National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information about conditions in specific countries. Updates occur periodically based on publicly available information. Countries with high volumes of claims may be updated more frequently. In periods of rapid change and/or uncertainty, updates may be delayed to build a body of relevant information.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
NDPs include Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website. RIRs may have attachments that are not available online. To obtain a copy of any such attachment, please
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Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
30 January 2026
SOMALIA
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Source:
United Nations. Cartographic Section.
Date of Document:
December 2011
Accessed Date:
13 December 2013
Title:
Somali Clan Families
Source:
Sweden. Centre for Country of Origin Information and Analysis, Lifos.
Accessed Date:
12 March 2018
Title:
Time for Somaliland and the Dhulbahante to Talk
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
19 May 2023
Accessed Date:
6 February 2024
Title:
Situation in Somalia. Report of the Secretary-General.
Source:
United Nations. Security Council.
Date of Document:
27 September 2024
Accessed Date:
17 January 2025
Title:
Somalia. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
19 January 2026
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. Humanitarian Needs Overview 2025.
Source:
United Nations. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
Date of Document:
January 2025
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. Civic Freedom Monitor.
Source:
International Center for Not-for-Profit Law
Date of Document:
5 October 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia: Security Situation. Country of Origin Information.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
May 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia: Country Focus. Country of Origin Information.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
May 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
General Country of Origin Information Report on Somalia
Source:
Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Date of Document:
4 April 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Governance Statistics Report. Second Edition.
Source:
The Federal Republic of Somalia. Somalia National Bureau of Statistics.
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note: Humanitarian situation in Mogadishu. Version 2.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
July 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
COI Query Response. Somalia: Major political, security, and humanitarian developments. 1 April 2025 to 31 July 2025.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
13 August 2025
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Prevalence of mobile phone usage and Internet connectivity, including through mobile data and the ability to use cell phones for financial transfers (2021–March 2023)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 March 2023
Accessed Date:
29 March 2023
Title:
Prevalence and availability of institutions that conduct Hawala transfers both into an out of Somalia; documents or identification needed to use a remittance company (Hawala); whether they deal with institutions operating in Ethiopia or Kenya
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 March 2015
Accessed Date:
30 March 2015
Title:
Somalie : Point de situation sécuritaire du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 2024
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
28 March 2024
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. Administrative Maps.
Source:
Food Security and Nutrition Analysis Unit
Accessed Date:
28 March 2017
Title:
Somalia Road Network. Logistics Capacity Assessment.
Source:
World Food Programme
Accessed Date:
20 February 2024
Title:
Somalia. In Focus.
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
30 June 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia: Land Governance Review
Source:
Heritage Institute for Policy Studies
Date of Document:
December 2023
Author:
Surer Qasssim Mohamed
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
International Protection Considerations with Regard to People Fleeing Somalia
Code:
HCR/IPC/SOM/2022/01
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
September 2022
Accessed Date:
6 March 2023
Title:
Galmudug: Governance, State Formation, Conflict Dynamics, and Reconciliation
Source:
Heritage Institute for Policy Studies
Date of Document:
March 2024
Author:
Yusuf Sheikh Omar; Ahmed Barre
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Somalia: Health care services in Mogadishu. Version 2.0.
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
February 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. BTI 2024 Country Report.
Date of Document:
March 2024
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Overview of socio-economic situation, including Mogadishu; infrastructure and economic activity, including characteristics, access to and availability of banking activities, telecommunications, and utilities (2020–February 2022)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
8 February 2022
Accessed Date:
24 February 2022
Title:
Initial report submitted by Somalia under article 40 of the Covenant pursuant to the optional reporting procedure, due in 2021
Date of Document:
30 June 2022
Accessed Date:
29 March 2023
Title:
Somalie : La région Bas Juba
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
31 January 2022
Accessed Date:
29 March 2023
Title:
Somaliland: The Horn of Africa's Breakaway State
Source:
Council on Foreign Relations
Date of Document:
21 January 2025
Author:
Mariel Ferragamo; Claire Klobucista
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 August 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/38/SOM/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
26 February 2021
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Concluding observations on the initial report of Somalia
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Committee.
Date of Document:
6 May 2024
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21: Somalia
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/38/SOM/1
Date of Document:
26 February 2021
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Somalia. World Report 2025: Events of 2024.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2025
Accessed Date:
20 January 2025
Title:
Somalia. Freedom in the World 2025.
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somaliland. Freedom in the World 2025.
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Summary of stakeholders' submissions on Somalia
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/38/SOM/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
26 February 2021
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Report of the Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in Somalia, Isha Dyfan
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
12 September 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2025.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
April 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
22 April 2024
Accessed Date:
19 May 2024
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Law No. 28 of 22 December 1962 - Somali Citizenship
Accessed Date:
11 March 2021
Title:
Documents in Somalia and Sudan
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo.
Date of Document:
5 January 2009
Page Numbers:
1, 5–11, 16–19
Accessed Date:
17 January 2013
Title:
Republic of Somaliland Citizenship Law (Law No: 22/2002)
Accessed Date:
16 March 2015
Title:
Identity documents, including national ID cards, passports and driver's licences, and the requirements and procedures to obtain them; percentage of the population that holds some form of identity document; whether such documents are accepted ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
28 August 2020
Accessed Date:
26 October 2020
Title:
Canada and Somalia: Somali-Canadian associations in Canada, including their history, activities, services offered and affiliation with Somalia; letter issued to establish the identity of Somalis and the methods used for this purpose (2016-August 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 August 2018
Accessed Date:
26 March 2019
Title:
Establishing Somali nationality outside of Somalia, in particular for individuals without identity documents and for those who have left Somalia since 1991; prevalence of fraudulent identity documents (2021–February 2023)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
28 February 2023
Accessed Date:
27 March 2023
Title:
Somalia. U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Birth registration, including requirements and procedures; issuance of birth certificates and marriage certificates from the Benadir [Benaadir, Banaadir, Banadir] Regional Administration (BRA) [Mogadishu municipality] (2021–March 2023)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 March 2023
Accessed Date:
27 March 2023
Title:
Ability to obtain documentation, including medical, education and employment records; effectiveness of the postal service, on both domestic and international level (2020–January 2022)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
28 January 2022
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Documents that show evidence that a person was employed by, or had a contract with the government (2010-2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 June 2015
Accessed Date:
4 March 2016
Title:
Identification documents, including national identity cards, passports, driver's licenses, and any other document required to access government services; information on the issuing agencies and the requirements to obtain documents (2013-July 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 March 2016
Accessed Date:
24 March 2016
Title:
Information on circumstances under which the Somali government would cancel a passport; whether a passport holder can request a cancellation themselves; whether passport cancellation indicates revocation of citizenship (2013-June 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 June 2017
Accessed Date:
9 March 2018
Title:
Canada and Somalia: Information on Temporary Resident Visas (TRV) and Temporary Resident Permits (TRP) issued to Somali citizens, including whether visas and permits are affixed to the Single Journey Travel Document (SJTD) or in a passport...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 October 2017
Accessed Date:
23 March 2018
Title:
Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya, and the United States: Requirements and procedures for Somali citizens to obtain identity documents, including passports, at Somali embassies in Addis Ababa, Nairobi and Washington D.C. (2016-March 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 February 2018
Accessed Date:
22 March 2018
Title:
Recognising Nairobi's Refugees: The Challenges and Significance of Documentation Proving Identity and Status
Source:
Norwegian Refugee Council; International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School
Date of Document:
16 November 2017
Accessed Date:
12 March 2018
Title:
Documents required and procedures for selling a business or property in Mogadishu and Kismayo; documents required and procedures for obtaining a business license in Mogadishu and Kismayo (2014-June 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 June 2016
Accessed Date:
22 March 2018
Title:
Whether persons born in Somaliland and in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia are entitled to Somali citizenship; citizenship status of women married to foreign nationals; requirements and procedures to obtain and reacquire Somali citizenship...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
9 March 2018
Accessed Date:
14 March 2018
Title:
Toward a Somali Identification System: ID4D Diagnostic
Accessed Date:
22 March 2019
Title:
Canada and Somalia: The Somali organization Dejinta Beesha [Dejinta Beesha Multi-Service Centre] in Toronto, including their history, activities, services offered and affiliation with Somalia; letter issued to establish the identity of Somalis and ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
11 March 2019
Accessed Date:
26 March 2019
Title:
Somali. A Guide to Names and Naming Practices.
