National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information about conditions in specific countries. Updates occur periodically based on publicly available information. Countries with high volumes of claims may be updated more frequently. In periods of rapid change and/or uncertainty, updates may be delayed to build a body of relevant information.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
NDPs include Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website. RIRs may have attachments that are not available online. To obtain a copy of any such attachment, please
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Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
31 March 2026
EGYPT
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Source:
United Nations. Cartographic Section.
Date of Document:
March 2012
Accessed Date:
17 January 2013
Title:
Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
6 June 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
23 December 2025
Accessed Date:
20 March 2026
Title:
DFAT Country Information Report: Egypt
Source:
Australia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
Date of Document:
1 December 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. Civic Freedom Monitor.
Source:
International Center for Not-for-Profit Law
Date of Document:
6 September 2025
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. Mental Health Atlas 2020.
Source:
United Nations. World Health Organization.
Date of Document:
15 April 2022
Accessed Date:
22 September 2022
Title:
Egypt: New law threatens to reduce access to healthcare for millions
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
30 June 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt. BTI 2026 Country Report.
Source:
Bertelsmann Stiftung
Date of Document:
March 2026
Accessed Date:
26 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. Social Security Around the World: Country Profiles.
Source:
International Social Security Association
Date of Document:
1 July 2022
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Présentation de l'Égypte
Source:
France. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
Date of Document:
12 May 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Egypt: Declining Funding Undermines Education, Health Care
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
7 January 2026
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypte : Le Tha'r ou « vengeance du sang »
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
20 January 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 August 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2025.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
April 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. World Report 2026: Events of 2025.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
February 2026
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. Freedom in the World 2025.
Accessed Date:
20 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: ”Disconnected from reality”: Egypt's National Human Rights Strategy covers up human rights crisis
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
21 September 2022
Accessed Date:
8 March 2023
Title:
Egypt: COI Compilation (Reporting period: July 2024 to August 2025)
Source:
Austrian Red Cross. Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation.
Date of Document:
November 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypt's failing “War on Terror”
Date of Document:
February 2017
Accessed Date:
15 March 2024
Title:
Egypt: National Council for Human Rights. Egypt's national human rights institution before the Global Alliance of NHRIs. Follow-up report to the SCA one year after deferral of review.
Date of Document:
1 June 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
A Past Still Present; Addressing Discrimination and Inequality in Egypt.
Source:
Equal Rights Trust
Date of Document:
December 2018
Accessed Date:
16 September 2019
Title:
National report submitted in accordance with Human Rights Council resolutions 5/1 and 16/21: Egypt
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/48/EGY/1
Date of Document:
30 October 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt: Compilation of information
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/48/EGY/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
7 November 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Summary of Stakeholders' submissions on Egypt
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/48/EGY/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
6 November 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt: “Whatever security says must be done”: Independent NGOs' freedom of association restricted in Egypt
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
24 November 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Egypt
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Theirs Families
Date of Document:
15 January 2025
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
COI Query Response. Egypt: Treatment of former convicts by authorities and society.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
4 June 2021
Accessed Date:
8 March 2023
Title:
Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Egypt
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Committee.
Date of Document:
14 April 2023
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
Egypt's 'Decade of Shame': Unrelenting Assault on Human Rights Since Rabaa Massacre
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
14 August 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Human Rights Watch Submission to the Universal Periodic Review of Egypt
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
15 July 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt: Joint report on mounting human rights crisis
Source:
Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies
Date of Document:
17 December 2024
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
22 April 2024
Accessed Date:
15 May 2024
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Decree No. 12025 of the Year 2004 Concerning Certain Provisions Enforcing Law No. 154 of the Year 2004 on Amendment of Certain Provisions of Law No. 26 of the Year 1975 Concerning the Egyptian Nationality.
Code:
Al-Wakaye Al-Mesreya / Government Bulletin, No. 166
Accessed Date:
5 February 2013
Title:
Law No. 26 of 1975 Concerning Egyptian Nationality
Accessed Date:
5 February 2013
Title:
Passports, including their appearance and security features; requirements and procedures to obtain a passport, including whether documents required to apply for a passport can be obtained by a proxy (2019–October 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 October 2021
Accessed Date:
19 November 2021
Title:
Egypt and Palestine: The status of a Palestinian with an Egyptian Travel Document for Palestinian Refugees in Egypt, including rights to residency, employment and education; ability to travel between Gaza and Egypt with this document (2009-2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
11 September 2014
Accessed Date:
24 August 2015
Title:
Egypt. Equal Citizens, Thriving Families, Stronger Societies: Realizing Gender-Equal Nationality Rights in the Middle East-North Africa Region.
