National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information about conditions in specific countries. Updates occur periodically based on publicly available information. Countries with high volumes of claims may be updated more frequently. In periods of rapid change and/or uncertainty, updates may be delayed to build a body of relevant information.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
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Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
31 October 2025
ETHIOPIA
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Title:
Eritrea and Ethiopia
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Accessed Date:
21 January 2013
Title:
Présentation de l'Ethiopie
Source:
France. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
Date of Document:
16 September 2024
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
17 September 2025
Accessed Date:
23 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: Security situation in Amhara, Oromia and Tigray regions and return
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
October 2024
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
DFAT Country Information Report: Ethiopia
Source:
Australia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
Date of Document:
12 August 2020
Accessed Date:
10 February 2021
Title:
Ethiopia. Civic Freedom Monitor.
Source:
International Center for Not-for-Profit Law
Date of Document:
26 July 2025
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: An update on the security and human rights situation since February 2022
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
September 2022
Accessed Date:
26 October 2022
Title:
Ethiopia: COI Compilation
Source:
Austrian Red Cross. Austrian Centre for Country of Origin and Asylum Research and Documentation.
Date of Document:
November 2019
Accessed Date:
17 January 2020
Title:
Resources for converting dates from the Ethiopian to Gregorian calendar; formula or method for converting dates between the two calendars
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 January 2017
Accessed Date:
26 January 2018
Title:
Ethiopia. Humanitarian Needs Overview 2024.
Source:
United Nations. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
Date of Document:
February 2024
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. BTI 2024 Country Report.
Date of Document:
March 2024
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia Watch: Civil Society Monitor of the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement
Source:
Atrocities Watch Africa
Date of Document:
July 2023
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Ethiopia: Actors of Protection. Version 2.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
February 2024
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Genocide in Tigray: Serious Breaches of International Law in the Tigray Conflict, Ethiopia, and Paths to Accountability
Source:
New Lines Institute
Date of Document:
June 2024
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Airstrike on Camp for Displaced Likely War Crime
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
24 March 2022
Accessed Date:
23 October 2023
Title:
Ethiopia Query Response: The Human Rights Situation in Oromia (May 2022 - May 2024)
Source:
Asylum Research Centre
Date of Document:
August 2024
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Security situation in Tigray. COI Focus.
Source:
Belgium. Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons.
Date of Document:
16 May 2024
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia - Physical Access Constraints Map, 25 February 2025
Source:
Logistics Cluster
Date of Document:
6 March 2025
Accessed Date:
1 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia Query Response: Situation in the Amhara Region (January 2022-February 2024)
Source:
Asylum Research Centre
Date of Document:
March 2024
Accessed Date:
21 October 2024
Title:
Éthiopie : accès à des soins psychiatriques et psychothérapeutiques
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
29 May 2020
Accessed Date:
19 February 2021
Source:
Council on Foreign Relations. Center for Preventive Action.
Date of Document:
20 March 2025
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: Unlawful Shelling of Tigray Urban Areas
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
11 February 2021
Accessed Date:
19 February 2021
Title:
General Country of Origin Information Report on Ethiopia
Source:
Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Date of Document:
31 January 2024
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
23 January 2024
Author:
Lauren Ploch Blanchard
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia's civil war: what's behind the Amhara rebellion?
Date of Document:
2 April 2025
Author:
Amanuel Tesfaye; Yared Debebe
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
“If the Soldier Dies, It's on You”: Attacks on Medical Care in Ethiopia's Amhara Conflict
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
3 July 2024
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 August 2025
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2025.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
April 2025
Accessed Date:
1 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. World Report 2025: Events of 2024.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2025
Accessed Date:
1 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. Freedom in the World 2025.
Accessed Date:
1 October 2025
Title:
National report submitted pursuant to Human Rights Council resolutions 5/1 and 16/21: Ethiopia
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/47/ETH/1
Date of Document:
23 August 2024
Accessed Date:
18 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Compilation of information
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/47/ETH/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
29 August 2024
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Summary of Stakeholders' submissions on Ethiopia
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/47/ETH/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
26 August 2024
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Federal government must pause the corridor development project and end forced evictions
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
14 April 2025
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Comprehensive investigative findings and legal determinations
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
13 October 2023
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Key Rights Groups Suspended
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
29 January 2025
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: Crackdown on Health Workers' Protests
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
25 June 2025
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: Halt Crackdown Against Human Rights Groups
Source:
Amnesty International et al.
Date of Document:
14 June 2024
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Part A: The Seventh to Tenth Periodic Country Reports (2015–2023) on the Implementation of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.
Date of Document:
January 2024
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Joint Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review Fourth Cycle of the UPR Working Group
Date of Document:
8 April 2024
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. Education Under Attack 2024.
Source:
Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack
Author:
Jerome Marston et al.
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Update on the Human Rights Situation in Ethiopia
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
June 2024
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Report of the International Commission of Human Rights Experts on Ethiopia
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
14 September 2023
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Annual Ethiopia Human Rights Situation Report: June 2023 to June 2024
Source:
Ethiopian Human Rights Commission
Accessed Date:
1 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
22 April 2024
Accessed Date:
15 May 2024
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Constitution of The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Accessed Date:
9 November 2012
Title:
Availability of fraudulent identity documents; state efforts to combat document fraud (2014-January 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
28 July 2016
Accessed Date:
26 January 2017
Title:
Ethiopia. U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
23 October 2025
Title:
Proclamation on Ethiopian Nationality
Accessed Date:
9 November 2012
Title:
Ethiopia and Saudi Arabia: Description of the Ethiopian Kebele/citizenship card; whether Saudi Arabia issues identity cards for Ethiopian nationals, including description
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 May 2013
Accessed Date:
29 January 2014
Title:
Requirements and procedures for an individual born in Ethiopia to Ethiopian parents to reclaim citizenship, including if the individual holds citizenship in another country
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
18 June 2014
Accessed Date:
21 January 2015
Title:
Appearance of identity cards and birth certificates issued in Addis Ababa, including description of features, variation in appearance, and issuing authorities (2012-2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 October 2014
Accessed Date:
21 January 2015
Title:
Whether authorities issue any documents to people charged with a criminal offence, as well as those released on bail; whether authorities seize the passport of a person with outstanding criminal charges (January-November 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
22 November 2013
Accessed Date:
21 January 2015
Title:
Report on Citizenship Law: Ethiopia
Code:
RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-CR 2020/9
Source:
European University Institute. Global Citizenship Observatory.
