National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information about conditions in specific countries. Updates occur periodically based on publicly available information. Countries with high volumes of claims may be updated more frequently. In periods of rapid change and/or uncertainty, updates may be delayed to build a body of relevant information.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
NDPs include Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website. RIRs may have attachments that are not available online. To obtain a copy of any such attachment, please
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Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
31 October 2022
ERITREA
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Title:
Érythrée. L'Encyclopédie en ligne.
Accessed Date:
26 October 2012
Title:
Eritrea. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
19 October 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Country of Origin Report on Eritrea
Source:
Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Date of Document:
6 February 2017
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
DFAT Country Information Report: Eritrea
Source:
Australia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
Date of Document:
8 February 2017
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
Présentation de l'Érythrée
Source:
France. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
Date of Document:
14 January 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
September 2006
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Eritrea: Religious groups. Version 3.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
February 2018
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Érythrée. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde.
Source:
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
Date of Document:
2 September 2020
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Eritrea. BTI 2022 Country Report.
Date of Document:
February 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea Humanitarian Situation Report No. 19, 1 January - 30 June 2022
Source:
United Nations Children's Fund
Date of Document:
1 August 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Review of social protection experiences in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Eritrea
Source:
International Journal of Scientific and Management Research
Author:
Gebremichael Kibreab Habtom
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2021.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 April 2022
Accessed Date:
12 May 2022
Title:
Eritrea: Repression Without Borders: Threats to Human Rights Defenders Abroad
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
27 June 2019
Accessed Date:
1 June 2020
Title:
Eritrea. Freedom in the World 2022.
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Compilation on Eritrea
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/32/ERI/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
9 November 2018
Accessed Date:
12 June 2019
Title:
Eritrea. World Report 2022: Events of 2021.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
6 May 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
EASO Country of Origin Information Report. Eritrea: Country Focus.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
May 2015
Accessed Date:
24 July 2015
Title:
National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21: Eritrea
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/32/ERI/1
Date of Document:
12 November 2018
Accessed Date:
12 June 2019
Title:
Summary of Stakeholders' submissions on Eritrea
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/32/ERI/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
7 November 2018
Accessed Date:
12 June 2019
Title:
Concluding observations on Eritrea in the absence of its initial report
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Committee.
Date of Document:
3 May 2019
Accessed Date:
25 June 2019
Title:
Eritrea. Amnesty International Report 2021/22: The State of the World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
29 March 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Erythrée : EDYU ENSF-Hidri surveillance de la diaspora
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
30 September 2020
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Eritrean Nationality Proclamation (No. 21/1992)
Accessed Date:
26 October 2012
Title:
Truck driver's licenses, including issuance procedures and appearance (2013-August 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 September 2014
Accessed Date:
26 September 2014
Title:
Prevalence of fraudulent identity documents, including national identity cards (2012-August 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 September 2014
Accessed Date:
26 September 2014
Title:
Procedures for obtaining Eritrean nationality for persons born outside Eritrea; whether new nationality legislation is being drafted or enacted
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 September 2009
Accessed Date:
26 October 2012
Title:
Military identification cards and permits, including appearance (2012-August 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 September 2014
Accessed Date:
26 September 2014
Title:
Identification documents, including national identity cards and birth certificates; requirements and procedures for obtaining and renewing identity documents, both within the country and abroad (2009-August 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
16 September 2013
Accessed Date:
27 September 2013
Title:
Eritrea. U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain the national identity card, including within the country and from abroad; appearance, security features and information contained on the card; prevalence of fraud (2016-Sept. 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 September 2018
Accessed Date:
17 June 2019
Title:
Birth certificates issued by the Public Registration Office of Zoba Maekel [Maakel] (Central Zone); including whether the certificate has a standard format and appearance (2013-November 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 December 2014
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain a birth certificate, both within and outside the country; information on regional differences (2014-May 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
6 June 2017
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Saudi Arabia and Eritrea: Requirements and procedures to obtain an Eritrean birth certificate from the Eritrean embassy in Riyadh for persons born in Eritrea, including appearance, security features, information included on the document; whether...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 July 2017
Accessed Date:
26 June 2018
Title:
Information on the stamps included in birth certificates (1993-December 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 December 2018
Accessed Date:
17 June 2019
Title:
Somalia and Sudan: Passports issued to Eritrean refugees by the governments of Somalia and Sudan (1960-1980)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 September 2018
Accessed Date:
18 June 2019
Title:
The identity number that appears on the Eritrean passport, including the meaning of its digits; prevalence of passports fraudulently obtained by non-Eritreans (2017-December 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 December 2018
Accessed Date:
17 June 2019
Title:
Access to Documents by Eritrean Refugees in the Context of Family Reunification
Source:
International Refugee Assistance Project
Date of Document:
April 2021
Author:
Daniel Mekonnen; Sara Palacios Arapiles
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Focus Eritrea: Identity and civil status documents.