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
5 April 2018
Accessed Date:
27 June 2018
Title:
Egypt. U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
20 March 2026
Title:
Whether travel documents issued to Palestinians have the same appearance as passports; whether these documents identify a person's legal status; what 'type p' stands for in those documents (2010-February 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 February 2015
Accessed Date:
24 August 2015
Title:
Information on national identity cards including appearance; requirements and procedures to obtain the card, and whether documents required to apply for a card can be obtained by a proxy (2010-May 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 May 2016
Accessed Date:
17 August 2016
Title:
Law # 154 for Year 2004 - Amending Some Provisions of Law No.26 of 1975 Concerning Egyptian Nationality
Date of Document:
14 July 2004
Accessed Date:
27 June 2018
Title:
Report on Citizenship Law: Egypt
Source:
European University Institute. Global Citizenship Observatory.
Date of Document:
July 2021
Accessed Date:
9 November 2021
Title:
Egypt: Dissidents Abroad Denied Identity Documents
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
13 March 2023
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Summonses, arrest warrants, and related police or national security documents, including appearance, security features, issuance procedures, and samples; court decisions and investigation reports from the Public Prosecution Office, ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
4 May 2021
Accessed Date:
26 November 2021
Title:
COI Query Response. Egypt: Legislation on nationality and implementation.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
24 February 2022
Accessed Date:
22 September 2022
Title:
Egypt: House of Representatives Approves New Amendments to Citizenship Law
Source:
United States. Law Library of Congress. Global Legal Monitor.
Date of Document:
8 May 2023
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
Egypt's Constitution of 2014 with Amendments through 2019
Source:
Egypt; Constitutions Comparative Project.
Accessed Date:
7 October 2020
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Egypt: Opposition to the state. Version 5.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
March 2026
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: Opposition Leader Imprisoned
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
4 June 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Arab Republic of Egypt. Referendum of 22 April 2019.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
Accessed Date:
15 March 2024
Title:
Treatment of members of the Muslim Brotherhood, including leaders, returnee members and suspected members, by authorities, following the removal of President Mohamed Morsi (2014-May 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 June 2017
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Egypt: House of Representatives.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Arab Republic of Egypt. Election for President of 10 December 2023.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
The path to the Presidential Palace: Monitoring and evaluation report of the Egyptian presidential elections 2023
Source:
Egyptian Front for Human Rights
Date of Document:
February 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Egypt: Senate.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Treatment of women who do not conform to Muslim practices and traditions, including wearing a veil (head covering), in rural and urban areas; state protection (2020–April 2022)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
31 May 2022
Accessed Date:
27 September 2022
Title:
Human Rights Watch Submission to the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Review of the Arab Republic of Egypt's periodic report for the 79th Pre-Session
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
October 2020
Accessed Date:
9 November 2021
Title:
Information received from Egypt on follow-up to the concluding observations on its combined eighth to tenth periodic reports
Code:
CEDAW/C/EGY/FCO/8-10
Date of Document:
28 November 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Process for applying for divorce for women who were married in the Muslim community, including laws, difficulties and obstacles (2004-December 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 December 2013
Accessed Date:
29 July 2014
Title:
State protection available to victims of spousal and family violence (2010-December 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 December 2013
Accessed Date:
29 July 2014
Title:
Egypte : Les mutilations sexuelles féminines (MSF) chez les Coptes
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
26 June 2025
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
COI Query Response. Egypt: Situation of children.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
6 December 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Situation and treatment of single women and women who head their own households, including availability of support services and ability to access housing and employment, including in Cairo and Alexandria (2017-September 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 September 2019
Accessed Date:
26 September 2019
Title:
Domestic violence, including violence by former partners; legislation and state protection; support services available (2017-September 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 September 2019
Accessed Date:
26 September 2019
Title:
Égypte : Situation des femmes
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
10 August 2021
Accessed Date:
22 September 2022
Title:
“No One Cared He Was A Child”. Egyptian Security Forces' Abuse of Children in Detention.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
23 March 2020
Accessed Date:
7 October 2020
Title:
Egypt: Spate of ‘Morality' Prosecutions of Women
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
17 August 2020
Accessed Date:
9 November 2021
Title:
Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Egypt
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Rights of the Child.
