandate, objectives, structure, leadership, regions of influence, number of members, and activities; treatment of ABP members (2006-April 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 April 2014
Accessed Date:
28 May 2015
Title:
The political party Voluntad Popular, its structure, as well as its main positions and officials; the conditions to become a party member, including a description of the membership card; the treatment reserved for members of this political party...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
24 September 2014
Accessed Date:
28 May 2015
Title:
The Democratic Action (Acción Democrática, AD) political party, including ideology, objectives, structure, factions, procedure to become a member, key positions, and leadership, particularly in Trujillo state; whether membership cards and proof o...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
7 March 2024
Accessed Date:
22 March 2024
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): National Assembly.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Maduro Consolidates Criminal Power in Venezuela Municipal Elections
Date of Document:
28 July 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Information on Un Nuevo Tiempo (UNT) political party, including objectives and ideology, organisational structure, key positions and leaders, conditions to become a member; description of membership cards; treatment by authorities (2014-August 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
22 August 2016
Accessed Date:
30 May 2017
Title:
Pro-government groups (also known as colectivos), including the Tupamaros [also known as the Revolutionary Tupamaros Movement (Movimiento Revolucionario Tupamaro, MRT)]; information on their areas of operation, objectives, activities, and relationshi...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
7 February 2023
Accessed Date:
27 February 2023
Title:
Life detained: Politically-motivated arbitrary detentions continue in Venezuela
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
29 August 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
What's Behind the Arrests of Mayors in Venezuela?
Date of Document:
10 April 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Delcy Rodriguez formally sworn in as Venezuela's interim president
Date of Document:
5 January 2026
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Violence against women, including domestic violence and gender-based violence (GBV); treatment of survivors by society and authorities; access to support services and state protection (2024–February 2026)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 February 2026
Accessed Date:
27 March 2026
Title:
Concluding observations on the ninth periodic report of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Date of Document:
31 May 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Ninth periodic report submitted by the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela under article 18 of the Convention, due in 2021
Date of Document:
4 October 2021
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: A Brief on the Implementation of CEDAW Commitments from Articles 2, 5, 11, 16; Information for the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women; 84th Pre-Session Working Group, July 2022
Source:
University of California Los Angeles. WORLD Policy Analysis Center.
Date of Document:
9 May 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Violence Against Women Regular Tactic for Venezuela Criminal Groups
Date of Document:
6 February 2023
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela: “He felt he was dead”: Torture against children for political reasons
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
28 November 2024
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Situation and treatment of persons with diverse sexual orientation and gender identity and expression (SOGIE) by society and state authorities, including state protection and support services (2018–January 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
9 February 2021
Accessed Date:
24 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela. Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the law.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
September 2020
Author:
Zhan Chiam et al.
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: LGBTIQ+ Persons. Protection Analysis Update: September 2023.
Source:
Global Protection Cluster
Date of Document:
19 December 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela : Les minorités sexuelles et de genre
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
10 April 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Tren de Aragua: From Prison Gang to Transnational Criminal Enterprise
Date of Document:
October 2023
Editor:
Peter Appleby et al.
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela: Tier 3. Trafficking in Persons Report 2025.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
29 September 2025
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
OSAC Country Security Report. Venezuela.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
12 March 2025
Accessed Date:
19 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. Country Reports on Terrorism 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 December 2024
Accessed Date:
19 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela : Les groupes mafieux et paramilitaires
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
22 November 2016
Accessed Date:
31 May 2017
Title:
Venezuela: A Mafia State?
Accessed Date:
8 August 2019
Title:
National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional – ELN) in Venezuela
Date of Document:
8 August 2024
Accessed Date:
19 March 2025
Title:
Enemies to Allies – How Venezuela Decides Which Criminal Groups Thrive
Date of Document:
19 October 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela : Traitement réservé aux lanceurs d'alerte dénonçant la corruption, le cas de CORPOELEC
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
7 May 2019
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela's Most Wanted List Notable for Its Absences
Date of Document:
18 October 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2025, Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
March 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2025, Volume II: Money Laundering.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
March 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Date of Document:
25 April 2025
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
After Venezuela Elections, Criminal Groups Work For or Against the Regime
Date of Document:
21 August 2024
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela : Crime organisé et violence d'Etat
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
30 January 2024
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela's Cocaine Revolution
Date of Document:
April 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
The Colombo-Venezuelan Guerrillas: How Colombia's War Migrated to Venezuela
Date of Document:
3 October 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
The Paraguaná Cartel: Drug Trafficking and Political Power in Venezuela
Date of Document:
2 May 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Venezuela. The Anti-Bribery and Anti-Corruption Review. Tenth Edition.