Source:
Swiss Confederation. State Secretariat for Migration.
Date of Document:
21 January 2021
Accessed Date:
27 October 2021
Title:
The Eritrean practice of the issuance of identity-proving documents with particular focus on the case of returnees from Ethiopia. RLC Briefing paper No. 1.
Source:
Refuge Law Clinic of the University of London
Date of Document:
March 2022
Author:
Daniel Mekonnen; Sara Palacios Arapiles
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Citizenship and Statelessness in the Horn of Africa
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
22 December 2021
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
The Eritrean People's Democratic Party (EPDP)-Zete, including objectives, leaders and membership procedure; treatment of members and supporters by authorities (2015-December 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
9 December 2016
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Eritrean opposition parties and civic organisations
Source:
Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre
Date of Document:
January 2015
Author:
Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad and Kjetil Tronvoll
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Title:
About parliament. Eritrea: National Assembly.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Report on Women's Rights Violations in Eritrea – HRCE Report 1/2017
Source:
Human Rights Concern Eritrea
Date of Document:
8 March 2017
Accessed Date:
24 June 2020
Title:
Eritrea. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2019.
Source:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Date of Document:
7 December 2018
Accessed Date:
12 June 2019
Title:
Concluding observations on the sixth periodic report of Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Date of Document:
10 March 2020
Accessed Date:
24 June 2020
Title:
Sixth periodic report submitted by Eritrea under article 18 of the Convention, due in 2019
Date of Document:
12 April 2019
Accessed Date:
26 April 2019
Title:
No peace for Eritrea's long-suffering female conscripts
Date of Document:
15 January 2020
Accessed Date:
1 June 2020
Title:
COVID-19 & Gender: Building Forward Better on Gender Equality & Women Empowerment in Eritrea
Source:
United Nations Development Programme; United Nations Population Fund
Date of Document:
March 2021
Accessed Date:
27 October 2022
Title:
COI Query Response. Eritrea: Conditions regarding the civilian branch of the national service, including for women, between 1 January 2021-1 March 2022
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
11 March 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea. State-Sponsored Homophobia.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
March 2019
Author:
Lucas Ramón Mendos
Accessed Date:
12 June 2019
Title:
Eritrea. Our Identities Under Arrest: A global overview on the enforcement of laws criminalizing consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults and diverse gender expressions.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
15 December 2021
Editor:
Lucas Ramón Mendos
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Eritrea: Tier 3. Trafficking in Persons Report 2022.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
19 July 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
OSAC Country Security Report. Eritrea.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
13 May 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea. Africa Organised Crime Index 2021.
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea: National service
Source:
Norway. Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo.