Source:
International Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL)
Date of Document:
March 2006
Accessed Date:
25 April 2019
Title:
Somalia and Sudan: Passports issued to Eritrean refugees by the governments of Somalia and Sudan (1960-1980)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 September 2018
Accessed Date:
18 June 2019
Title:
Query response. Somalia: Passport application at the Somali Embassy in Brussels.
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo.
Date of Document:
21 May 2019
Accessed Date:
17 March 2020
Source:
Somalia. National Identification & Registration Authority.
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Requirements and procedures for land transfers, including timelines and whether the title is verified through a lawyer; documents required and issued for a land transfer; average price of land (2018–August 2020)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
11 September 2020
Accessed Date:
26 October 2020
Title:
Somali Citizenship Regulations 1963, Decree of the President of the Republic No. 129 of 19 February 1963
Accessed Date:
11 March 2021
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain documents from abroad, including police reports, birth certificates and medical records; procedures if the applicant is outside Kenya and has no identity documents or only the certified true copy of a ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 February 2021
Accessed Date:
7 February 2022
Title:
Somalia: Date of birth, age and calendar
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo.
Date of Document:
17 February 2021
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain certificates from the Formal Private Education Network in Somalia (FPENS), including types of certificates available; content, appearance, and security features; verification services available for certificates...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 January 2022
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain the Certificate of Identity; the Certificate of Identity, including its purpose, the issuing authorities, its content, appearance, and security features; sample (2020–January 2022)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 January 2022
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Chapter 5: Background: Somalia's digital landscape. Chapter 6: Somalia's proposed digital ID. Digital ID: Prospects and Challenges for Somalia.
Source:
Heritage Institute for Policy Studies
Date of Document:
May 2023
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain a driver's licence, including residents and non-residents; government authorities responsible for verifying license and driving history (2019–October 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
8 October 2021
Accessed Date:
21 February 2022
Title:
Joint Submission to the Human Rights Council at the 38th Session of the UPR: Somalia
Source:
Somali Women Development Centre et al.
Date of Document:
15 October 2020
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Somalia. Civil Registration and Vital Statistics (CRVS) Profiles.
Source:
United Nations Children's Fund
Date of Document:
December 2017
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
International Election Observation Mission. Report on Somaliland's Presidential and Political Party Elections.
Source:
University College London Consultants. Bartlett Development Planning Unit.
Author:
Francisco Cobos Flores et al.
Accessed Date:
16 January 2026
Title:
Election Conflict Analysis Report for Somalia Indirect Elections 2021/2022. Presidential and Parliamentary Elections. Final Report.
Source:
Somalia Non-State Actors et al.
Date of Document:
July 2022
Author:
David Ward; Abdijalil Tahir
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Treatment of members and supporters of the Justice and Welfare Party (UCID) and suspected members and supporters of the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) by authorities in Somaliland, including whether the authorities cooperate with...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 December 2017
Accessed Date:
14 March 2018
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Somalia: Upper House.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Somalia: House of the People.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Somalia. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2023.
Source:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Date of Document:
6 October 2025
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Research Paper: Silenced Suffering: Unveiling Sexual Violence Against Displaced and Minority Women in Somalia and Somaliland
Source:
Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa
Date of Document:
3 September 2024
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Situation of women without a support network in Mogadishu, including access to employment and housing; treatment by society and authorities; support services available to female-headed households (2017-March 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 March 2019
Accessed Date:
25 April 2019
Title:
Enabling access to justice for survivors of gender-based violence against women in Somaliland
Source:
International Development Law Organization
Date of Document:
March 2023
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Somalia: Women fearing gender-based violence. Version 5.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
July 2024
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Tackling Sexual Violence in Somalia: Prevention and Protection
Source:
United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Children and armed conflict in Somalia. Report of the Secretary-General.
Source:
United Nations. Security Council.
Date of Document:
12 November 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Concluding observations on the initial report of Somalia
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Rights of the Child.
Date of Document:
22 June 2022
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Country Marriage Pack. Somalia.
Source:
Ireland. Refugee Documentation Centre.
Date of Document:
April 2015
Accessed Date:
8 March 2016
Title:
Somalia. Our Identities Under Arrest: A global overview on the enforcement of laws criminalizing consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults and diverse gender expressions.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association.
Date of Document:
November 2023
Editor:
Lucas Ramón Mendos
Accessed Date:
20 February 2024
Title:
Somalia: Situation for homosexuals
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo.
Date of Document:
16 June 2021
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Somalia. Country Reports on Terrorism 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 December 2024
Accessed Date:
20 January 2025
Title:
Somalia: Special Case. Trafficking in Persons Report 2025.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
29 September 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia: Defection, desertion and disengagement from Al-Shabaab
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
February 2023
Accessed Date:
20 March 2023
Title:
Somalia. Global Organized Crime Index 2025.