Date of Document:
November 2021
Author:
Jesús A Dávila; Adriana Gonçalves
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Brutal but Futile: Venezuela's Anti-Gang ‘Mega-Operations'
Date of Document:
2 March 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela : Le groupe armé Tren de Aragua et son expansion internationale
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
17 March 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela : Les Colectivos
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
19 June 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Rise of the Criminal Hybrid State in Venezuela
Date of Document:
July 2023
Editor:
Chris Dalby et al.
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela Security Policy: Combating Gang and Police-Driven Extortion
Date of Document:
18 October 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
A Curse of Gold: Mining and Violence in Venezuela's South. Latin America Briefing N°53.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
29 July 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Date of Document:
10 February 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Central General Staff – Ex-FARC Mafia
Date of Document:
14 June 2024
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Date of Document:
15 August 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Date of Document:
31 May 2024
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. Global Organized Crime Index 2023.
Source:
Global Initiative Against Transnational
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
The Tren de Aragua criminal group, including their activities and areas of operation, targets, ability and motivation to track individuals; state response, including relationship with authorities (2024 – February 2026)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 February 2026
Accessed Date:
27 March 2026
Title:
The Criminal Portfolio Sustaining Military Loyalty in Venezuela
Date of Document:
25 February 2026
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
8.
Military Service - (No items in this section)
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
The Supreme Court of Justice of Venezuela: an Instrument of the Executive Branch
Source:
International Commission of Jurists
Date of Document:
August 2017
Accessed Date:
11 May 2018
Title:
Achieving Justice for Gross Human Rights Violations in Venezuela: Baseline Study
Source:
International Commission of Jurists
Date of Document:
July 2017
Accessed Date:
11 May 2018
Title:
Venezuela's Prisons Remain Out of Control Despite Government Measures
Date of Document:
12 June 2024
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Requirements and procedures to file a complaint with the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público); requirements and procedures for obtaining a copy of a complaint, including who can obtain it, the timeframe within which the copy can...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
18 May 2017
Accessed Date:
30 May 2017
Title:
Judges on the Tightrope: Report on the Independence and Impartiality of the Judiciary in Venezuela
Source:
International Commission of Jurists
Date of Document:
22 June 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
28 December 2021
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Search warrants (orden de allanamiento), including issuance procedures, appearance, security features, and samples; prevalence of document fraud related to search warrants (2019–April 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 April 2021
Accessed Date:
24 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: Impunity in the Face of Lethal Policy of Social Control
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
18 February 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Punished for Seeking Change Killings, Enforced Disappearances, and Arbitrary Detention Following Venezuela's 2024 Election
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
April 2025
Author:
Martina Rapido Ragozzino
Editor:
Juanita Goebertus et al.
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Detailed findings of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
16 September 2021
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Lawyers under attack: Barriers to the legal profession in Venezuela
Source:
International Commission of Jurists
Date of Document:
May 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Criminal Justice as a Tool of Political Repression in Venezuela
Source:
Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights; Foro Penal
Date of Document:
June 2022
Editor:
Angelita Baeyens et al.
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
The Anti-NGO Law approved in Venezuela: Its History and Scope
Source:
Directorio Legislativo
Date of Document:
20 August 2024
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
No will for Justice in Venezuela: A Prosecutor's Office that fosters impunity
Source:
International Commission of Jurists
Date of Document:
30 April 2024
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
COI Query Response. Venezuela: Activities of the Bolivarian militia (January 2016–April 2023).
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
27 April 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
How is state violence organised in Venezuela?
Date of Document:
23 June 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela : La Direction générale du contre-espionnage militaire (DGCIM) dans l'Etat de Bolivar
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
13 March 2024
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela: Security Force Abuses at Colombia Border
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
26 April 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela : Le Service bolivarien d'intelligence nationale (SEBIN) : Violations des droits humains (2014-2020)
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
9 November 2020
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide.
Source:
University of Johannesburg. Faculty of Law.