Date of Document:
April 2020
Accessed Date:
23 October 2023
Title:
For passport applicants in Ethiopia, whether passport photographs are taken by staff at government passport offices or are provided by the applicant (2013-2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 September 2015
Accessed Date:
11 January 2016
Title:
ID4D Country Diagnostic: Ethiopia
Date of Document:
June 2017
Author:
Alan Gelb; Robert Palacios
Accessed Date:
19 February 2021
Title:
Ethiopia: Documents and citizenship. Report based on interviews in Ethiopia.
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
November 2018
Accessed Date:
9 January 2019
Title:
Information on Eritrean nationals residing in Ethiopia, including residency rights, freedom of movement and access to education, employment and social services; residency documents issued to Eritrean nationals residing in Ethiopia...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
27 January 2017
Accessed Date:
26 January 2018
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Ethiopia: House of the Federation.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
Accessed Date:
2 October 2025
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Ethiopia: House of Peoples' Representatives.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia COI Query Response focusing on: The Ethiopian Federal Democratic Unity Forum (Medrek); The Southern Ethiopia People's Democratic Coalition (SEPDC); The situation in Hosaena and Kembata in the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples...
Source:
Asylum Research Consultancy
Date of Document:
14 July 2017
Accessed Date:
9 January 2018
Title:
Ethiopia: Political situation and treatment of opposition. Report based on interviews in Ethiopia.
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
September 2018
Accessed Date:
9 January 2019
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Ethiopia: Oromos, the Oromo Liberation Front and the Oromo Liberation Army. Version 1.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
March 2022
Accessed Date:
13 October 2022
Title:
Ethiopia Frees Seven Long-Held Opposition Politicians
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
9 September 2024
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Treatment of members of opposition parties, particularly those of the Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice (ECSJ, Ezema) party, the Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC), the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), the National Movement of Amhara (NaMA), and th...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
18 September 2025
Accessed Date:
28 October 2025
Title:
The Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC), including aims and objectives, leadership, structure; information on how to become a member; treatment of members and supporters by authorities (2014 - March 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
22 March 2016
Accessed Date:
17 January 2017
Title:
Ethiopia: Political opposition parties – recent developments
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
March 2021
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Ethiopia and Canada: Information on the Unity for Human Rights and Democracy (Unity), including activities and requirements and procedures to become a member; whether they provide verification of the political activities of their members in Ethiopia...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
8 February 2017
Accessed Date:
26 January 2018
Title:
Information on '1 to 5' groups in Ethiopia, including origin and purpose; whether citizens are required to participate in them; consequences for refusal (2014-June 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
24 June 2016
Accessed Date:
26 January 2018
Title:
Éthiopie : situation des partis d'opposition
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et des apatrides.
Date of Document:
24 August 2021
Accessed Date:
20 December 2021
Title:
Ethiopia June 21, 2021 National Elections Report
Source:
International Republican Institute; National Democratic Institute
Date of Document:
5 August 2021
Accessed Date:
13 October 2022
Title:
Ethiopia: Armed conflict and political opposition in Oromia
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo.
Date of Document:
24 February 2023
Accessed Date:
23 October 2023
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Concluding observations on the eighth periodic report of Ethiopia
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Date of Document:
14 March 2019
Accessed Date:
17 January 2020
Title:
Ethiopia: Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo.
Date of Document:
22 June 2021
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Eighth periodic report submitted by Ethiopia under article 18 of the Convention, due in 2015
Date of Document:
18 December 2017
Accessed Date:
9 January 2019
Title:
Éthiopie : Les mariages forcés en Éthiopie
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
26 January 2017
Accessed Date:
17 January 2020
Title:
Shelters for Women and Girls who are Survivors of Violence in Ethiopia
Source:
United Nations. UN Women.
Date of Document:
January 2016
Accessed Date:
9 January 2018
Title:
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia: Country Gender Equality Profile 2024
Source:
United Nations. UN Women.
Date of Document:
June 2024
Accessed Date:
2 October 2025
Title:
Conflict-Related Sexual and Reproductive Violence in Tigray
Source:
New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy
Date of Document:
March 2025
Author:
Kate Vigneswaran et al.
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopie : Les femmes victimes de violences sexuelles
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
8 April 2025
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
FGM/C in Ethiopia: Country Profile Update, June 2023
Source:
28 Too Many; Orchid Project
Date of Document:
August 2023
Author:
Shannon Thomson et al.
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Gender-Based Violence Area of Responsibility; Ethiopia Secondary Data Review, February 2023
Source:
iMMAP; Global Protection Cluster. Gender Based Violence Area of Responsibility.
Date of Document:
31 March 2023
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Ethiopia: Gender-based violence secondary data review report 2024
Date of Document:
15 July 2025
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Silenced, shamed, and threatened: Technology-facilitated gender-based violence targeting women who participate in Ethiopian public life
Source:
Centre for Information Resilience
Date of Document:
May 2024
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Title:
Human Rights Watch Submission to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child Review of Ethiopia, 98th Pre-Sessional Working Group
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
March 2024
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Broken Promises: Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Before and After the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement in Tigray, Ethiopia
Source:
Physicians for Human Rights; Organization for Justice and Accountability in the Horn of Africa (OJAH)
Date of Document:
August 2023
Editor:
Kevin Short et al.
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Understanding Conflict Related Sexual Violence in Ethiopia
Source:
Dr. Denis Mukwege Foundation; Center for Human Rights, Gender and Migration
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting in Ethiopia
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
May 2022
Accessed Date:
13 October 2022
Source:
Human Dignity Trust
Date of Document:
17 December 2024
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. Stakeholder Report for the United Nations Universal Periodic Review for the 47th Session of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review October – November 2024.
Source:
The Advocates for Human Rights; House of Guramayle
Date of Document:
8 April 2024
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
OUT in Ethiopia: A Research Report Examining the Human Rights Abuses, and Development Needs, of Sexual and Gender Minorities in Ethiopia
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Éthiopie : les minorités sexuelles et de genre
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et des apatrides.