Source:
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Mapping al-Shabaab's activity in Somalia in 2024
Source:
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data
Date of Document:
13 December 2024
Accessed Date:
20 January 2025
Title:
Somalie : Les relations entre al-Shabaab et l'État islamique
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
15 September 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
South and Central Somalia: Security situation, forced recruitment, and conditions for returnees
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
July 2020
Accessed Date:
27 October 2020
Title:
Al Shabaab. Mapping Militants Project.
Source:
Stanford University. Center for International Security and Cooperation.
Date of Document:
1 May 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Somalia: Mogadishu. Al Shabab and the security situation. Version 2.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
July 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Dhows, Drones, and Dollars: Ansar Allah's Expansion into Somalia
Source:
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Date of Document:
14 March 2025
Author:
Ibrahim Jalal; Adnan al-Jabarni
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalie : Les milices Sool Sanaag Cayn (SSC)
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
27 April 2023
Accessed Date:
9 February 2024
Title:
Al-Shabaab [Al-Shabab], including leadership, structure, objectives, activities, areas of operation, ability to track persons of interest, and individuals who are targeted (2021–March 2023)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
7 March 2023
Accessed Date:
29 March 2023
Title:
OSAC Country Security Report. Somalia.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
30 July 2024
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
The Islamic State in Somalia: Responding to an Evolving Threat. Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°201.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
12 September 2024
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
The situation with respect to piracy and armed robbery at sea off the coast of Somalia
Source:
United Nations. Security Council.
Date of Document:
1 November 2022
Accessed Date:
20 March 2023
Title:
Conflict With Al-Shabaab in Somalia
Source:
Global Conflict Tracker
Date of Document:
15 September 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia, Second Quarter 2025: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
Source:
Austrian Red Cross. Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation.
Date of Document:
11 August 2025
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
8.
Military Service - (No items in this section)
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
Concluding observations on the initial report of Somalia
Source:
United Nations. Committee against Torture.
Date of Document:
2 December 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Types of affidavits used, including differences between court-issued and notary-issued affidavits; requirements and procedure for the issuance of affidavits; availability of fraudulent affidavits (2019–June 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
7 July 2021
Accessed Date:
22 July 2021
Title:
Kenya and Somalia: Copy of a Kenyan lawyer's stamp being fraudulently used to notarize affidavits, including for Somali clients (2018–March 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 March 2021
Accessed Date:
7 February 2022
Title:
Requirements and procedure for the issuance of affidavits; content, appearance, and security features; types of affidavits available and cost; prevalence of fraudulent affidavits; samples (2020–January 2022)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 January 2022
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Requirements and procedures for a statutory declaration, including the statute of legislation that governs steps towards declaration (2021–March 2023)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
8 March 2023
Accessed Date:
29 March 2023
Title:
Accessing Justice: Somalia's Alternative Dispute Resolution Centers
Source:
International Development Law Organization
Date of Document:
December 2020
Accessed Date:
20 March 2023
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
Whether police investigate killings committed by Al-Shabaab [Al-Shabab] in Mogadishu, including whether police reports are written; procedures to obtain a copy of a police report (2014-June 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 June 2016
Accessed Date:
26 May 2017
Title:
Somalie : L'armée nationale Somalienne (SNA)
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
6 June 2018
Accessed Date:
17 March 2020
Title:
Somalie : La National Intelligence and Security Agency (NISA)
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
8 January 2021
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Somalia. The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide.
Source:
University of Johannesburg. Faculty of Law.
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Addressing Civilian Harm: Examining SNA Actions in Somalia
Source:
Center for Civilians in Conflict
Date of Document:
February 2024
Author:
Abdullahi Abdille Shahow
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Somalia. Londa Digital Rights and Inclusion in Africa Report 2024.
Source:
Paradigm Initiative
Date of Document:
April 2025
Author:
Ayaan Khalif and Abdifatah Ali
Editor:
‘Gbenga Sesan et al.
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Freedom of Expression in Somalia: For the Public Good
Source:
United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia; Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Somalia. World Press Freedom Index 2025.
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. International Religious Freedom Report for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
26 June 2024
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Treatment of non-Muslims, including those who commit apostasy, by society and extremist groups, including al-Shabaab (2013-April 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
29 April 2014
Accessed Date:
30 March 2015
Title:
Situation of practitioners of Sufism in Mogadishu; incidents of violence involving al Shabaab [Al-Shabaab] and practitioners of Sufism; security situation and availability of state protection in Mogadishu (2013-November 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
24 November 2014
Accessed Date:
30 March 2015
Title:
Understanding the Concept of Islamic Sufism
Source:
Journal of Education and Social Policy
Date of Document:
June 2014
Accessed Date:
30 March 2017
Title:
Situation of practitioners of Sufism, including treatment by Al-Shabaab [al-Shabab], and role of Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jamaa [Ahlu Sunna Wal-Jamea, Ahlu Sunnah Wal Jama'a, Ahlu Sunna Wal Jama'a, Ahl al-Sunnah Wal-Jamaa, Ahlu Sunna Waljma'a] (ASWJ)...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
27 March 2018
Accessed Date:
27 April 2018
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
No redress: Somalia's forgotten minorities
Source:
Minority Rights Group International
Date of Document:
November 2010
Accessed Date:
17 January 2013
Title:
Genealogical Table of Somali Clans
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Accessed Date:
17 January 2013
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo.
Date of Document:
10 August 2018
Accessed Date:
12 March 2021
Title:
The Badi-Ade [Badi Ado; Baadicade; Badi Ade; Badi'ade; Badi Adde; Baadi-cadde; Baada-Adde] clan, including distinguishing features, locations, occupations and position in clan hierarchy; treatment by authorities and other clans (2012-April 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 April 2018
Accessed Date:
26 March 2019
Title:
COI Query Somalia: Situation of the Gaboye Minority Group in Somalia, especially in Somaliland and Puntland
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
30 March 2021
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Information on the Ashraf clan, including the location of their traditional homeland, affiliated clans, risks they face from other tribes; whether the name Sharif is given to a male at birth
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 November 2010
Accessed Date:
17 January 2013
Title:
Distinguishing characteristics of the Gabooye (Midgan) people; whether it is possible for a member of the minority clan living in Mogadishu to hide that they are part of the Gabooye from his or her spouse and in-laws, who are members of a majority clan.
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
7 October 2013
Accessed Date:
19 December 2013
Title:
Somalia. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples.
Source:
Minority Rights Group International
Date of Document:
November 2024
Accessed Date:
21 January 2025
Title:
The Total Somali Clan Genealogy (Second Edition)
Source:
Leiden University. African Studies Centre.