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela : Exactions des forces publiques sur des mineurs
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
9 July 2021
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
15 December 2023
Accessed Date:
6 March 2025
Title:
The Directorate of Strategic and Tactical Actions of the Bolivarian National Police Corps and its relationship with the former Special Action Forces. International independent fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
18 September 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela. Freedom on the Net 2024.
Editor:
Amelia Larson et al.
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. Critics Are Not Criminals: Comparative Study of Criminal Defamation Laws in the Americas.
Source:
Debevoise & Plimpton LLP et al.
Date of Document:
March 2016
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Venezuela. Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2024. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression.
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Date of Document:
3 March 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
The Exile Effect: Venezuela's Overseas Opposition and Social Media. Latin America Report N°86.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
24 February 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. World Press Freedom Index 2025.
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. Freedom on the Net 2025.
Editor:
Shannon O'Toole; Tyler Roylance
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. International Religious Freedom Report for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
26 June 2024
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. Freedom of Thought Report.
Source:
Humanists International
Date of Document:
30 November 2020
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
Venezuela. The Indigenous World 2025.
Source:
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
Date of Document:
April 2025
Author:
Luis Salas Rodríguez
Editor:
Dwayne Mamo et al.
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples.
Source:
Minority Rights Group International
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Colombia and Venezuela: Treatment by authorities and society of Venezuelans and Colombians with Venezuelan citizenship in Colombia, and of Colombians and Venezuelans with Colombian citizenship in Venezuela (2015-October 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 November 2018
Accessed Date:
26 April 2019
Title:
Situation and treatment of individuals of Chinese descent by the authorities and society; ability to access housing, employment, education, and healthcare; state protection (2020–January 2022)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 February 2022
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Information on the requirements and procedures to leave Venezuela by land, air, and sea, including whether a person who is targeted or wanted by the government or a colectivo is able to leave; information on the impact of currency inflation on...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
31 August 2017
Accessed Date:
10 May 2018
Title:
Venezuela and the United States: Requirements and issuance procedures for US visitor visas (2016-May 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 May 2017
Accessed Date:
30 May 2017
Title:
Treatment by the authorities and pro-government groups of failed refugee claimants who return to the country (2016-December 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 January 2018
Accessed Date:
23 May 2018
Title:
International protection needs of Venezuelan nationals
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
19 October 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Regularization and protection: International obligations for the protection of Venezuelan nationals
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
21 September 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Still no Safety: Venezuelans denied protection in Curaçao
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
11 October 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Requirements and procedures to re-enter Venezuela after travelling abroad; treatment of Venezuelans who have travelled abroad, including those who have sought asylum (2017-October 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 March 2020
Accessed Date:
28 September 2020
Title:
Bottleneck of the Americas: Crime and Migration in the Darién Gap. Latin America Report N°102.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
3 November 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuelan Migrants Remain Easy Prey for Organized Crime
Date of Document:
24 February 2023
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: Venezuela
Source:
United States. Department of Homeland Security.
Date of Document:
12 September 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Unprotected: Unveiling gaps in the protection of Venezuelan refugees in Aruba
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
1 October 2024
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Socioeconomic Integration of Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees. The Cases of Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
July 2021
Author:
Diego Chaves-González et al.
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Unprotected: Gender-based violence against Venezuelan refugee women in Colombia and Peru
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
12 July 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Between invisibility and discrimination: Venezuelan LGBTIQ+ refugees in Colombia and Peru
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
14 June 2022
Author:
Laura Vásquez Roa
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Hard Times in a Safe Haven: Protecting Venezuelan Migrants in Colombia. Latin America Report N°94.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
9 August 2022
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Ability of Venezuelan nationals to enter Colombia with an expired Venezuelan passport; whether Venezuelan nationals holding an expired Venezuelan passport can apply for temporary protection status and the requirements and procedure to do so, includin...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 March 2026
Accessed Date:
27 March 2026
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions - (No items in this section)
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 31 March 2025:
Title:
Venezuela. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde.
Source:
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
Date of Document:
4 January 2024
URL:
http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/amsudant/venezuela-1.htm
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
13 March 2025
URL:
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela
Accessed Date:
17 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. BTI 2024 Country Report.
Date of Document:
March 2024
URL:
https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/VEN
Accessed Date:
21 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy. In Focus.
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
13 January 2025
Author:
Clare Ribando Seelke
URL:
https://www.congress.gov/crs-product/IF10230
Accessed Date:
19 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2024.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
23 April 2024
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/POL1072002024ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
6 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. World Report 2025: Events of 2024.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2025
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/venezuela
Accessed Date:
19 March 2025
Title:
Chapter IV.b: Venezuela. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Annual Report 2023.