Date of Document:
6 July 2021
Accessed Date:
20 December 2021
Title:
Chapter 12: Digital lawfare and activism by lesbian, gay and bisexual persons in Ethiopia. Queer Lawfare in Africa: Legal strategies in contexts of LGBTIQ+ criminalisation and politicisation.
Source:
University of Pretoria. Faculty of Law.
Author:
Getnet Tadele; Woldekidan Amde
Editor:
Adrian Jjuuko et al.
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Ethiopia. Our Identities Under Arrest: A global overview on the enforcement of laws criminalizing consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults and diverse gender expressions.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
November 2023
Author:
Kellyn Botha et al.
Editor:
Lucas Ramón Mendos
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Ethiopia: Tier 2. Trafficking in Persons Report 2025.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
29 September 2025
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. Country Reports on Terrorism 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 December 2024
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
OSAC Country Security Report. Ethiopia.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
9 October 2025
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopians say corruption is on the rise, see religious and traditional leaders as least corrupt and most trustworthy, Afrobarometer survey shows
Date of Document:
17 May 2024
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. Global Organized Crime Index 2023.
Source:
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Éthiopie : Le service militaire
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
21 October 2016
Accessed Date:
15 January 2018
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
Organizations of Civil Societies Proclamation No.1113/2019
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Ethiopia: One step forward two steps back in fighting torture. Joint Alternative Report submitted under article 19 of the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment.
Source:
Association for Human Rights in Ethiopia et al.
Date of Document:
March 2023
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Introduction to the Ethiopian Legal System and Legal Research
Date of Document:
February 2024
Author:
Alemayehu B. Bekele
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Replies of Ethiopia to the list of issues in relation to its second periodic report
Date of Document:
20 February 2023
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Ethiopia's Compliance with the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment: The Death Penalty
Source:
The Advocates for Human Rights; The World Coalition Against the Death Penalty
Date of Document:
20 March 2023
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Prison Conditions in Ethiopia
Source:
Asylum Research Centre Foundation
Date of Document:
February 2021
Accessed Date:
19 February 2021
Title:
The Criminal Code of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Concluding observations on the second periodic report of Ethiopia
Source:
United Nations. Committee against Torture.
Date of Document:
7 June 2023
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
Requirements and procedures for obtaining police reports, such as criminal complaints, from within the country as well as from abroad; format, including appearance and whether legislation is referenced in a police report, signatures, letterhead an...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 February 2017
Accessed Date:
15 March 2017
Title:
Police summonses, including legislation and ways of delivering summonses; appearance and content of summonses, including whether there are variations between federal and municipal summonses, and whether any legislation is referenced in the summonses...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 October 2025
Accessed Date:
28 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: The special police (Liyu Police) in the Somali Regional State
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo.
Date of Document:
3 June 2016
Accessed Date:
5 January 2017
Title:
Ethiopia: No Justice in Somali Region Killings
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
5 April 2017
Accessed Date:
18 October 2024
Title:
Éthiopie : Les principaux camps militaires, répertoire et conditions de détention
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
22 June 2020
Accessed Date:
10 February 2021
Title:
'Beyond Law Enforcement': Human Rights Violations by Ethiopian Security Forces in Amhara and Oromia
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
29 May 2020
Accessed Date:
10 February 2021
Title:
Ethiopians trust the police, but see them falling short of professionalism
Date of Document:
14 January 2025
Author:
Anne Okello; Mulu Teka
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
The Special Police in Ethiopia
Source:
European Institute of Peace
Date of Document:
October 2021
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopie : Statut actuel de la Liyu Police en région Somali
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
25 October 2024
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. Londa Digital Rights and Inclusion in Africa Report 2024.
Source:
Paradigm Initiative
Date of Document:
April 2025
Editor:
‘Gbenga Sesan et al.
Accessed Date:
3 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. Freedom on the Net 2024.
Editor:
Amelia Larson et al.
Accessed Date:
18 October 2024
Title:
Media Space and the State of Media Associations in Ethiopia: A Baseline Study
Source:
Center for the Advancement of Rights and Democracy
Date of Document:
July 2023
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. World Press Freedom Index 2025.
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
Accessed Date:
3 October 2025
Title:
Hate Speech and Disinformation Prevention and Suppression Proclamation No.1185 /2020
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Ethiopia: Surge in Arrests of Journalists, Media Workers
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
22 September 2025
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. International Religious Freedom Report for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
26 June 2024
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Religion in Contemporary Ethiopia: History, Politics and Inter-Religious Relations
Source:
Rift Valley Institute. Ethiopia Peace Research Facility.
Author:
Jörg Haustein et al.
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Religious Polarisation in Ethiopia: Urban Conflicts and Resources for Peace
Source:
Rift Valley Institute. Ethiopia Peace Research Facility.
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Being Muslim & Becoming Ethiopian: Contemporary Dynamics among Ethiopian Muslims
Source:
Rift Valley Institute. Ethiopia Peace Research Facility.
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in Post-2018 Ethiopia: Navigating Church-State and Inter-Religious Dynamics
Source:
Rift Valley Institute. Ethiopia Peace Research Facility.
Date of Document:
March 2025
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Religion, Ethnicity, and Charges of Extremism: The Dynamics of Inter-Communal Violence in Ethiopia
Source:
European Institute of Peace
Date of Document:
January 2021
Author:
Terje Østebø et al.
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
Ethiopia. The Indigenous World 2024.
Source:
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
Date of Document:
April 2024
Author:
Samuel Tilahun Tessema
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Ethiopia: Tigrayans and the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front. Version 1.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
December 2024
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Ethiopia: Amhara and Amhara opposition groups. Version 1.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples.