Date of Document:
18 December 2009
Accessed Date:
8 May 2017
Title:
Clans in Somalia: Report on a Lecture by Joakim Gundel, COI Workshop Vienna, 15 May 2009 (Revised Edition)
Source:
Austrian Red Cross. Austrian Centre for Country
of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation.
Date of Document:
December 2009
Accessed Date:
16 March 2015
Title:
The Biyomal [Biimaal, Biyomaal, Biymaal, Biyamal] clan, including work, history, religious affiliation, location within the country, particularly Nus Dunya; the Rahanweyn [Rahanwen] clan, including location in the country; treatment of the...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 October 2015
Accessed Date:
22 March 2016
Title:
The Moblen clan, including genealogy, history, cultural practices, location, and occupations; relationship with authorities, Al Shabaab, and other clans, including Hawiye sub-clans (2016 - February 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
19 February 2018
Accessed Date:
13 March 2020
Title:
The Gabooye (Midgan) people, including the location of their traditional homeland, affiliated clans, and risks they face from other clans
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
4 December 2012
Accessed Date:
17 January 2013
Title:
The Bravanese (Barawan) ethnic group, including the location of their traditional homeland, affiliated clans and risks they face from other clans
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 December 2012
Accessed Date:
17 January 2013
Title:
The Reer Hamar and/or Benadiri, including the location of their traditional homeland, affiliated clans and risks they face from other clans
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 December 2012
Accessed Date:
17 January 2013
Title:
The Tunni ethnic group, including regions where its members reside; treatment by society, authorities and Al Shabaab; relationship with other clans (2012-December 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
22 December 2014
Accessed Date:
30 March 2015
Title:
The Hawrarsame clan, including its current situation and relationship with other clans (2005-2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
4 February 2014
Accessed Date:
30 March 2015
Title:
Assessment Report on Minority Groups – Somalia 2025
Source:
Minority Empowerment & Development Agency
Date of Document:
27 February 2025
Accessed Date:
12 January 2026
Title:
Reports of clashes between Hawiye (or subclan Hawadle) and Dir clans/sub-clans in the area of Beledweyne [Beled Weyne, Belet Weyne] in Hiiraan [Hiiran, Hiiraan] and in Mogadishu; state of interclan relations between the Hawiye and Dir...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 April 2016
Accessed Date:
26 May 2017
Title:
Information on the Ajuran clan, including location, clan affiliation, and whether the clan is a minority; treatment of members; reports of armed clashes with the Ogaden clan; reports of targeting of members of the Ajuran by Al Shabaa...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
31 August 2016
Accessed Date:
29 May 2017
Title:
Information on the Arab Salah ethnic group, including location, clan lineage and affiliation, including whether the clan is a minority (2014-July 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
24 August 2016
Accessed Date:
29 May 2017
Title:
Information on the Degodia clan, including distinguishing features, locations, occupations and position in the clan hierarchy; treatment (2014-August 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 September 2016
Accessed Date:
29 May 2017
Title:
Information on the Ujejen sub-clan, including distinguishing features, locations, occupations and position in the clan hierarchy; treatment (2014-November 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 November 2016
Accessed Date:
29 May 2017
Title:
Information on the Dabare Waqbare sub-clan, including distinguishing features, locations, occupations and position in the clan hierarchy; treatment, including the ability of members to live in Mogadishu (2014-October 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 October 2017
Accessed Date:
9 March 2018
Title:
Information on the Ogaden clan in Somaliland, including distinguishing features, locations, occupations and position in the clan hierarchy; treatment by the Somaliland authorities and by al-Shabaab (2015-October 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 November 2017
Accessed Date:
22 March 2018
Title:
Information on the Gadsan clan, including history, cultural practices, locations, occupations and position in the clan hierarchy; relationship with other clans, authorities and Al Shabaab (2015-December 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 December 2017
Accessed Date:
22 March 2018
Title:
Information on the Darood [Darod, Daarood] clan, including distinguishing features, locations, occupations and position in the clan hierarchy; treatment by authorities and other clans, including the Hawiye clan; ability of members to live in ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 April 2018
Accessed Date:
26 March 2019
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Somaliland, including government structure, security, and presence of internally displaced persons (IDPs) from Somalia (2016-March 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 March 2018
Accessed Date:
28 March 2018
Title:
Puntland, including government structure, security, and access for internally displaced persons (IDPs) from Somalia
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 November 2011
Accessed Date:
17 January 2013
Title:
A Checkpoint History of Somalia; Checkpoints: Where are they in Somalia and Who Operates them?. Paying the Price: The Political Economy of Checkpoints in Somalia.
Source:
Rift Valley Institute; XCEPT
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Frequency of members of the diaspora returning to live in the country, and particularly in Mogadishu; availability of housing and employment to diaspora returnees, including difficulties related to clan membership and economic opportunities (2012-2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 March 2015
Accessed Date:
30 March 2015
Title:
Termination of the Designation of Somalia for Temporary Protected Status
Source:
United States. Department of Homeland Security.
Date of Document:
14 January 2026
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Hirshabelle – August 2022. Takaraale.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
August 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Chapter 1: Migration to and from Somalia. Situation report on migration in Somalia.
Source:
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Somalia - Baseline Assessment Report - Round 3 (November 2024)
Source:
International Organization for Migration. Global Data Institute.
Accessed Date:
12 January 2026
Title:
Mexico and Somalia: Visas and permits issued to Somali citizens to transit through Mexico (2016-March 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 March 2018
Accessed Date:
28 March 2018
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain a copy of an asylum claim, including information on the forms, identity information needed, and how long requests take to process; circumstances under which an individual would not be able to obtain their asylum record
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 January 2012
Accessed Date:
14 November 2012
Title:
Information on refugees resettled in the US by the UNHCR, including status documents provided; ability to study, work, access social security, and travel outside the US; impact of travel outside the US on residency status and ability to...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 April 2017
Accessed Date:
21 March 2018
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Lower Shabelle – January 2022. Comparative Location Report.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
January 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Treatment of returnees in Somaliland by authorities and society; ability of an individual to relocate to Somaliland, including access to employment, housing, and social services (2018-March 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
19 March 2019
Accessed Date:
26 March 2019
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Middle Shabelle – April 2022. Comparative Location Report.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
April 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Lower Shabelle – January 2022. Qoryooley.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
January 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Information on Return and Reintegration in Somalia (Including Somaliland and Puntland) / 2025
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
October 2025
Accessed Date:
12 January 2026
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Lower Shabelle – January 2022. Afgooye.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
January 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Update to SOM200233 on entry and exit requirements at land borders and airports, including documentation required; whether there are checkpoints for domestic and international travel; whether there are travel agencies that facilitate travel within ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
7 January 2022
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Middle Shabelle – April 2022. Qalimow.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
April 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Middle Shabelle – April 2022. Balcad.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
April 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Hirshabelle – August 2022. Comparative Location Report.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
August 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Hirshabelle – August 2022. Beer-Gadiid.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
August 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Hirshabelle – August 2022. Mataban Town.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
August 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Hirshabelle – August 2022. Qodqod.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
August 2022
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions - (No items in this section)
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 31 January 2025:
Title:
Somalia. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
16 January 2025
URL:
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/
Accessed Date:
21 January 2025
Title:
At a Glance; SODMA Foreword; HC Foreword; Part 1: Humanitarian Needs Overview. Somalia. Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan.