Date of Document:
20 May 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Just Deserters: Why Indefinite National Service in Eritrea has Created a Generation of Refugees: Revised Edition
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
1 August 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
EASO Country of Origin Report. Eritrea: National service, exit, and return.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
September 2019
Accessed Date:
1 June 2020
Title:
Erythrée: recrutement de mineurs
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
21 January 2015
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Title:
Information on exemption from National Service, including for Eritrean citizens living outside the country (2014-February 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 February 2017
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
“They Are Making Us into Slaves, Not Educating Us”
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
8 August 2019
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Erythrée: service national
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
30 June 2017
Accessed Date:
7 June 2018
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Eritrea: National service and illegal exit. Version 6.0.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
September 2021
Accessed Date:
12 October 2021
Title:
Érythrée: persécution réfléchie, retour et « taxe de la diaspora »
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
30 September 2018
Accessed Date:
12 June 2019
Title:
Information on military structure, including ranks; reason and process for advancement among ranks and transferring between areas, particularly to the Sudan border area; information on the logistics unit and the unit responsible for patrolling the Sudan..
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 July 2016
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea: National service, exit and entry
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
27 January 2020
Accessed Date:
1 June 2020
Title:
Eritrea: Latest developments on political situation and national service between 1 January 2020 and 31 January 2021
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
19 April 2021
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Submission by Human Rights Watch to the Committee on the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child on the State of Eritrea
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
14 March 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
Update: Introduction to Eritrean Legal System and Research
Date of Document:
June 2019
Author:
Luwam Dirar; Kibrom Tesfagabir
Accessed Date:
12 June 2020
Title:
Issuance and delivery procedures for police orders or summonses in Asmara for suspected offenders or those violating reporting conditions, including whether the order or summons has to be delivered to the specified individual or can be left with ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 May 2014
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Title:
Eritrea: Detainees in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions defenceless against COVID-19
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
21 May 2020
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
L'Érythrée expulse ses compatriotes des camps de réfugiés éthiopiens
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
17 December 2020
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Ethiopia: Three killed, 19 injured in Tigray as Eritrean troops open fire on civilians
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
14 April 2021
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
26 February 2021
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea. The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide.
Source:
University of Pretoria. Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa.
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea – 20 years of dictatorship, two decades with no independent media
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
Date of Document:
18 September 2021
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea. Report on International Religious Freedom for 2021.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
2 June 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Treatment of Christians by the authorities, including denominations not recognized by the state (2011-August 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 September 2013
Accessed Date:
27 September 2013
Title:
Eritrea. United States Commission on International Religious Freedom. 2022 Annual Report.
Source:
United States. Commission on International Religious Freedom.
Date of Document:
April 2022
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Information on the Tehadiso movement, including core teachings and tenets; status of the movement in Eritrea; treatment of members by authorities (2015-January 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 January 2017
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
The Medhane Alem movement in Eritrea, including religious affiliation and history; treatment of members by authorities (2003-February 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 March 2015
Accessed Date:
27 July 2015
Title:
Treatment of Evangelical and Pentecostal Christians by authorities; including members of the Mulu Wongei [Full Gospel] Church; incidents of arrests and detention of Mulu Wongel Church members in Asmara (2002-October 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
27 October 2014
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Title:
UN expert urges Eritrea to allow religious institutions to operate freely and respect the right of freedom of religion
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner.
Date of Document:
21 June 2019
Accessed Date:
1 June 2020
Title:
Country update: Eritrea. Religious Freedom Conditions in Eritrea.
Source:
United States. Commission on International Religious Freedom.
Date of Document:
August 2021
Accessed Date:
25 October 2021
Title:
Eritrea. Religious Freedom in the World Report 2021
Source:
Aid to the Church in Need
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrean Government Releases Christian Protestors
Date of Document:
26 May 2021
Accessed Date:
24 October 2022
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
Treatment of Jeberti people by government authorities, including Jeberti returnees (2010-August 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 September 2013
Accessed Date:
27 September 2013
Title:
Eritrea. The Indigenous World 2021.
Source:
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
Date of Document:
April 2021
Editor:
Dwayne Mamo et al.