Date of Document:
20 June 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt: Domestic Violence Legislation. Fighting Domestic Violence: Africa.
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Submission to the Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Alternate Report for the Review of EGYPT.
Source:
Minority Rights Group International; Egyptian Front for Human Rights
Date of Document:
19 April 2024
Accessed Date:
27 January 2026
Title:
Egypt: Women abused over alleged ISIS ties
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
17 May 2023
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2023.
Source:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Date of Document:
17 June 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Égypte: situation des personnes LGBTIQ+
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
12 June 2025
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. Our identities under arrest: A global overview on the enforcement of laws criminalising consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults and diverse gender expressions.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
30 November 2023
Editor:
Lucas Ramón Mendos
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Source:
Human Dignity Trust
Date of Document:
18 December 2025
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: Query response on the situation and treatment of the LGBTQI+ community
Source:
Asylum Research Centre
Date of Document:
August 2023
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
Egypt: Situation of LGBT Persons
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service
Date of Document:
September 2022
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Egypt. Global Organized Crime Index 2025.
Source:
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Date of Document:
November 2025
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: Tier 2. Trafficking in Persons Report 2025.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
29 September 2025
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. Country Reports on Terrorism 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 December 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Égypte: Situation sécuritaire dans le nord du Sinaï. COI Focus.
Source:
Belgium. Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons.
Date of Document:
21 October 2022
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
A Challenging State: Emerging Armed Groups in Egypt
Source:
Security Assessment in North Africa; Small Arms Survey
Date of Document:
July 2017
Accessed Date:
6 June 2018
Title:
Whether a citizen of Egypt who is living abroad can obtain a student deferment from military service without a National Identity Card; whether an Egyptian citizen can apply for a National Identity Card from outside of Egypt
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
8 January 2016
Accessed Date:
17 August 2016
Title:
Military service, including age of recruitment, exemptions and availability of alternative service; treatment of persons who refuse or evade military service, including upon their return from abroad (2016-July 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 July 2018
Accessed Date:
20 September 2019
Title:
Circumstances under which evading military service or being a conscientious objector would be considered an act of political opposition by the authorities; consequences for the evader or conscientious objector (2016-August 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 August 2018
Accessed Date:
26 September 2019
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note Egypt: Military Service. Version 3.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
June 2025
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypte : Le service militaire obligatoire
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
10 January 2025
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Égypte: sanctions pour refus d'effectuer le service militaire
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
12 June 2025
Accessed Date:
12 June 2025
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
Under Siege: The Dismal State of the Press in Egypt
Source:
The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy
Date of Document:
3 May 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Pretrial Detention in Egypt: Through the Eyes of Defense Lawyers
Source:
The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy; Clooney Foundation for Justice
Date of Document:
July 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Joint Statement - Rights Groups Alarmed by Inhumane and Life-Threatening Conditions in Egypt's Badr Prison
Source:
Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights et al.
Date of Document:
1 August 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt: Protracted human rights and impunity crisis: Submission to the 48th session of the UPR working group, January 2025
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
10 October 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
The State of the Justice and Security Sector in Egypt
Source:
Sweden. Migrationsverket. Lifos.
Date of Document:
10 September 2015
Accessed Date:
3 August 2016
Title:
Anti-Terrorism Law
Accessed Date:
16 September 2019
Title:
Egypt: New Laws Entrench Military Power Over Civilians
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
5 March 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
The Death Penalty in Law and in Practice
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Permanent State of Exception: Abuses by the Supreme State Security Prosecution
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
27 November 2019
Accessed Date:
7 October 2020
Title:
Egypt: Recent Decision on Case 173 Does Not Mean that the Human Rights Crisis is Over
Source:
Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies
Date of Document:
21 March 2024
Author:
Mohamed El-Sayed Said
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
“What do I care if you die?”: Negligence and denial of health care in Egyptian prisons
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
25 January 2021
Accessed Date:
9 November 2021
Title:
Egypt: Alternative follow-up report to the UN Committee against Torture-2024
Source:
Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies et al.
Date of Document:
January 2025
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Egypt
Source:
United Nations. Committee against Torture.