Source:
Minority Rights Group International
Date of Document:
June 2019
Accessed Date:
18 October 2024
Title:
Report of a Fact-Finding Mission. Ethiopia: Situation of Tigrayans.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
December 2024
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Éthiopie : état d'urgence et situation des personnes d'origine ethnique amhara
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
26 September 2023
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
11 July 2023
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Title:
Ethnic groups [nationalities], including regional distribution, socio-cultural characteristics, and perceived political affiliations; the relationship between perceived ethnicity and political affiliation; the kebele card and whether it identifies ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
4 October 2022
Accessed Date:
27 October 2022
Title:
Treatment of ethnic Amharas; the All Ethiopian Unity Party (AEUP), including treatment of its members and supporters by authorities (2014-November 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
21 November 2016
Accessed Date:
26 January 2018
Title:
Situation of Oromos, Amharas, Gurages and Gedeos in regions other than Tigray; treatment of these ethnic groups by society and by authorities; state protection (2019–October 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 October 2021
Accessed Date:
27 October 2021
Title:
Ethiopia: Ethnic Cleansing Persists Under Tigray Truce
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
1 June 2023
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
The situation of different ethnic groups in Addis Ababa, including access to housing, employment, education, and healthcare; particularly the Amhara (Amara), Oromo, Tigrayan, Gurage, and Gedeo people, and their treatment by Oromo nationalists and ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
4 October 2021
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Ethiopia: Internal Relocation. Version 1.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
September 2025
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Information on exit screenings at Bole International Airport, including whether a person released on bail from Gondar When Bet jail on the condition not to leave Gondar would be stopped during exit screenings at Bole International Airport in Addi...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
18 February 2016
Accessed Date:
17 January 2017
Title:
“I am going to Saudi Arabia, or my grave”: The exodus of Ethiopia's frustrated youth
Source:
The New Humanitarian
Date of Document:
23 April 2025
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. Submission to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child 99th Pre-Session September 2024: Issues Related to the Arrest, Detention, Removal, Separation, and Safety of Refugee and Migrant Children.
Source:
Global Detention Project
Date of Document:
July 2024
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons as of 30 June 2025
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
July 2025
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
UNHCR Position on Returns to Ethiopia
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
March 2022
Accessed Date:
14 October 2022
Title:
Ability of the Ethiopian government to monitor and censor Ethiopian dissidents living in Canada, including scope and type of surveillance, and technology used; treatment of returning dissidents from Canada, including whether particular profiles ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 December 2021
Accessed Date:
24 October 2022
Title:
Review of national policy, legislative and regulatory frameworks and practice in Ethiopia: Baseline study on the right to work and rights at work for refugees
Source:
International Labour Organization
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Title:
Refugees in Ethiopia's Amhara region continue to face almost daily attacks
Source:
The New Humanitarian
Date of Document:
21 November 2024
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Scars of War and Deprivation: An Urgent Call to Reverse Tigray's Humanitarian Crisis
Source:
Refugees International
Date of Document:
March 2024
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions
Title:
Integrated labour market assessment in Jigjiga and Kebribeyah: A marketplace in between resilience and integration
Source:
International Labour Organization; Samuel Hall
Accessed Date:
19 February 2021
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 31 October 2024:
Title:
Ethiopia. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
8 October 2024
URL:
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ethiopia/
Accessed Date:
18 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. Civic Freedom Monitor.
Source:
International Center for Not-for-Profit Law
Date of Document:
30 July 2024
URL:
https://www.icnl.org/resources/civic-freedom-monitor/ethiopia
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Physical Road Constraints Map as of 11 January 2023
Source:
United Nations. World Food Programme.
URL:
https://s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/logcluster-web-prod-files/public/2023-01/ETH_OP_AccessConstraints_A3L_20230110.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 October 2023
Source:
Council on Foreign Relations. Center for Preventive Action.
Date of Document:
19 December 2023
URL:
https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-ethiopia
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. The State of the World's Human Rights: April 2024.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
23 April 2024
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/POL1072002024ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. World Report 2024: Events of 2023.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2024
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/ethiopia
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. Freedom in the World 2024.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/ethiopia/freedom-world/2024
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
URL:
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/Visa-Reciprocity-and-Civil-Documents-by-Country/Ethiopia.html
Accessed Date:
18 October 2024
Title:
About parliament; Election results. Ethiopia: House of the Federation.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
URL:
https://data.ipu.org/parliament/ET/ET-UC01/
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Treatment of members of opposition parties, particularly those of the Ethiopian Citizens for Social Justice Party (ECSJ, Ezema), the Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC), the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), and the Balderas Party (2019–August 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
29 September 2021
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=458448
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Ethiopia: Tier 2. Trafficking in Persons Report 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
24 June 2024
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/ethiopia/
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. Country Reports on Terrorism 2022.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
30 November 2023
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2022/ethiopia
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
OSAC Country Security Report. Ethiopia.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
20 March 2024
URL:
https://www.osac.gov/Content/Report/4cdeb520-10f6-4a52-893e-1c3d8c92a864
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Police summonses, including legislation and ways for delivering summonses; information on the appearance and content of summonses, including whether there are variations between federal and municipal summonses, and whether any legislation...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 October 2015
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456160
Accessed Date:
22 January 2016
Title:
Londa 2023 Digital Rights and Inclusion in Africa Report: Ethiopia
Source:
Paradigm Initiative
Date of Document:
April 2024
Editor:
‘Gbenga Sesan et al.
URL:
https://paradigmhq.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Ethiopia-Londa-Report.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. World Press Freedom Index 2024.
Source:
Reporter Without Borders
URL:
https://rsf.org/en/country/ethiopia
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Ethiopia: Background information, including internal relocation. Version 2.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
September 2020
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ethiopia-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-background-information-including-internal-relocation-ethiopia-september-2020-accessible
Accessed Date:
10 February 2021
Title:
Éthiopie. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde.
Source:
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
Date of Document:
18 April 2024
URL:
https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/ethiopie.htm
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
SWP Comment. Sustaining Peace in Ethiopia.
Source:
German Institute for International and Security Affairs
Date of Document:
14 March 2023
URL:
https://www.swp-berlin.org/publications/products/comments/2023C14_EthiopiaPeace.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 October 2023
Title:
Ethiopia's Ominous New War in Amhara. Africa Briefing N°194.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
16 November 2023
URL:
https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/b194-ethiopias-ominous-new-war-amhara
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Northern Ethiopia: Two Years into the Crisis
Source:
Assessment Capacities Project
Date of Document:
3 November 2022
URL:
https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20221103_acaps_thematic_report_northern_ethiopia_two_years_into_the_crisis_0.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 October 2023
Title:
Ethiopia Monthly Update | July 2024: Changing patterns of government narratives on conflict in Ethiopia
Source:
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. Ethiopia Peace Observatory.