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
URL:
https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/docs/annual/2023/chapters/IA2023_Cap_4B_Venezuela_ENG.PDF
Accessed Date:
6 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. U.S Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
URL:
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/Visa-Reciprocity-and-Civil-Documents-by-Country/Venezuela.html
Accessed Date:
17 March 2025
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): National Assembly.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
URL:
https://data.ipu.org/parliament/VE/VE-LC01/
Accessed Date:
19 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela: Tier 3. Trafficking in Persons Report 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
24 June 2024
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/venezuela/
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2024, Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
March 2024
URL:
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/2024-INCSR-Vol-1-Drug-and-Chemical-Control-Accessible-Version.pdf
Accessed Date:
19 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2024, Volume II: Money Laundering.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
March 2024
URL:
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/2024-INCSR-Vol-2-Money-Laundering-Accessible-Version.pdf
Accessed Date:
19 March 2025
Title:
Tren de Aragua
Date of Document:
12 July 2024
URL:
https://insightcrime.org/venezuela-organized-crime-news/tren-de-aragua/
Accessed Date:
19 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide.
Source:
University of Pretoria. Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa.
URL:
https://www.policinglaw.info/country/venezuela
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Venezuela. Annual Report of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2023. Volume II: Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur for Freedom of Expression.
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Date of Document:
6 December 2023
URL:
https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/expression/reports/IA2023RELEENG.pdf
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. The Indigenous World 2024.
Source:
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
Date of Document:
April 2024
Author:
Luis Salas Rodríguez
URL:
https://www.iwgia.org/en/venezuela/5390-iw-2024-venezuela.html
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples.
Source:
Minority Rights Group International
Date of Document:
June 2019
URL:
http://minorityrights.org/country/venezuela/
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Temporary Protected Status Designated Country: Venezuela
Source:
Unites States. Department of Homeland Security.
Date of Document:
5 February 2025
URL:
https://www.uscis.gov/humanitarian/temporary-protected-status/temporary-protected-status-designated-country-venezuela
Accessed Date:
19 March 2025
Title:
Follow-up Report on the Complex Humanitarian Emergency in Venezuela
Date of Document:
November 2023
URL:
https://humvenezuela.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/FOLLOW-UP-REPORT-ON-THE-COMPLEX-HUMANITARIAN-EMERGENCY-IN-VENEZUELA-2023-2.pdf
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Detailed findings of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
15 September 2020
URL:
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/FFMV/A_HRC_45_CRP.11.pdf
Accessed Date:
16 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela. Country Fact Sheet 2024.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
August 2024
URL:
https://files.returningfromgermany.de/files/CFS_Venezuela_2024_ENG.pdf
Accessed Date:
6 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela. VII Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur on Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights (REDESCA) of the Inter-American Commission of Human Rights (IACHR), 2023.
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Date of Document:
29 December 2023
URL:
https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/docs/annual/2023/docs/IA2023_Anexo_REDESCA-EN.pdf
Accessed Date:
6 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela: Humanitarian Groups Under Attack
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
21 December 2020
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/12/21/venezuela-humanitarian-groups-under-attack
Accessed Date:
16 February 2021
Title:
Situation of human rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
17 November 2023
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/53/54
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Situation of human rights and technical assistance in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
21 October 2021
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/48/19
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Mexico and Venezuela: Residence status of Venezuelan refugees and transiting migrants in Mexico, including requirements and procedures to apply for residence status; rights and obligations associated with residence status; documents issued (2016-May 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 June 2018
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457512
Accessed Date:
27 August 2019
Title:
Venezuela: 2020 parliamentary election
Source:
United Kingdom. House of Commons Library.
Date of Document:
18 January 2021
URL:
https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9113/CBP-9113.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela : Situation politique et répression de l'opposition
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
6 December 2022
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2212_ven_situation_politique_et_repression_opposition_127071_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela: Regional and Municipal Elections 21 November 2021. Final Report.
Source:
European Union Election Observation Mission
Date of Document:
22 February 2022
URL:
https://www.eeas.europa.eu/sites/default/files/eu_eom_ven_2021_fr_en.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Venezuela: Le mouvement
La Resistencia
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
18 April 2018
URL:
https://ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/1804_ven_laresistencia.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 August 2019
Title:
Institutional violence in Venezuela: What are militias and colectivos?