Date of Document:
12 December 2023
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt: President Rejects Flawed Criminal Code
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
23 September 2025
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: Alternative report to the UN Committee against Torture - 2023
Source:
World Organisation Against Torture
Date of Document:
October 2023
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
Fifth periodic report submitted by Egypt under article 19 of the Convention, due in 2004
Source:
United Nations. Committee Against Torture.
Date of Document:
27 December 2021
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
No One is Safe: Sexual Violence Throughout the Life Cycle of Detention in Egypt, 2015-2022
Source:
The Freedom Initiative and the Egyptian Front for Human Rights
Date of Document:
7 April 2022
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
Egypt: Submission to the UN Committee Against Torture
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
5 October 2023
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
Torture in Egypt: A Crime Against Humanity
Date of Document:
October 2023
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
Submission for Global Study on the Impact of Counter-Terrorism Measures on Civil Society and Civic Space: Egypt
Source:
Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
Transnational Repression: Targeting Egyptian Human Rights Defenders Abroad
Source:
The Egyptian Human Rights Forum; Egyptian Front for Human Rights
Date of Document:
30 September 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Fact Sheet – Deteriorating Conditions in Egypt's Badr Prison Complex
Source:
Middle East Democracy Institute
Date of Document:
8 May 2024
Author:
Yousuf Abdelfatah et al.
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
Torture in Egypt: A Crime Against Humanity
Date of Document:
October 2023
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
“Security Forces Dealt with Them”: Suspicious Killings and Extrajudicial Executions by Egyptian Security Forces
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
7 September 2021
Accessed Date:
9 November 2021
Title:
Egypt: More than 100 arbitrarily detained over calls for anti-government protests
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
18 June 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
“This will only end when you die”: National Security Agency harassment of activists in Egypt
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
16 September 2021
Accessed Date:
9 November 2021
Title:
Egypt: Alarming New Law Expands Military Power amid Fears of Popular Unrest as Economy Deteriorates
Source:
Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies
Date of Document:
2 February 2024
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Source:
The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy
Date of Document:
24 May 2019
Accessed Date:
16 September 2019
Title:
Egypt. Freedom on the Net 2025.
Editor:
Shannon O'Toole; Tyler Roylance
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. Londa Digital Rights and Inclusion in Africa Report 2024.
Source:
Paradigm Initiative
Date of Document:
April 2025
Editor:
Gbenga Sesan et al.
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
Politically Motivated Persecution of HRDs & Journalists Continues
Date of Document:
25 July 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
President Sisi's puppets: TV Presenters Used to Wage War on Journalism
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
Date of Document:
June 2022
Accessed Date:
22 September 2022
Title:
Ten years of power for Sisi: Egypt has become one of the world's biggest jailers of journalists
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
Date of Document:
30 June 2023
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
Egypt: Journalist Detained over Facebook Posts
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
8 October 2025
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: Mass Crackdown Targets Online Content Creators
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
10 September 2025
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. World Press Freedom Index 2025.
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. International Religious Freedom Report for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
26 June 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Situation of Coptic Christians and treatment by authorities and society; ability to access housing, employment, education, health care, and support services, particularly in Cairo and Alexandria; state protection (2020–April 2022)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
6 May 2022
Accessed Date:
27 September 2022
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Egypt: Christians. Version 5.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
December 2023
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
Egypt and Syria: Beliefs and practices of Coptic Christians in Egypt and Syriac Orthodox Christians in Syria, including sacraments, holy days, symbols and official documents; history and structure of the Coptic Church and Syriac Church, including leadership
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 October 2013
Accessed Date:
19 December 2013
Title:
Criminalizing blasphemy: Implications for Egypt's religious minorities
Source:
Minority Rights Group international; Human Rights Center Clinic. University of Essex.
Date of Document:
29 February 2024
Author:
Saad Ahmad; Lucy Ridout
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2026 Annual Report.
Source:
United States. Commission on International Religious Freedom.
Date of Document:
4 March 2026
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
Whether people who have converted from Islam to Christianity, particularly those converts who have been arrested, are able to obtain passports and leave the country (April 2010-November 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
27 November 2013
Accessed Date:
19 December 2013
Title:
Minority Rights Group International Alternative Report for EGYPT Human Rights Committee 137th Session Geneva, 27 February - 24 March 2023
Source:
Minority Rights Group international
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
Concluding observations on the combined seventeenth to twenty-second periodic reports of Egypt
Code:
CERD/C/EGY/CO/17-22
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
Date of Document:
6 January 2016
Accessed Date:
4 August 2016
Title:
Justice Denied, Promises Broken: The Situation of Egypt's Minorities Since 2014
Source:
Minority Rights Group International
Date of Document:
January 2019
Accessed Date:
16 September 2019
Title:
Egypt. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples.