Date of Document:
20 July 2024
URL:
https://epo.acleddata.com/2024/08/20/changing-patterns-of-government-narratives-on-conflict-in-ethiopia-july-2024/
Accessed Date:
18 October 2024
Title:
Conflict Trends Report: December 2022 - December 2023. Afar Region.
Source:
Rift Valley Institute. Ethiopia Peace Research Facility.
URL:
https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/PRF-Conflict-Trend-Report_-Afar-Region_FINAL.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Conflict Trends Report: October 2023. Amhara Region.
Source:
Rift Valley Institute. Ethiopia Peace Research Facility.
URL:
https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/PRF-Conflict-Trend-Report_-Amhara-Region_FINAL-reduced-3.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Deepening Crisis in Ethiopia's Amhara Region
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
9 August 2023
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/08/09/deepening-crisis-ethiopias-amhara-region
Accessed Date:
23 October 2023
Title:
Thematic Country of Origin Information Report on Tigray 2021
Source:
Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Date of Document:
August 2021
URL:
https://www.government.nl/binaries/government/documenten/reports/2021/08/31/thematic-country-of-origin-information-report-on-tigray-2021/Thematic+Country+of+Origin+Information+Report+on+Tigray+2021.pdf
Accessed Date:
13 October 2022
Title:
Ethiopia: Understanding Humanitarian Concerns across the Country
Source:
Assessment Capacities Project
Date of Document:
24 January 2022
URL:
https://www.acaps.org/sites/acaps/files/products/files/20220124_acaps_thematic_report_ethiopia_understanding_humanitarian_concerns_across_the_country.pdf
Accessed Date:
13 October 2022
Title:
Ethiopian Human Rights Commission (EHRC), including its history, structure, leaders, objectives, activities, and locations of its offices; treatment of EHRC employees by members of the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) (2016-March 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 April 2018
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457705
Accessed Date:
24 January 2019
Title:
Ethiopia: Justice Needed for Deadly October Violence
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
1 April 2020
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/04/01/ethiopia-justice-needed-deadly-october-violence
Accessed Date:
18 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Opposition Figures Held Without Charge
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
15 August 2020
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/08/15/ethiopia-opposition-figures-held-without-charge
Accessed Date:
10 February 2021
Title:
Ethiopia: Authorities must stop using state of emergency law to silence peaceful dissent
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
19 February 2024
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/02/ethiopia-authorities-must-stop-using-state-of-emergency-law-to-silence-peaceful-dissent/
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
“A Death Sentence for my Father.' Meta's Contribution to Human Rights Abuses in Northern Ethiopia.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
October 2023
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/AFR2572922023ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: The Situation in Tigray
Source:
Asylum Research Centre
Date of Document:
November 2021
URL:
http://asylumresearchcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/Ethiopia_COI_Report_November_2021_Final.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 December 2021
Title:
Ethiopia: Summary killings, rape and looting by Tigrayan forces in Amhara
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
16 February 2022
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/ar/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AFR2552182022ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
13 October 2022
Title:
Unmet Promises: the widespread and grave civil and political rights violations in Ethiopia
Source:
World Organization against Torture; Ethiopian Human Rights Council
Date of Document:
May 2024
URL:
https://www.omct.org/site-resources/files/Alternative-report-on-civil-and-political-rights-violations-in-Ethiopia.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
“Today or tomorrow, they should be brought before justice': Rape, sexual slavery, extrajudicial executions, and pillage by Eritrean Defense Forces
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
4 September 2023
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/AFR2571522023ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 October 2023
Title:
How to Apply for Regular Passport
Source:
Ethiopia. Immigration and Citizenship Service.
URL:
https://www.ethiopianpassportservices.gov.et/Information
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Éthiopie : Attaques de qeerroo dans l'État régional d'Oromia, à Addis Abeba, Diré Dawa et Harar depuis 2014
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
6 January 2020
URL:
https://ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2001_eth_attaques_de_qeeros.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 February 2021
Title:
Ethiopia Releases Ex-Politician Implicated in Heinous Crimes
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
15 March 2024
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/15/ethiopia-releases-ex-politician-implicated-heinous-crimes
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Oromo Opposition Figures Held Despite Court Orders
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
24 July 2023
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/07/24/ethiopia-oromo-opposition-figures-held-despite-court-orders
Accessed Date:
23 October 2023
Title:
Ethiopia: Country Profile
Source:
United Nations Population Fund; United Nations Children's Fund
URL:
https://www.unicef.org/media/111371/file/Child-marriage-country-profile-Ethiopia-2023.pdf
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Gender Analysis key findings: women's exploitation & gender-based violence across Ethiopia's Tigray crisis
Source:
International Rescue Committee
Date of Document:
4 May 2021
URL:
https://www.rescue.org/sites/default/files/document/5868/irctigraygenderanalysiskeyfindingsmay.pdf
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Sexual Violence in Ethiopia
Source:
Insecurity Insight
Date of Document:
January 2022
URL:
https://insecurityinsight.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/January-2022-Update-Sexual-Violence-in-Ethiopia.pdf
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
“I don't know if they realized I was a person”: Rape and other sexual violence in the conflict in Tigray, Ethiopia
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
11 August 2021
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/AFR2545692021ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
“I Always Remember That Day”: Access to Services for Survivors of Gender-Based Violence in Ethiopia's Tigray Region
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
9 November 2021
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/report/2021/11/09/i-always-remember-day/access-services-survivors-gender-based-violence-ethiopias
Accessed Date:
20 December 2021
Title:
Health Workers' Knowledge and Attitude Towards Intimate Partner Violence: A Descriptive Study in Sidama Region, Southern Ethiopia
Source:
Dove Medical Press; Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare
Date of Document:
23 May 2022
Author:
Sewhareg Belay et al.