Source:
United Nations. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
Date of Document:
January 2024
URL:
https://www.unocha.org/attachments/8ef2c38f-e21a-4f23-ad9d-bb6452b804fe/Somalia%202024%20Humanitarian%20Needs%20and%20Response%20Plan%20%28HNRP%29.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Somalia: Security Situation. Country of Origin Information.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
February 2023
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2023_02_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Security_situation.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 March 2023
Title:
General country of origin information report on Somalia
Source:
Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Date of Document:
June 2023
URL:
https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/directives/2023/06/30/general-country-of-origin-information-report-on-somalia-june-2023/General+country+of+origin+information+report+on+Somalia+June+2023.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 February 2024
Title:
Governance Statistics Report 2023
Source:
The Federal Republic of Somalia. Somalia National Bureau of Statistics.
URL:
https://nbs.gov.so/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Governance-Statistics-Report-2023.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note: security and humanitarian situation in Mogadishu. Version 1.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
May 2022
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/somalia-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-security-and-humanitarian-situation-in-mogadishu-somalia-may-2022-accessible#Consideration_of_issues
Accessed Date:
6 March 2023
Title:
Somalia: Health care services in Mogadishu
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
March 2024
URL:
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2105661/medcoi-somalia-til-upload-ny-forside.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Somaliland: The Horn of Africa's Breakaway State
Source:
Council on Foreign Relations
Date of Document:
25 January 2024
Author:
Mariel Ferragamo; Claire Klobucista
URL:
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/somaliland-horn-africas-breakaway-state
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Somalia. Civic Freedom Monitor.
Source:
International Center for Not-for-Profit Law
Date of Document:
17 January 2024
URL:
https://www.icnl.org/resources/civic-freedom-monitor/somalia
Accessed Date:
6 February 2024
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
27 July 2023
URL:
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10155
Accessed Date:
6 February 2024
Title:
Somalia. Freedom in the World 2024.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/somalia/freedom-world/2024
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Somaliland. Freedom in the World 2024.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/somaliland/freedom-world/2024
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Report of the Independent Expert on the situation of human rights in Somalia, Isha Dyfan
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council
Date of Document:
23 August 2024
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/57/80
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Somalia. The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2024.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
23 April 2024
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/POL1072002024ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Somalia. U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
URL:
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/Visa-Reciprocity-and-Civil-Documents-by-Country/Somalia.html
Accessed Date:
21 January 2025
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Somalia: Upper House.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
URL:
https://data.ipu.org/parliament/SO/SO-UC01/
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Somalia: House of the People.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
URL:
https://data.ipu.org/node/158/basic-information?chamber_id=13573
Accessed Date:
6 March 2023
Title:
Children and armed conflict in Somalia. Report of the Secretary-General.
Source:
United Nations. Security Council.
Date of Document:
16 May 2022
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/S/2022/397
Accessed Date:
6 March 2023
Title:
Somalia: Special Case. Trafficking in Persons Report 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
24 June 2024
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/somalia/
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Somalia. Global Organized Crime Index 2023.
Source:
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
URL:
https://ocindex.net/2023/country/somalia
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Al Shabaab. Mapping Militants Project.
Source:
Stanford University. Center for International Security and Cooperation.
Date of Document:
June 2021
URL:
https://mappingmilitants.org/profiles/al-shabaab
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Conflict With Al-Shabaab in Somalia
Source:
Global Conflict Tracker
Date of Document:
15 October 2024
URL:
https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/al-shabab-somalia
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Somalia. The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide
Source:
University of Pretoria. Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa.
URL:
https://www.policinglaw.info/country/somalia
Accessed Date:
20 March 2023
Title:
Somalia. World Press Freedom Index 2024.
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
URL:
https://rsf.org/en/country/somalia
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Time for Somaliland and the Dhulbahante to Talk
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
19 May 2023
URL:
https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/somaliland/time-somaliland-and-dhulbahante-talk
Accessed Date:
6 February 2024
Title:
Somalia. Civic Freedom Monitor.
Source:
International Center for Not-for-Profit Law
Date of Document:
5 October 2025
URL:
https://www.icnl.org/resources/civic-freedom-monitor/somalia
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. In Focus.
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
30 June 2025
URL:
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10155
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
International Protection Considerations with Regard to People Fleeing Somalia
Code:
HCR/IPC/SOM/2022/01
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
September 2022
URL:
https://www.refworld.org/docid/6308b1844.html
Accessed Date:
6 March 2023
Title:
Somalia. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
22 April 2024
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/somalia
Accessed Date:
19 May 2024
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Somalia: Upper House.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
URL:
https://data.ipu.org/parliament/SO/SO-UC01/
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Somalia: House of the People.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
URL:
https://data.ipu.org/parliament/SO/SO-LC01/
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Enabling access to justice for survivors of gender-based violence against women in Somaliland
Source:
International Development Law Organization
Date of Document:
March 2023
URL:
https://www.idlo.int/sites/default/files/2023/other/documents/gbvaw_issue_brief.pdf
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Concluding observations on the initial report of Somalia
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Rights of the Child.
Date of Document:
22 June 2022
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/CRC/C/SOM/CO/1
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Country Marriage Pack. Somalia.
Source:
Ireland. Refugee Documentation Centre.
Date of Document:
April 2015
URL:
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1122864/1930_1430825948_somalia-marriage-pack-april-2015.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 March 2016
Title:
Somalia. Our Identities Under Arrest: A global overview on the enforcement of laws criminalizing consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults and diverse gender expressions.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association.