Source:
Minority Rights Group International
Date of Document:
June 2019
Accessed Date:
7 October 2020
Title:
The State of Cultural Citizenship for Egyptian Minorities
Source:
Minority Rights Group International
Date of Document:
February 2023
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Exit and entry procedures at airports and land borders; incidence of bribery of Egyptian border officials to facilitate departure by individuals with fraudulent travel documents or outstanding financial, military, or legal obligations or who...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 December 2013
Accessed Date:
19 December 2013
Title:
Exit and entry procedures at airports and land borders (2017-September 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 September 2019
Accessed Date:
26 September 2019
Title:
Egypt as a Country of Origin. Migration Drivers Report.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
29 July 2022
Accessed Date:
22 September 2022
Title:
Common Situational Analysis: Education and Health Services for Migrants and Refugees in Egypt
Source:
United Nations Egypt
Date of Document:
March 2022
Accessed Date:
8 March 2023
Title:
Combined second to fourth periodic reports submitted by Egypt under article 73 of the Convention, due in 2019
Date of Document:
16 February 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt: “Handcuffed like dangerous criminals”: Arbitrary detention and forced returns of Sudanese refugees in Egypt
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
19 June 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
A regression on the legal status quo: Bill undermines basic refugees' protections.. A joint policy brief from RPE & EIPR on the government's asylum bill
Source:
Refugees Platform in Egypt; Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights
Date of Document:
14 November 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
1 April 2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Source:
Asylum Information Database
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
The Collapse of Egypt's Protection for Refugees: Systematic and Widespread Violations of the Non-Refoulement Principle and The Rights to Asylum
Source:
Refugee Platform in Egypt; The Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: Refugees in hiding amid crackdown involving arbitrary arrests and unlawful deportations
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
16 February 2026
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions - (No items in this section)
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 28 February 2025:
Title:
Egypt: Background and U.S. Relations
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
12 September 2024
URL:
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/RL/RL33003
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
12 February 2025
URL:
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
DFAT Country Information Report: Egypt
Source:
Australia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
Date of Document:
17 June 2019
URL:
https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/country-information-report-egypt.pdf
Accessed Date:
16 September 2019
Title:
Egypt. Civic Freedom Monitor.
Source:
International Center for Not-for-Profit Law
Date of Document:
5 November 2024
URL:
https://www.icnl.org/resources/civic-freedom-monitor/egypt
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt. BTI 2024 Country Report.
Date of Document:
March 2024
URL:
https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/EGY
Accessed Date:
19 March 2024
Title:
Egypt. The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2024.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
23 April 2024
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/POL1072002024ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt. World Report 2025: Events of 2024.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2025
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2025/country-chapters/egypt
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt. Freedom in the World 2024.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/egypt/freedom-world/2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt: COI Compilation (Reporting period: January 2023 to June 2024)
Source:
Austrian Red Cross. Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation.
Date of Document:
July 2024
URL:
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2112299/ACCORD_Egypt_July_2024.pdf
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt. U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
URL:
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/Visa-Reciprocity-and-Civil-Documents-by-Country/Egypt.html
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note Egypt: Opposition to the state. Version 4.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
December 2023
URL:
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6582ecb923b70a000d234d05/EGY+CPIN+Opposition+to+state.pdf
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Egypt: House of Representatives.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
URL:
https://data.ipu.org/parliament/EG/EG-LC01/
Accessed Date:
25 November 2021
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Egypt: Senate.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
URL:
https://data.ipu.org/parliament/EG/EG-UC01/
Accessed Date:
9 November 2021
Source:
Human Dignity Trust
Date of Document:
17 December 2024
URL:
https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/egypt/
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt. Global Organized Crime Index 2023.
Source:
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
URL:
https://ocindex.net/country/egypt
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt: Tier 2. Trafficking in Persons Report 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
24 June 2024
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/egypt/
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note Egypt: Military Service. Version 2.1.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
March 2023
URL:
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/64424f828b86bb0013f1b6d4/EGY_CPIN_Military_service.pdf
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
Egypt. Freedom on the Net 2024.