Accessed Date:
24 October 2022
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Eritrea and Sudan: Situation of the border region between the two countries, including military and police patrols, as well as legal crossing points; information on physical obstacles to prevent crossing, such as fences and mines; number of people legally and irregularly crossing the border (2013-May 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 May 2014
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Title:
Situation of people returning to the country after they either spent time, claimed refugee status, or were seeking asylum abroad (July 2015-May 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 June 2017
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
Information on exit procedures, including type of exit document issued and validity period of the document; whether exit stamps that were issued in 2012 or prior, were valid for 2016 (2011-February 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 March 2017
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
19 September 2020
Accessed Date:
27 October 2021
Title:
The crime: Seeking asylum in Egypt. Case report on arbitrary detention and forcible deportation of Eritrean asylum seekers.
Source:
Refugee Platform in Egypt
Date of Document:
20 December 2021
Accessed Date:
24 October 2022
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions - (No items in this section)
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 31 May 2022:
Title:
Eritrea. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
6 October 2021
URL:
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/eritrea/
Accessed Date:
19 October 2021
Title:
Présentation de l'Érythrée
Source:
France. Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international.
Date of Document:
14 June 2019
URL:
http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/erythree/presentation-de-l-erythree/
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
BTI 2020 Country Report — Eritrea
Source:
Bertelsmann Stiftung
URL:
https://bti-project.org/fileadmin/api/content/en/downloads/reports/country_report_2020_ERI.pdf
Accessed Date:
1 June 2020
Title:
Eritrea. Freedom in the World 2021.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/eritrea/freedom-world/2021
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Eritrea. World Report 2021: Events of 2020.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2021
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/eritrea#
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Eritrea. Amnesty International Report 2020/21: The State Of The World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
7 April 2021
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/POL1032022021ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Eritrea. U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
URL:
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/Visa-Reciprocity-and-Civil-Documents-by-Country/Eritrea.html
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Eritrea Tier 3. Trafficking in Persons Report 2021.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
1 July 2021
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-trafficking-in-persons-report/eritrea/
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Eritrea. Report on International Religious Freedom for 2020.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 May 2021
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-report-on-international-religious-freedom/eritrea/
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Eritrea. United States Commission for International Religious Freedom 2020 Annual Report.
Source:
United States. Commission on International Religious Freedom.
Date of Document:
21 April 2021
URL:
https://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/2021-05/Eritrea%20Chapter%20AR2021.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
12 May 2021
URL:
https://undocs.org/A/HRC/47/21
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Eritrea. 2021 Country Security Report
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
27 July 2021
URL:
https://www.osac.gov/Content/Report/4f8eb3c2-9eef-4a6e-baea-1c2ca21b80d4
Accessed Date:
8 October 2021
Title:
Eritrea Humanitarian Situation Report No. 19, 1 January - 30 June 2022
Source:
United Nations Children's Fund
Date of Document:
1 August 2022
URL:
https://reliefweb.int/attachments/f199c89e-6f99-4165-bac1-9d87a6be555b/UNICEF%20Eritrea%20Humanitarian%20Situation%20Report%20no.19%2C%201%20January%20-%2030%20June%202022.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Review of social protection experiences in Sub-Saharan Africa: The case of Eritrea
Source:
International Journal of Scientific and Management Research
Author:
Gebremichael Kibreab Habtom
URL:
https://ijsmr.in/doc/ijsmr05_07.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
6 May 2022
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/50/20
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
The Eritrean practice of the issuance of identity-proving documents with particular focus on the case of returnees from Ethiopia. RLC Briefing paper No. 1.