Date of Document:
November 2023
Editor:
Lucas Ramón Mendos
URL:
https://ilga.org/downloads/Our_Identities_Under_Arrest_2023.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 February 2024
Title:
Somalia: Defection, desertion and disengagement from Al-Shabaab
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
February 2023
URL:
https://euaa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/2023-02/2023_02_COI_Report_Somalia_Defection_Desertion_Disengagement_Al_Shabaab_EN_1.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 March 2023
Title:
Mapping al-Shabaab's activity in Somalia in 2024
Source:
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data
Date of Document:
13 December 2024
URL:
https://acleddata.com/2024/12/13/mapping-al-shabaabs-activity-in-somalia-in-2024/
Accessed Date:
20 January 2025
Title:
Al-Shabaab [Al-Shabab], including leadership, structure, objectives, activities, areas of operation, ability to track persons of interest, and individuals who are targeted (2021–March 2023)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
7 March 2023
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=458779
Accessed Date:
29 March 2023
Title:
Conflict With Al-Shabaab in Somalia
Source:
Global Conflict Tracker
Date of Document:
15 September 2025
URL:
https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/al-shabab-somalia
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Concluding observations on the initial report of Somalia
Source:
United Nations. Committee against Torture.
Date of Document:
2 December 2022
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/CAT/C/SOM/CO/1
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Somalia. World Press Freedom Index 2025.
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
URL:
https://rsf.org/en/country/somalia
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo.
Date of Document:
10 August 2018
URL:
https://landinfo.no/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Query-response-The-Ashraf-10082018.pdf
Accessed Date:
12 March 2021
Title:
The Badi-Ade [Badi Ado; Baadicade; Badi Ade; Badi'ade; Badi Adde; Baadi-cadde; Baada-Adde] clan, including distinguishing features, locations, occupations and position in clan hierarchy; treatment by authorities and other clans (2012-April 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 April 2018
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457449
Accessed Date:
26 March 2019
Title:
COI Query Somalia: Situation of the Gaboye Minority Group in Somalia, especially in Somaliland and Puntland
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
30 March 2021
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_03_Q5_EASO_COI_Query_SOMALIA_Gaboye_people.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Hirshabelle – August 2022. Takaraale.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
August 2022
URL:
https://somalia.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1041/files/documents/2023-03/COSI_Location_Report_Takaraale.pdf
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Middle Shabelle – April 2022. Comparative Location Report.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
April 2022
URL:
https://somalia.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1041/files/documents/COSI_MIddle%20Shabelle_Comparative_Report_.pdf
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Middle Shabelle – April 2022. Qalimow.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
April 2022
URL:
https://somalia.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1041/files/documents/COSI_Middle%20Shabelle_Location_Report_Qalimow.pdf
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Community Stabilization Index Middle Shabelle – April 2022. Balcad.
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
April 2022
URL:
https://somalia.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1041/files/documents/COSI_Middle%20Shabelle_Location_Report_Balcad.pdf
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
State officials in Somalia crack down on clan militia checkpoints
Source:
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data
Date of Document:
30 September 2024
URL:
https://acleddata.com/2024/09/30/state-officials-in-somalia-crack-down-on-clan-militia-checkpoints-september-2024/
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Présentation de la Somalie
Source:
France. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
Date of Document:
10 July 2018
URL:
https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/somalie/presentation-de-la-somalie/
Accessed Date:
27 October 2020
Title:
EASO Country of Origin Information Report. Somalia: Somalia Actors.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
July 2021
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2021_07_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Actors.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 February 2022
Title:
COI Query Response. Somalia: Security situation update. 1 December 2022 to 14 April 2023.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
25 April 2023
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2023_04_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q13_Somalia_Security_Situation.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 December 2024
Title:
Somalie : Point de situation sécuritaire
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
28 September 2023
URL:
https://ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2309_som_situation_securitaire_160684_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
6 February 2024
Title:
Country Background Note. Somalia. Version 1.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
December 2020
URL:
https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/946656/Somalia_-_background_note_-_CPIN_-_v1.0__GOV.UK_.pdf
Accessed Date:
11 March 2021
Title:
Neighbourhoods of Mogadishu
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
URL:
http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/africa/txu-pclmaps-oclc-795784383-somalia_2012_neighborhoods_of_mogadishu.jpg
Accessed Date:
3 March 2017
Title:
EASO Country of Origin Information Report. Somalia: Key socio-economic indicators.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
September 2021
URL:
https://euaa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/2021_09_EASO_COI_Report_Somalia_Key_socio_economic_indicators.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Somalia Country Profile
Source:
United Nations Population Fund et al.
Date of Document:
December 2021
URL:
https://somalia.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/crvs_report.pdf
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Source:
University of Central Arkansas
URL:
https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/somalia-1960-present/
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Somalia: Political Crisis Deepens Amid Transition to Direct Elections
Source:
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data
Date of Document:
28 July 2023
URL:
https://acleddata.com/2023/07/28/somalia-situation-update-july-2023-electoral-crisis-deepens-as-somalia-transitions-to-direct-elections/
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Controversy over electoral reform sparks debate in Somalia amid al-Shabaab operation
Source:
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data
Date of Document:
28 October 2024
URL:
https://acleddata.com/2024/10/28/controversy-over-electoral-reform-sparks-debate-in-somalia-amid-al-shabaab-operation-october-2024/
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Opposition's Abdullahi wins presidential election in breakaway Somaliland
Date of Document:
19 November 2024
URL:
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/19/oppositions-abdullahi-wins-presidential-election-in-breakaway-somaliland
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Somalia. 2023 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor.
Source:
United States. Department of Labor.
Date of Document:
5 September 2024
URL:
https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/child-labor/somalia
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
COI Query Response. Somalia: Forms and prevalence of repeated FGM/C.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
21 April 2023
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2023_04_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q12_Somalia_FGM-C.pdf
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Briefing Paper: Addressing Sexual Offenses in Somalia and Somaliland – Legal Challenges and Legislative Responses
Source:
Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa
Date of Document:
August 2024
URL:
https://issuu.com/halayassin/docs/sob_briefing_paper_-_somali_region
Accessed Date:
24 December 2024
Title:
Somalia: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
February 2021
URL:
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2046605/COI_notat_somalia_FGM_feb.pdf
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Initial report submitted by Somalia under article 44 of the Convention, due in 2017
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Rights of the Child.
Date of Document:
16 October 2019
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/CRC/C/SOM/1
Accessed Date:
17 March 2020
Title:
Country Profile: FGM in Somalia and Somaliland
Date of Document:
March 2021
URL:
https://www.28toomany.org/media/uploads/Country%20Research%20and%20Resources/SomaliaSomaliland/somalia_and_somaliland_country_profile_update_v2_(march_2021).pdf
Accessed Date:
6 March 2023
Title:
Somalia. Female Genital Mutilation.
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo.