Editor:
Amelia Larson et al.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/egypt/freedom-net/2024
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2024 Annual Report.
Source:
United States. Commission on International Religious Freedom.
Date of Document:
1 May 2024
URL:
https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2024-05/Egypt.pdf
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
The Nile. Alkarama Annual Report 2023.
Date of Document:
29 January 2024
URL:
https://docs.google.com/viewerng/viewer?url=https://www.alkarama.org/sites/default/files/2024-01/ALK-EN-2023-Final.pdf
Accessed Date:
15 March 2024
Title:
Egypt: Sexually Abused Refugees Find No Justice. Lack of Investigation, Follow Up by Police.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
24 November 2022
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/11/24/egypt-sexually-abused-refugees-find-no-justice
Accessed Date:
8 March 2023
Title:
Egypt: Authorities step up repression ahead of presidential elections
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
23 November 2023
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2023/11/egypt-authorities-step-up-repression-ahead-of-presidential-elections/
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Egypt: Violations, Repression Upstage Presidential Vote
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
18 December 2023
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/12/18/egypt-violations-repression-upstage-presidential-vote
Accessed Date:
11 March 2024
Title:
Egypt: Sexual Violence Against Women
Source:
United States. Law Library of Congress. Global Legal Research Centre.
Date of Document:
October 2016
URL:
https://permanent.fdlp.gov/gpo77094/2016-013851.pdf
Accessed Date:
16 September 2019
Title:
Country Profile: FGM in Egypt
Date of Document:
November 2017
URL:
https://www.28toomany.org/media/uploads/Country%20Research%20and%20Resources/Egypt/egypt_country_profile_v2_(november_2017)_(1).pdf
Accessed Date:
7 October 2020
Title:
Egypt: Education Restricted for Refugees
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
2 December 2024
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/02/egypt-education-restricted-refugees
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Egypt. State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
March 2019
Author:
Lucas Ramón Mendos
URL:
https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf
Accessed Date:
16 September 2019
Title:
Egypt. Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the law.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
September 2020
Author:
Zhan Chiam et al.
URL:
https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_World_Trans_Legal_Mapping_Report_2019_EN.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 November 2021
Title:
Fighting Corruption Or Protecting The Regime? Egypt's Administrative Control Authority
Source:
Project on Middle East Democracy
Date of Document:
February 2019
URL:
https://mideastdc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/POMED_ACAreport_FINAL.pdf
Accessed Date:
16 September 2019
Title:
If You Are Afraid for Your Lives, Leave Sinai! Egyptian Security Forces and ISIS-Affiliate Abuses in North Sinai.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
28 May 2019
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/egypt0519_web3_0.pdf
Accessed Date:
16 September 2019
Title:
Egypt: Massive Sinai Demolitions Likely War Crimes
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
17 March 2021
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/17/egypt-massive-sinai-demolitions-likely-war-crimes
Accessed Date:
9 November 2021
Title:
The death penalty in Egypt: Ten years after the uprising
Date of Document:
24 May 2021
URL:
https://reprieve.org/uk/2021/05/24/the-death-penalty-in-egypt-ten-year-after-the-uprising/
Accessed Date:
8 March 2023
Title:
Life Restrained by State Security's Follow-up: Report on the National Security's follow-up policy towards former detainees
Source:
Egyptian Front for Human Rights
Date of Document:
22 June 2021
URL:
https://egyptianfront.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Follow.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 November 2021
Title:
Egypt: Terrorism Laws Abused in Businessmen's Arrests
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
18 November 2021
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/18/egypt-terrorism-laws-abused-businessmens-arrests
Accessed Date:
25 November 2021
Title:
The Law Regulating the Press, Media, and the Supreme Council for Media Regulation
Source:
The Tahrir Institute for Middle East Policy
Date of Document:
15 May 2019
URL:
https://timep.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/SCMR-Law-5-15-2019-1.pdf
Accessed Date:
16 September 2019
Title:
Egypt. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
22 April 2024
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/egypt
Accessed Date:
15 May 2024
Title:
COI Query Response. Egypt: Situation of children.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
6 December 2024
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2024_12_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q78_Egypt_Situation_of_children.pdf
Accessed Date:
19 February 2025
Title:
Égypte: Situation sécuritaire dans le nord du Sinaï. COI Focus.