URL:
https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=80978
Accessed Date:
7 June 2022
Title:
Ethiopia's Warring Parties Should End Attacks on Women, Girls
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
8 March 2022
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/03/08/ethiopias-warring-parties-should-end-attacks-women-girls
Accessed Date:
13 October 2022
Title:
Éthiopie : Les mutilations sexuelles féminines
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
14 March 2022
URL:
https://ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2203_eth_msf_154362_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
13 October 2022
Title:
Normalised and invisible: An analysis of gendered hate speech on social media in Ethiopia
Source:
Centre for Information Resilience
Date of Document:
February 2024
URL:
https://www.info-res.org/_files/ugd/587f01_b8c99e0b5f724039abf21356cfe3660b.pdf
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. Gender analysis: roles and needs in humanitarian crises
Source:
Assessment Capacities Project
Date of Document:
2 November 2023
URL:
https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20231102_ACAPS_Thematic_Report_Ethiopia_Gender_Analysis_Roles_and_Needs_in_Humanitarian_Crises.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. State-Sponsored Homophobia 2019.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
March 2019
Author:
Lucas Ramón Mendos
URL:
https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2019.pdf
Accessed Date:
14 January 2020
Title:
Treatment of sex workers by society and authorities, including arrest, prosecution and conviction; treatment of women with children born out of wedlock by society and authorities (2014-June 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 July 2016
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456601
Accessed Date:
23 March 2017
Title:
Éthiopie : Arrestations et poursuites de fonctionnaires depuis l'arrivée au pouvoir du Premier ministre Abiy Ahmed
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
7 May 2020
URL:
https://ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2005_eth_arrestations_pour_corruption.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 February 2021
Title:
Ethiopia's Tigray War: A Deadly, Dangerous Stalemate. Africa Briefing N°171.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
2 April 2021
URL:
https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/b171-ethiopias-tigray-war-deadly-dangerous-stalemate
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
COI Query Response. Ethiopia: Security situation in Tigray region.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
8 April 2022
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2022_03_Q19_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Ethiopia_Sec_Sit.pdf
Accessed Date:
13 October 2022
Title:
Ethiopia: Tepid international response to Tigray conflict fuels horrific violations over past six months
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
4 May 2021
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/05/ethiopia-tepid-international-response-to-tigray-conflict-fuels-horrific-violations-over-past-six-months/
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
26 February 2021
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AFR2537302021ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Ethiopia: Tigray Schools Occupied, Looted
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
28 May 2021
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/05/28/ethiopia-tigray-schools-occupied-looted
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Ethiopia: Eritrean Forces Massacre Tigray Civilians
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
5 March 2021
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/03/05/ethiopia-eritrean-forces-massacre-tigray-civilians
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Al-Shabaab's Attack in Ethiopia: One-off Incursion or Persistent Threat?
Source:
The Jameston Foundation
Date of Document:
9 September 2022
URL:
https://jamestown.org/program/al-shabaabs-attack-in-ethiopia-one-off-incursion-or-persistent-threat/
Accessed Date:
18 October 2024
Title:
Avoiding the Abyss as War Resumes in Northern Ethiopia
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
7 September 2022
URL:
https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/ethiopia/avoiding-abyss-war-resumes-northern-ethiopia
Accessed Date:
18 October 2024
Title:
Briefing Paper. Understanding the Fano Insurgency in Ethiopia's Amhara Region.
Source:
Rift Valley Institute. Ethiopia Peace Research Facility.
Date of Document:
February 2024
Author:
Atrsaw Necho; Yared Debebe
URL:
https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Understanding-the-Fano-Insurgency_final-1.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Civilians in Western Oromia Left Unprotected
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
31 August 2022
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2022/08/31/ethiopia-civilians-western-oromia-left-unprotected
Accessed Date:
13 October 2022
Source:
Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project. Ethiopia Peace Observatory.
URL:
https://epo.acleddata.com/actor-profiles/
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
The 2019 CSO Law: Winds of change for human rights defenders in Ethiopia?
Source:
World Organisation Against Torture; International Federation for Human Rights
Date of Document:
April 2019
URL:
https://www.omct.org/files/2011/04/25315/omct_ethiopia_briefing_web_version.pdf
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Ethiopia: Boy Publicly Executed in Oromia
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
10 June 2021
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/06/10/ethiopia-boy-publicly-executed-oromia
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Ethiopia: Military Executes Dozens in Amhara Region
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
4 April 2024
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/04/04/ethiopia-military-executes-dozens-amhara-region
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
“We Thought they Would Fight with those they Came to Fight with, not with us.” Extrajudicial Executions in Bahir Dar by ENDF Soldiers.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
February 2024
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/AFR2576962024ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Merawi killings should be independently investigated
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
12 April 2024
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/04/ethiopia-merawi-killings-should-be-independently-investigated/
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
New Media Legislations and their Implementations in Ethiopia: A Review
Source:
Center for the Advancement of Rights and Democracy
Date of Document:
June 2023
URL:
https://www.cardeth.org/sites/default/files/New%20Media%20Legislations%20and%20their%20Implementations%20in%20Ethiopia.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Éthiopie : Médias sociaux et état des libertés internet
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
20 July 2020
URL:
https://ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2006_eth_reseaux.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 February 2021
Title:
Internet Freedom in Ethiopia
Source:
African Freedom of Expression Exchange
Date of Document:
July 2023
URL:
https://www.africafex.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/01/Internet-Freedom-in-Ethiopia-2023-1.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Political and Media Analysis on the Tigray Conflict in Ethiopia
Source:
European Institute of Peace
Date of Document:
February 2022
Author:
Moses Tofa et al.
URL:
https://www.eip.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/POLITICAL-AND-MEDIA-ANALYSIS-ON-THE-TIGRAY-CONFLICT-IN-ETHIOPIA_-finalised.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Religion and Conflict in Dire Dawa: Intercommunal Tensions and Opportunities for Peace
Source:
Rift Valley Institute. Ethiopia Peace Research Facility.
URL:
https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Dire-Dawa_Final_compressed.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Religion and the 2018/2019 Conflict in Hawassa
Source:
Rift Valley Institute. Ethiopia Peace Research Facility.
URL:
https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Hawassa-Report_Final.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Religion, Conflict and Social Cohesiveness: Insight from Jimma
Source:
Rift Valley Institute. Ethiopia Peace Research Facility.