Date of Document:
14 September 2022
URL:
https://landinfo.no/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Report-Somalia-Female-Genital-Mutilation-14092022-1.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 February 2024
Title:
Overview of Gender-Based Violence in Somalia
Date of Document:
14 April 2022
URL:
https://somalia.unfpa.org/en/publications/overview-gender-based-violence-situation-somalia-advocacy-brief-2022
Accessed Date:
6 March 2023
Title:
Somalia. State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
March 2019
Author:
Lucas Ramón Mendos
URL:
https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf
Accessed Date:
25 April 2019
Source:
Council on Foreign Relations
Date of Document:
6 December 2022
Author:
Claire Felter et al.
URL:
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/al-shabab
Accessed Date:
8 February 2024
Title:
Still No Justice in Somalia Health Workers Massacre
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
25 May 2022
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/05/25/still-no-justice-somalia-health-workers-massacre
Accessed Date:
8 February 2024
Title:
Countering Al-Shabaab Propaganda and Recruitment Mechanisms in South Central Somalia
Source:
United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia
Date of Document:
14 August 2017
URL:
https://unsom.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/countering_al-shabaab_propaganda_and_recruitment_mechanisms_report_final_-_14_august_2017.pdf
Accessed Date:
12 March 2018
Title:
Somalia Reeling from Devastating Attack on Education Ministry
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
1 November 2022
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/11/01/somalia-reeling-devastating-attack-education-ministry
Accessed Date:
6 March 2023
Title:
ecoi.net featured topic on Somalia: Security Situation
Source:
Austrian Red Cross. Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation.
Date of Document:
28 August 2020
URL:
https://www.ecoi.net/en/document/2036626.html
Accessed Date:
11 March 2021
Title:
Al-Shabaab. Country Reports on Terrorism 2022.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
30 November 2023
URL:
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/Country_Reports_on_Terrorism_2022-v3.pdf#page=254
Accessed Date:
9 February 2024
Title:
Somalia: Al-Shabaab Regains Lost Territories Amid Run-up to State Elections
Source:
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data
Date of Document:
28 March 2024
URL:
https://acleddata.com/2024/03/28/somalia-situation-update-march-2024-al-shabaab-regains-lost-territories-amid-run-up-to-state-elections/
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Somalia, Second Quarter 2024: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
Source:
Austrian Red Cross. Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation.
Date of Document:
7 August 2024
URL:
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2113510/2024q2Somalia_en.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 January 2025
Title:
What's next for the fight against al-Shabaab?
Source:
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data
Date of Document:
4 September 2024
URL:
https://acleddata.com/2024/09/04/whats-next-for-the-fight-against-al-shabaab-in-kenya-and-somalia-august-2024/
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
A Nation's Struggle: An Investigation into Graft in Somalia
URL:
https://marqaati.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Marqaati-Report-on-Graft-in-Somalia-2023.pdf
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
The Problem with Militias in Somalia: Almost Everyone Wants Them Despite Their Dangers. Hybrid Conflict, Hybrid Peace: How Militias and Paramilitary Groups Shape Post-conflict Transitions.
Source:
United Nations University. Centre for Policy Research.
Author:
Vanda Felbab-Brown
URL:
https://i.unu.edu/media/cpr.unu.edu/post/3895/HybridConflictSomaliaWeb.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
COI Query Response. Somalia: Information on forced recruitment by Al-Shabaab in the government-controlled areas, methods of recruitment, recruitment procedure, profiles of the recruited, consequences of refusal to join the group.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
25 October 2019
URL:
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2019114/2019_10_25_EASO+COI+QUERY_SOMALIA_AL+SHABAAB_FORCED_RECRUITMENT_Q25.pdf
Accessed Date:
12 March 2021
Title:
The Courts of “Absolute Power”: Fair Trial Violations by Somalia's Military Court.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
21 May 2014
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/05/21/courts-absolute-power/fair-trial-violations-somalias-military-court
Accessed Date:
14 July 2014
Title:
Somali authorities investigate media rights group, freeze its accounts
Source:
Committee to Protect Journalists
Date of Document:
19 April 2024
URL:
https://cpj.org/2024/04/somali-authorities-investigate-media-rights-group-freeze-its-accounts/
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Massive wave of arrests in Somaliland : 14 journalists behind bars
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
Date of Document:
14 April 2022
URL:
https://rsf.org/en/massive-wave-arrests-somaliland-14-journalists-behind-bars
Accessed Date:
6 March 2023
Title:
State of the Media Report 2023. Facing the Danger: Safeguarding Media Freedom During Unprecedented Challenges in Somalia
Source:
National Union of Somali Journalists
URL:
https://nusoj.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/STATE-OF-THE-MEDIA-Report_2023_WEB_%E2%88%9A.pdf
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Government and Clan System in Somalia: Report from Fact Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, and Mogadishu, Hargeisa and Boosaaso in Somalia in June 2012
Source:
Centre for Country of Origin Information and Analysis, Lifos
Date of Document:
5 March 2013
URL:
https://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokument?documentAttachmentId=38611
Accessed Date:
13 December 2013
Title:
COI Query Response: Somalia – Information on Sheekhaal Minority Group and their Treatment
Source:
Refugee Documentation Centre of Ireland
Date of Document:
22 May 2024
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/ireland/PLib/2024_05_Somalia_Sheekhaal.pdf
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Report on minority groups in Somalia: Joint British, Danish and Dutch Fact-Finding Mission to Nairobi, Kenya, 17-24 September 2000
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
URL:
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/1412772/470_1161683683_somalianov2000.pdf
Accessed Date:
17 January 2013
Title:
Minorities in Somalia. Somalia: Security, Minorities and Migration.
Source:
Austria. Federal Ministry of the Interior.
URL:
https://www.refworld.org/docid/53564b8a4.html
Accessed Date:
16 March 2015
Title:
Focus Somalie. Clans et minorités.
Source:
Swiss Confederation. State Secretariat for Migration.
Date of Document:
31 May 2017
URL:
https://www.sem.admin.ch/dam/sem/fr/data/internationales/herkunftslaender/afrika/som/SOM-clans-f.pdf.download.pdf/SOM-clans-f.pdf
Accessed Date:
27 October 2020
Title:
Somalie : le groupe minoritaire des Gabooye/Midgan
Source:
Organisation suisse d'aide aux réfugiés
Date of Document:
5 July 2018
URL:
https://www.refugeecouncil.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/Herkunftslaenderberichte/Afrika/Somalia/180702-som-gabooye-f.pdf
Accessed Date:
27 October 2020
Title:
Extension and Redesignation of Somalia for Temporary Protected Status
Source:
United States. Department of Homeland Security.