Date of Document:
3 July 2020
URL:
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/violencia-institucional-en-venezuela-que-son-las-milicias-y-los-colectivos-en/
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
2024 Venezuela election protests: harsher repression at home and more global reach than in 2019
Source:
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data
Date of Document:
29 August 2024
URL:
https://acleddata.com/2024/08/29/venezuela-election-protests-harsher-repression-at-home-and-more-global-reach-than-in-2019/
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Violence against women, including non-domestic sexual violence, particularly in Caracas and Maracaibo; legislation; state protection and support services (2016-July 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 July 2018
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457532
Accessed Date:
15 August 2019
Title:
Venezuela: Calculated repression: Correlation between stigmatization and politically motivated arbitrary detentions
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
10 February 2022
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AMR5351332022ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: RSF counts 70 violations of press freedom in 15 days
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
Date of Document:
13 August 2024
URL:
https://rsf.org/en/venezuela-rsf-counts-70-violations-press-freedom-15-days
Accessed Date:
5 March 2025
Title:
Venezuela : La communauté syro-vénézuélienne
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
23 September 2021
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2109_ven_communaute_syro_venezuelienne_152461_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 February 2023
Title:
Venezuela, Year 2024: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
Source:
Austrian Red Cross. Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation.
Date of Document:
5 February 2025
URL:
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2121527/2024yVenezuela_en.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 March 2025
Title:
‘Power of Law' Must Prevail in Venezuela, Secretary-General Tells Security Council, Citing Heightened Risk of Regional Instability
Date of Document:
5 January 2026
URL:
https://press.un.org/en/2026/sgsm22974.doc.htm
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Committee.
Date of Document:
28 November 2023
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/CCPR/C/VEN/CO/5
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Venezuela: Information for the United Nations Human Rights Committee, 139th session, 9 October – 3 November 2023
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
12 September 2023
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/amr53/7195/2023/en/
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
15 December 2023
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/54/57
Accessed Date:
6 March 2025
Title:
The Directorate of Strategic and Tactical Actions of the Bolivarian National Police Corps and its relationship with the former Special Action Forces. International independent fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela.
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
18 September 2023
URL:
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2098752/a-hrc-54-crp-9-en.pdf
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Follow-up Report on the Complex Humanitarian Emergency in Venezuela - 2024
Date of Document:
8 October 2025
URL:
https://reliefweb.int/attachments/1e44d609-7fa2-44b5-9721-e073bf27593b/FOLLOW-UP%20REPORT%20ON%20THE%20COMPLEX%20HUMANITARIAN%20EMERGENCY%20IN%20VENEZUELA%20%E2%80%93%202024.pdf
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
6 October 2025
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/60/61
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. VIII Annual Report of the Office of the Special Rapporteur on Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights (REDESCA) of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), 2024.
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Date of Document:
13 March 2025
URL:
https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/docs/annual/2024/annex/IA2024_REDESCA_EN.pdf
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
IACHR expresses concern over armed incursion in Venezuela, calls for respect for international law, and the end of repression
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Date of Document:
13 January 2026
URL:
https://www.oas.org/en/IACHR/jsForm/?File=/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2026/007.asp
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 August 2025
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/venezuela/
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Situation of human rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela - Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
18 June 2025
URL:
https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/ahrc5958-situation-human-rights-bolivarian-republic-venezuela-report
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
From Detention to Torture and Disappearance: The Consolidation of State Terror in Venezuela by the OAS Panel of Independent International Experts on the Possible Commission of Crimes Against Humanity in Venezuela.
Source:
Organization of American States
Date of Document:
May 2025
URL:
https://www.oas.org/fpdb/press/Report_2025.pdf
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Residence status of Venezuelan refugees and transiting migrants in Mexico, including requirements and procedures to apply for residence status; rights and obligations associated with residence status; documents issued (2024–March 2026)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 March 2026
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=459109
Accessed Date:
27 March 2026
Title:
Availability of passports; requirements and procedures to obtain a passport within the country and from abroad; content, appearance, and security features; prevalence of fraudulent passports (2024–January 2026)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
9 February 2026
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=459099
Accessed Date:
27 March 2026
Title:
Legislative Elections in Venezuela: Post-election report
Date of Document:
26 May 2025
URL:
https://alertas-v3.directoriolegislativo.org/48b4cd32-b447-449f-b7db-551ab4fab036@en-ven-legislat_1748281045.pdf
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela : Situation et répression post-électorale (en 2024)
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
18 April 2025
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2504_ven_situation_et_repression_post_electorale_165369_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Maduro Consolidates Criminal Power in Venezuela Municipal Elections
Date of Document:
28 July 2025
URL:
https://insightcrime.org/news/maduro-consolidates-criminal-power-venezuela-elections/
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
What's Behind the Arrests of Mayors in Venezuela?