Source:
Refuge Law Clinic of the University of London
Date of Document:
March 2022
Author:
Daniel Mekonnen; Sara Palacios Arapiles
URL:
https://sas-space.sas.ac.uk/9673/1/RLC%20BP%20No.%201.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Citizenship and Statelessness in the Horn of Africa
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
22 December 2021
URL:
https://www.refworld.org/docid/61c97bea4.html
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
About parliament. Eritrea: National Assembly.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
URL:
https://data.ipu.org/content/eritrea?chamber_id=13383
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
COVID-19 & Gender: Building Forward Better on Gender Equality & Women Empowerment in Eritrea
Source:
United Nations Development Programme; United Nations Population Fund
Date of Document:
March 2021
URL:
https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/er/UNDP-Eritrea---COVID-19-and-Gender-Building-Forward-Better-on-Gender-Equality--Women-Empowerment-in-Eritrea.pdf
Accessed Date:
27 October 2022
Title:
COI Query Response. Eritrea: Conditions regarding the civilian branch of the national service, including for women, between 1 January 2021-1 March 2022
Source:
European Union. European Union Agency for Asylum.
Date of Document:
11 March 2022
URL:
https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2022_03_Q17_EUAA_COI_Query_Response_Eritrea_national_service.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea. Our Identities Under Arrest: A global overview on the enforcement of laws criminalizing consensual same-sex sexual acts between adults and diverse gender expressions.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
15 December 2021
Editor:
Lucas Ramón Mendos
URL:
https://ilga.org/downloads/Our_Identities_Under_Arrest_2021.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
OSAC Country Security Report. Eritrea.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
13 May 2022
URL:
https://www.osac.gov/Content/Report/4f8eb3c2-9eef-4a6e-baea-1c2ca21b80d4
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea. Africa Organised Crime Index 2021.
URL:
https://ocindex.enactafrica.org/assets/downloads/2021/ocindex_summary_eritrea.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Submission by Human Rights Watch to the Committee on the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child on the State of Eritrea
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
14 March 2022
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2022/03/ACERWC%20Submission_Eritrea_March%2012%202022_Final.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea: Detainees in overcrowded and unsanitary conditions defenceless against COVID-19
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
21 May 2020
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/05/eritrea-detainees-in-overcrowded-and-unsanitary-conditions-defenceless-against-covid19/
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
L'Érythrée expulse ses compatriotes des camps de réfugiés éthiopiens
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
17 December 2020
URL:
https://www.osar.ch/publications/news-et-recits/lerythree-expulse-ses-compatriotes-des-camps-de-refugies-ethiopiens
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Ethiopia: Three killed, 19 injured in Tigray as Eritrean troops open fire on civilians
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
14 April 2021
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/press-release/2021/04/ethiopia-three-killed-19-injured-in-tigray-as-eritrean-troops-open-fire-on-civilians/
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
26 February 2021
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AFR2537302021ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea. The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide.
Source:
University of Pretoria. Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa.
URL:
https://www.policinglaw.info/country/eritrea
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea – 20 years of dictatorship, two decades with no independent media
Source:
Reporters Without Borders
Date of Document:
18 September 2021
URL:
https://rsf.org/en/eritrea-20-years-dictatorship-two-decades-no-independent-media
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea. Religious Freedom in the World Report 2021
Source:
Aid to the Church in Need
URL:
https://acninternational.org/religiousfreedomreport//wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Eritrea.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 October 2022
Title:
Eritrean Government Releases Christian Protestors
Date of Document:
26 May 2021
URL:
https://monitor.civicus.org/updates/2021/05/26/eritrean-government-releases-christian-protests/
Accessed Date:
24 October 2022
Title:
Eritrea. The Indigenous World 2021.
Source:
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
Date of Document:
April 2021
Editor:
Dwayne Mamo et al.
URL:
https://www.iwgia.org/en/eritrea/4216-iw-2021-eritrea.html
Accessed Date:
24 October 2022
Title:
The crime: Seeking asylum in Egypt. Case report on arbitrary detention and forcible deportation of Eritrean asylum seekers.
Source:
Refugee Platform in Egypt
Date of Document:
20 December 2021
URL:
https://rpegy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/20.12.2021-Case-report-English.pdf
Accessed Date:
24 October 2022
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