Date of Document:
22 July 2024
URL:
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/07/22/2024-15829/extension-and-redesignation-of-somalia-for-temporary-protected-status
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
The lives and livelihoods of forcibly displaced people in Mogadishu, Somalia
Source:
Humanitarian Policy Group
Date of Document:
April 2024
Author:
Nick Crawford et al.
URL:
https://media.odi.org/documents/HPG_WP_FDP-MogadishuCS-Final-Apr24.pdf
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Somalia - Baseline Assessment Report - Round 2 (February 2023 - January 2024)
Source:
International Organization for Migration. Global Data Institute.
Date of Document:
March 2024
URL:
https://dtm.iom.int/dtm_download_track/52531?file=1&type=node&id=36121
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
City of Flight: New and secondary displacements in Mogadishu, Somalia. UnSettlement: Urban displacement in the 21st century.
Source:
Norwegian Refugee Council; Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre
Date of Document:
November 2018
Author:
Ivana Hajžmanová; Vicente Anzellini
URL:
http://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/201811-urban-displacement-mogadishu.pdf
Accessed Date:
17 March 2020
Title:
Somalia post return monitoring snapshot September 2022.
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
9 November 2022
URL:
https://reliefweb.int/attachments/1f30a7e2-c777-42ed-8f63-57a6338e85aa/Post%20Return%20Monitoring%20-%20Snapshot%20September%202022.pdf
Accessed Date:
6 March 2023
Title:
No Going Back: The New Urban Face of Internal Displacement in Somalia
Source:
Refugees International
Date of Document:
25 May 2023
Author:
Abdullahi Boru Halakhe; Sarah Miller
URL:
https://www.refugeesinternational.org/reports-briefs/no-going-back-the-new-urban-face-of-internal-displacement-in-somalia/
Accessed Date:
9 February 2024
Title:
Mixed Movements in Somalia: Dangerous locations, smuggling dynamics and access to information and assistance
Source:
Mixed Migration Centre
Date of Document:
September 2024
URL:
https://reporting.unhcr.org/somalia-mixed-movements-dangerous-locations-smuggling-dynamics-and-access-information-and-assistance
Accessed Date:
27 December 2024
Title:
Somalia: Country Focus. Country of Origin Information.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
May 2025
URL:
https://www.euaa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/2025-05/2025_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Somalia_Country_Focus.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
COI Query Response. Somalia: Major political, security, and humanitarian developments. 1 April 2025 to 31 July 2025.
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
13 August 2025
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2025_08_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Q24_Somalia_Major_political_security_and_humanitarian_developments.pdf
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Somalie : Point de situation sécuritaire du 1er janvier au 31 décembre 2024
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
28 March 2024
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2503_som_situation_securitaire_165248_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 August 2025
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/somalia/
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
International Election Observation Mission. Report on Somaliland's Presidential and Political Party Elections.
Source:
University College London Consultants. Bartlett Development Planning Unit.
Author:
Francisco Cobos Flores et al.
URL:
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/consultants/sites/consultants/files/sml7.pdf
Accessed Date:
16 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2023.
Source:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Date of Document:
6 October 2025
URL:
https://webfs.oecd.org/devsigi/SIGI%202023%20Country%20Profiles/Africa/country_profile_SOM_Somalia.pdf
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Research Paper: Silenced Suffering: Unveiling Sexual Violence Against Displaced and Minority Women in Somalia and Somaliland
Source:
Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa
Date of Document:
3 September 2024
URL:
https://issuu.com/halayassin/docs/svagai_1_3876cb3d19f06c
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Somalie : Les relations entre al-Shabaab et l'État islamique
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
15 September 2025
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2509_som_ei_s_et_as_165819_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Somalia: Mogadishu. Al Shabab and the security situation. Version 2.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
July 2025
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/somalia-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-mogadishu-al-shabab-and-the-security-situation-somalia-july-2025-accessible
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Dhows, Drones, and Dollars: Ansar Allah's Expansion into Somalia
Source:
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
Date of Document:
14 March 2025
Author:
Ibrahim Jalal; Adnan al-Jabarni
URL:
https://www.xcept-research.org/dhows-drones-and-dollars-ansar-allahs-expansion-into-somalia/
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia, Second Quarter 2025: Update on incidents according to the Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED)
Source:
Austrian Red Cross. Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation.
Date of Document:
11 August 2025
URL:
https://www.ecoi.net/en/file/local/2129209/2025q2Somalia_en.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 January 2026
Title:
Somalia. Londa Digital Rights and Inclusion in Africa Report 2024.
Source:
Paradigm Initiative
Date of Document:
April 2025
Author:
Ayaan Khalif and Abdifatah Ali
Editor:
‘Gbenga Sesan et al.
URL:
https://paradigmhq.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Londa-2024-1.pdf
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Assessment Report on Minority Groups – Somalia 2025
Source:
Minority Empowerment & Development Agency
Date of Document:
27 February 2025
URL:
https://reliefweb.int/attachments/104fbb9f-6aaf-4d69-b03b-7467f9087655/Assessment%20Report%20on%20Minority%20Groups%20-%202025%20MEDA%20-%20Updated.pdf
Accessed Date:
12 January 2026
Title:
Termination of the Designation of Somalia for Temporary Protected Status
Source:
United States. Department of Homeland Security.
Date of Document:
14 January 2026
URL:
https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2026/01/14/2026-00596/termination-of-the-designation-of-somalia-for-temporary-protected-status
Accessed Date:
15 January 2026
Title:
Somalia - Baseline Assessment Report - Round 3 (November 2024)
Source:
International Organization for Migration. Global Data Institute.
URL:
https://dtm.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1461/files/reports/Somalia_Baseline_R3_112024.pdf
Accessed Date:
12 January 2026
Title:
Information on Return and Reintegration in Somalia (Including Somaliland and Puntland) / 2025
Source:
International Organization for Migration
Date of Document:
October 2025
URL:
https://switzerland.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1366/files/documents/2025-12/cis-somalia-2025.pdf
Accessed Date:
12 January 2026
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suggest documents they feel are relevant to the
NDP.
NDPs are not, and do not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Rather, they are intended to support the refugee determination process. The assessment and weight to be given to the information in the
NDPs are the responsibility of independent
IRB members (decision-makers) after considering the evidence and arguments presented by the parties.
All sources are fully cited, including a hyperlink, to facilitate the location of the information. The
IRB will attempt to ensure that these links are maintained for the most recent
NDP. It cannot guarantee or be responsible for:
- the functionality of links to external sources,
- the content accessed by these links,
- the availability of external content in both English and French,
- any other part of a third party website.
The information presented in
NDPs solely reflects the views and perspectives of the sources cited and does not necessarily reflect the position of the
IRB or the Government of Canada.