Author:
Girma Defere; Jörg Haustein
URL:
https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/JImma-Report_WEB.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
“Such a Brutal Crackdown”: Killings and Arrests in Response to Ethiopia's Oromo Protests
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
15 June 2016
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/report/2016/06/15/such-brutal-crackdown/killings-and-arrests-response-ethiopias-oromo-protests
Accessed Date:
6 January 2017
Title:
Éthiopie : situation des personnes d'ethnie Tigray dans la région Ouest Tigray
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
29 September 2023
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2309_eth_ouest_tigray_160166_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
“We Will Erase You from This Land”: Crimes Against Humanity and Ethnic Cleansing in Ethiopia's Western Tigray Zone
Source:
Human Rights Watch; Amnesty International
Date of Document:
6 April 2022
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/report/2022/04/06/we-will-erase-you-land/crimes-against-humanity-and-ethnic-cleansing-ethiopias
Accessed Date:
14 October 2022
Title:
Éthiopie : persécution des personnes d'origine tigréenne
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
23 September 2022
URL:
https://www.osar.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/Herkunftslaenderberichte/Afrika/Aethiopien/220923_ETH_persecution_tigreens.pdf
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Ethiopia: Ethnic Tigrayans Forcibly Disappeared
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
18 August 2021
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/08/18/ethiopia-ethnic-tigrayans-forcibly-disappeared
Accessed Date:
14 October 2022
Title:
Internal Displacement in Ethiopia: A Scoping Review of its Causes, Trends and Consequences
Source:
Journal of Internal Displacement
Date of Document:
January 2022
Author:
Tadele Akalu Tesfaw
URL:
https://journalofinternaldisplacement.org/index.php/JID/article/view/114/77
Accessed Date:
14 October 2022
Title:
Spotlight – Ethiopia: crisis in the north leads to unprecedented displacement. 2022 Global Report on Internal Displacement.
Source:
Norwegian Refugee Council. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre.
Date of Document:
19 May 2022
URL:
https://www.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/publications/documents/IDMC_GRID_2022_LR.pdf#
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Title:
Federal Republic of Ethiopia: Country Summary as of 30 June 2023
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
URL:
https://reliefweb.int/attachments/ce73bd4f-08c7-4b75-a9a9-ea45abaf3054/Ethiopia%20RPRF-11032024.pdf
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Title:
Northern Ethiopia Situation. Regional Update #43.
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
May 2023
URL:
https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/102297
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: An update on the security and human rights situation since February 2022
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
September 2022
URL:
https://us.dk/media/0jejmtfn/ethiopia_an-update-on-the-security-and-human-rights-situation-since-february-2022.pdf
Accessed Date:
26 October 2022
Title:
Ethiopia Query Response: The Human Rights Situation in Oromia (May 2022 - May 2024)
Source:
Asylum Research Centre
Date of Document:
August 2024
URL:
http://asylumresearchcentre.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/08/FINAL_100824_ARC_Query-response-Oromia-2024.pdf
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Source:
Council on Foreign Relations. Center for Preventive Action.
Date of Document:
20 March 2025
URL:
https://www.cfr.org/global-conflict-tracker/conflict/conflict-ethiopia
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
“If the Soldier Dies, It's on You”: Attacks on Medical Care in Ethiopia's Amhara Conflict
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
3 July 2024
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/report/2024/07/03/if-soldier-dies-its-you/attacks-medical-care-ethiopias-amhara-conflict
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Joint Submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review Fourth Cycle of the UPR Working Group
Date of Document:
8 April 2024
URL:
https://defenddefenders.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Ethiopia-UPR-Report-.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. Education Under Attack 2024.
Source:
Global Coalition to Protect Education from Attack
Author:
Jerome Marston et al.
URL:
https://protectingeducation.org/wp-content/uploads/eua_2024_ethiopia.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Update on the Human Rights Situation in Ethiopia
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
June 2024
URL:
https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/2024-06/OHCHR-Update-HR-situation-in-Ethiopia-in-2023.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2023.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
22 April 2024
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/ethiopia
Accessed Date:
15 May 2024
Title:
Report on Citizenship Law: Ethiopia
Code:
RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-CR 2020/9
Source:
European University Institute. Global Citizenship Observatory.
Date of Document:
April 2020
URL:
https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/66827/RSC_GLOBALCIT_CR_2020_9.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Accessed Date:
23 October 2023
Title:
The Oromo Federalist Congress (OFC), including aims and objectives, leadership, structure; information on how to become a member; treatment of members and supporters by authorities (2014 - March 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
22 March 2016
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456441
Accessed Date:
17 January 2017
Title:
Silenced, shamed, and threatened: Technology-facilitated gender-based violence targeting women who participate in Ethiopian public life
Source:
Centre for Information Resilience
Date of Document:
May 2024
URL:
https://www.info-res.org/app/uploads/2024/11/CIR_Silenced-Shamed-and-Threatened.pdf
Accessed Date:
11 October 2024
Title:
Human Rights Watch Submission to the United Nations Committee on the Rights of the Child Review of Ethiopia, 98th Pre-Sessional Working Group
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
March 2024
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/03/27/ethiopia-submission-un-committee-rights-child
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Broken Promises: Conflict-Related Sexual Violence Before and After the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement in Tigray, Ethiopia
Source:
Physicians for Human Rights; Organization for Justice and Accountability in the Horn of Africa (OJAH)
Date of Document:
August 2023
Editor:
Kevin Short et al.
URL:
https://phr.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Report-PHR-OJAH-Ethiopia-Sexual-Violence-August-2023-ENG-WEB.pdf
Accessed Date:
9 October 2024
Title:
Understanding Conflict Related Sexual Violence in Ethiopia
Source:
Dr. Denis Mukwege Foundation; Center for Human Rights, Gender and Migration
URL:
https://reliefweb.int/attachments/a47f60e7-e06f-4a49-ba0f-2296db5ee40f/ETH_CRSV-in-ETH-Report_221012_FINAL.pdf
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Ethiopia. Global Organized Crime Index 2023.
Source:
Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime
URL:
https://ocindex.net/2023/country/ethiopia
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Replies of Ethiopia to the list of issues in relation to its second periodic report
Date of Document:
20 February 2023
URL:
https://www.undocs.org/en/CAT/C/ETH/RQ/2
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Ethiopia. World Press Freedom Index 2025.
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
URL:
https://rsf.org/en/country/ethiopia
Accessed Date:
3 October 2025
Title:
Hate Speech and Disinformation Prevention and Suppression Proclamation No.1185 /2020
URL:
https://www.article19.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Hate-Speech-and-Disinformation-Prevention-and-Suppression-Proclamation.pdf
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Religion, Ethnicity, and Charges of Extremism: The Dynamics of Inter-Communal Violence in Ethiopia
Source:
European Institute of Peace
Date of Document:
January 2021
Author:
Terje Østebø et al.