Date of Document:
10 April 2025
URL:
https://insightcrime.org/news/whats-behind-arrests-mayors-venezuela/
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
Delcy Rodriguez formally sworn in as Venezuela's interim president
Date of Document:
5 January 2026
URL:
https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/delcy-rodriguez-formally-sworn-venezuelas-interim-president-2026-01-05/
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Violence against women, including domestic violence and gender-based violence (GBV); treatment of survivors by society and authorities; access to support services and state protection (2024–February 2026)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 February 2026
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=459103
Accessed Date:
27 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela : Les minorités sexuelles et de genre
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
10 April 2025
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2504_ven_minorites_sexuelles_et_de_genre_162896_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
2 March 2026
Title:
A Curse of Gold: Mining and Violence in Venezuela's South. Latin America Briefing N°53.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
29 July 2025
URL:
https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/andes/venezuela/b53-curse-gold-mining-and-violence-venezuelas-south
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Date of Document:
10 February 2025
URL:
https://insightcrime.org/venezuela-organized-crime-news/carlos-capa-gang/
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Central General Staff – Ex-FARC Mafia
Date of Document:
14 June 2024
URL:
https://insightcrime.org/colombia-organized-crime-news/ex-farc-mafia-central-general-staff/
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Date of Document:
15 August 2025
URL:
https://insightcrime.org/venezuela-organized-crime-news/las-claritas-sindicato/
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Date of Document:
31 May 2024
URL:
https://insightcrime.org/venezuela-organized-crime-news/train-of-the-plain/
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. Global Organized Crime Index 2023.
Source:
Global Initiative Against Transnational
URL:
https://ocindex.net/country/venezuela
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
The Tren de Aragua criminal group, including their activities and areas of operation, targets, ability and motivation to track individuals; state response, including relationship with authorities (2024 – February 2026)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 February 2026
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=459101
Accessed Date:
27 March 2026
Title:
The Criminal Portfolio Sustaining Military Loyalty in Venezuela
Date of Document:
25 February 2026
URL:
https://insightcrime.org/investigations/criminal-portfolio-sustaining-military-loyalty-venezuela/
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Punished for Seeking Change Killings, Enforced Disappearances, and Arbitrary Detention Following Venezuela's 2024 Election
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
April 2025
Author:
Martina Rapido Ragozzino
Editor:
Juanita Goebertus et al.
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2025/05/venezuela0425%20web_0.pdf
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. World Press Freedom Index 2025.
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
URL:
https://rsf.org/en/country/venezuela
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Venezuela. Freedom on the Net 2025.
Editor:
Shannon O'Toole; Tyler Roylance
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/venezuela/freedom-net/2025
Accessed Date:
16 March 2026
Title:
Ability of Venezuelan nationals to enter Colombia with an expired Venezuelan passport; whether Venezuelan nationals holding an expired Venezuelan passport can apply for temporary protection status and the requirements and procedure to do so, includin...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 March 2026
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=459107
Accessed Date:
27 March 2026
Disclaimer
National Documentation Packages (NDPs) include country-of-origin information that is publicly accessible at the time of publication and available within time constraints. While the Research Directorate strives to maintain the
NDP with current information, the research is not exhaustive and country conditions can change rapidly. Members of the public are invited to
suggest documents they feel are relevant to the
NDP.
NDPs are not, and do not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Rather, they are intended to support the refugee determination process. The assessment and weight to be given to the information in the
NDPs are the responsibility of independent
IRB members (decision-makers) after considering the evidence and arguments presented by the parties.
All sources are fully cited, including a hyperlink, to facilitate the location of the information. The
IRB will attempt to ensure that these links are maintained for the most recent
NDP. It cannot guarantee or be responsible for:
- the functionality of links to external sources,
- the content accessed by these links,
- the availability of external content in both English and French,
- any other part of a third party website.
The information presented in
NDPs solely reflects the views and perspectives of the sources cited and does not necessarily reflect the position of the
IRB or the Government of Canada.