Source:
Belgium. Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons.
Date of Document:
21 October 2022
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/belgium/PLib/coi_focus_situation_securitaire_dans_le_nord_du_sinai_20221021.pdf
Accessed Date:
12 March 2024
Title:
A Challenging State: Emerging Armed Groups in Egypt
Source:
Security Assessment in North Africa; Small Arms Survey
Date of Document:
July 2017
URL:
https://www.smallarmssurvey.org/sites/default/files/resources/SAS-SANA-BP-Egypt-armed-groups.pdf
Accessed Date:
6 June 2018
Title:
Egypt: Declining Funding Undermines Education, Health Care
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
7 January 2026
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2026/01/07/egypt-declining-funding-undermines-education-health-care
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypte : Le Tha'r ou « vengeance du sang »
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
20 January 2025
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2501_egy_le_tha__039_r_163264_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 August 2025
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/egypt/
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: “Whatever security says must be done”: Independent NGOs' freedom of association restricted in Egypt
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
24 November 2025
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde12/0464/2025/en/
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of Egypt
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Theirs Families
Date of Document:
15 January 2025
URL:
https://docs.un.org/en/CMW/C/EGY/CO/2-4
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: Joint report on mounting human rights crisis
Source:
Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies
Date of Document:
17 December 2024
URL:
https://cihrs.org/egypt-joint-report-on-mounting-human-rights-crisis/?lang=en
Accessed Date:
3 March 2026
Title:
Egypte : Les mutilations sexuelles féminines (MSF) chez les Coptes
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
26 June 2025
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2506_egy_les_msf_chez_les_coptes_165377_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
Égypte: situation des personnes LGBTIQ+
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
12 June 2025
URL:
https://www.fluechtlingshilfe.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/Herkunftslaenderberichte/Afrika/Aegypten/250612_EGP_situation_LGBTIQ.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
Egypte : Le service militaire obligatoire
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
10 January 2025
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2501_egy_service_militaire_163263_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Égypte: sanctions pour refus d'effectuer le service militaire
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
12 June 2025
URL:
https://www.fluechtlingshilfe.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/Herkunftslaenderberichte/Afrika/Aegypten/250612_EGP_refus_service_militaire.pdf
Accessed Date:
12 June 2025
Title:
The Death Penalty in Law and in Practice
URL:
https://www.ecpm.org/app/uploads/2025/10/Brochure_Egypte_2024_EN.pdf
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: Alternative follow-up report to the UN Committee against Torture-2024
Source:
Cairo Institute for Human Rights Studies et al.
Date of Document:
January 2025
URL:
https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/DownloadDraft.aspx?key=KkKetw23HfpvTNcQDz+E6mWy+uMoDV26EPTwWLDt8SUV2vzth1hZuumHbcTBsRcx
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: President Rejects Flawed Criminal Code
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
23 September 2025
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/09/23/egypt-president-rejects-flawed-criminal-code
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. Londa Digital Rights and Inclusion in Africa Report 2024.
Source:
Paradigm Initiative
Date of Document:
April 2025
Editor:
Gbenga Sesan et al.
URL:
https://paradigmhq.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Londa-24-Egypt.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: Journalist Detained over Facebook Posts
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
8 October 2025
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/10/08/egypt-journalist-detained-over-facebook-posts
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: Mass Crackdown Targets Online Content Creators
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
10 September 2025
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/09/10/egypt-mass-crackdown-targets-online-content-creators
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt. World Press Freedom Index 2025.
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
URL:
https://rsf.org/en/country/egypt
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Source:
Asylum Information Database
URL:
https://ecre.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/AIDA-Country-Report-on-Egypt_EN.pdf
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
The Collapse of Egypt's Protection for Refugees: Systematic and Widespread Violations of the Non-Refoulement Principle and The Rights to Asylum
Source:
Refugee Platform in Egypt; The Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights
URL:
https://eipr.org/sites/default/files/reports/pdf/the_collapse_of_egypt_s_protection_for_refugees_rpe-eipr.pdf
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
Title:
Egypt: Refugees in hiding amid crackdown involving arbitrary arrests and unlawful deportations
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
16 February 2026
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2026/02/egypt-refugees-in-hiding-amid-crackdown-involving-arbitrary-arrests-and-unlawful-deportations/
Accessed Date:
4 March 2026
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