URL:
https://www.eip.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Ostebo-et-al-2021-Religion-ethnicity-and-charges-of-Extremism-in-Ethiopia-final.pdf
Accessed Date:
10 October 2024
Title:
Éthiopie : état d'urgence et situation des personnes d'origine ethnique amhara
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
26 September 2023
URL:
https://www.osar.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/Herkunftslaenderberichte/Afrika/Aethiopien/230926_ETH_situation_Amhara.pdf
Accessed Date:
24 October 2023
Title:
Situation of Oromos, Amharas, Gurages and Gedeos in regions other than Tigray; treatment of these ethnic groups by society and by authorities; state protection (2019–October 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 October 2021
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=458455
Accessed Date:
27 October 2021
Title:
Scars of War and Deprivation: An Urgent Call to Reverse Tigray's Humanitarian Crisis
Source:
Refugees International
Date of Document:
March 2024
URL:
https://d3jwam0i5codb7.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Ethiopia-Report-MAR-2024.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 October 2024
Title:
Ethiopia: Security situation in Amhara, Oromia and Tigray regions and return
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
October 2024
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/denmark/PLib/coi-ffm-report-ethiopia-security-situation-october-2024.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia's civil war: what's behind the Amhara rebellion?
Date of Document:
2 April 2025
Author:
Amanuel Tesfaye; Yared Debebe
URL:
https://theconversation.com/ethiopias-civil-war-whats-behind-the-amhara-rebellion-252425
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2024.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 August 2025
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/ethiopia
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: Federal government must pause the corridor development project and end forced evictions
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
14 April 2025
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/AFR2590982025ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: Key Rights Groups Suspended
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
29 January 2025
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/01/29/ethiopia-key-rights-groups-suspended
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: Crackdown on Health Workers' Protests
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
25 June 2025
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/06/25/ethiopia-crackdown-on-health-workers-protests
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Part A: The Seventh to Tenth Periodic Country Reports (2015–2023) on the Implementation of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.
Date of Document:
January 2024
URL:
https://ishr.ch/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/ethiopia-7th-10th-periodic-reports-2015-2023charter-maputoeng.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Annual Ethiopia Human Rights Situation Report: June 2023 to June 2024
Source:
Ethiopian Human Rights Commission
URL:
https://ehrc.org/download/annual-ethiopia-human-rights-situation-report-june-2023-to-june-2024/#
Accessed Date:
1 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia Frees Seven Long-Held Opposition Politicians
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
9 September 2024
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/09/09/ethiopia-frees-seven-long-held-opposition-politicians
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Conflict-Related Sexual and Reproductive Violence in Tigray
Source:
New Lines Institute for Strategy and Policy
Date of Document:
March 2025
Author:
Kate Vigneswaran et al.
URL:
https://newlinesinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/20250301-Report-Genocide-in-Tigray-NLISAP.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopie : Les femmes victimes de violences sexuelles
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
8 April 2025
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2504_eth_violences_sexuelles_164603_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: Gender-based violence secondary data review report 2024
Date of Document:
15 July 2025
URL:
https://www.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20250715_ACAPS_Ethiopia_-_Gender_Based__violence_secondary_data_review.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Source:
Human Dignity Trust
Date of Document:
17 December 2024
URL:
https://www.humandignitytrust.org/country-profile/ethiopia/
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
OUT in Ethiopia: A Research Report Examining the Human Rights Abuses, and Development Needs, of Sexual and Gender Minorities in Ethiopia
URL:
https://www.reportout.org/_files/ugd/9d2aae_eda0d5478adb468b90135521f1d2eadf.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopians say corruption is on the rise, see religious and traditional leaders as least corrupt and most trustworthy, Afrobarometer survey shows
Date of Document:
17 May 2024
URL:
https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/News-release-Ethiopians-say-corruption-increased-Afrobarometer.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopians trust the police, but see them falling short of professionalism
Date of Document:
14 January 2025
Author:
Anne Okello; Mulu Teka
URL:
https://www.afrobarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/AD936-Ethiopians-trust-police-but-find-them-falling-short-of-professionalism-Afrobarometer-13jan25.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopie : Statut actuel de la Liyu Police en région Somali
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
25 October 2024
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/libraries/pdf.js/web/viewer.html?file=/sites/default/files/ofpra_flora/2410_eth_liyu_163705_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: Surge in Arrests of Journalists, Media Workers
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
22 September 2025
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/09/22/ethiopia-surge-in-arrests-of-journalists-media-workers
Accessed Date:
20 October 2025
Title:
The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church in Post-2018 Ethiopia: Navigating Church-State and Inter-Religious Dynamics
Source:
Rift Valley Institute. Ethiopia Peace Research Facility.
Date of Document:
March 2025
URL:
https://riftvalley.net/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/RVI-250404-PRF-EOTC_FINAL.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Ethiopia: Tigrayans and the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front. Version 1.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
December 2024
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ethiopia-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-tigrayans-and-the-tigrayan-peoples-liberation-front-ethiopia-december-2024-accessible
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Ethiopia: Amhara and Amhara opposition groups. Version 1.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ethiopia-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-amhara-and-amhara-opposition-groups-ethiopia-june-2025-accessible
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Report of a Fact-Finding Mission. Ethiopia: Situation of Tigrayans.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
December 2024
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ethiopia-country-policy-and-information-notes/report-of-a-fact-finding-mission-ethiopia-situation-of-the-tigrayans-december-2024-accessible
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Ethiopia: Internal Relocation. Version 1.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
September 2025
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ethiopia-country-policy-and-information-notes/country-policy-and-information-note-internal-relocation-ethiopia-september-2025-accessible
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
“I am going to Saudi Arabia, or my grave”: The exodus of Ethiopia's frustrated youth
Source:
The New Humanitarian
Date of Document:
23 April 2025
URL:
https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2025/04/23/ethiopia-frustrated-youth-south-south-migration-africa
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Ethiopia: Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons as of 30 June 2025
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
July 2025
URL:
https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/117530
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
Title:
Refugees in Ethiopia's Amhara region continue to face almost daily attacks
Source:
The New Humanitarian
Date of Document:
21 November 2024
URL:
https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2024/11/21/refugees-ethiopia-amhara-region-continue-face-almost-daily-attacks
Accessed Date:
21 October 2025
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