National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information about conditions in specific countries. Updates occur periodically based on publicly available information. Countries with high volumes of claims may be updated more frequently. In periods of rapid change and/or uncertainty, updates may be delayed to build a body of relevant information.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
NDPs include Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website. RIRs may have attachments that are not available online. To obtain a copy of any such attachment, please
email us.
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
29 April 2022
RWANDA
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Source:
United Nations. Geospatial Information Section.
Date of Document:
September 2018
Accessed Date:
11 August 2020
Title:
Burundi - Rwanda. L'Encyclopédie en ligne.
Accessed Date:
12 November 2012
Title:
Rwanda. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
9 September 2021
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda: Population of Concern to UNHCR as of 29 February 2020
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
29 February 2020
Accessed Date:
11 August 2020
Title:
BTI 2020 Country Report — Rwanda
Source:
Bertelsmann Stiftung
Accessed Date:
11 August 2020
Source:
France. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
Date of Document:
24 March 2021
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Averting proxy wars in the Eastern DR Congo and Great Lakes. Africa Briefing No150.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
23 January 2020
Accessed Date:
11 August 2020
Title:
Rwanda. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde.
Source:
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
Date of Document:
15 April 2019
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
23 February 2021
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2021.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 April 2022
Accessed Date:
20 April 2022
Title:
Rwanda. Amnesty International Report 2020/21: The State of the World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
7 April 2021
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda. Freedom in the World 2021.
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda. World Report 2021: Events of 2020.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2021
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
The situation of human rights in Rwanda in 2019-2020. National Commission for Human Rights Annual Activity Report 2019-2020.
Source:
National Commission for Human Rights
Date of Document:
September 2020
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda. Submission to the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights 61st ordinary session: 1-15 November 2017
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
8 November 2017
Accessed Date:
27 November 2017
Title:
La démocratie mise sous tutelle au Rwanda : comment le FPR pérennise sa confiscation du pouvoir et l'accaparement des richesses
Source:
International Federation for Human Rights
Date of Document:
4 August 2017
Accessed Date:
27 November 2017
Title:
Information on ingando camps, including organization, structure, programs and participation; instances of human rights violations in the camps (2010-November 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
24 November 2014
Accessed Date:
9 October 2015
Title:
Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of Rwanda
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Committee.
Date of Document:
2 May 2016
Accessed Date:
24 November 2016
Title:
Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of Rwanda. Addendum: Information received from Rwanda on follow-up to the concluding observations.
Code:
CCPR/C/RWA/CO/4/Add.1
Date of Document:
23 May 2018
Accessed Date:
20 August 2020
Title:
National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21: Rwanda
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/37/RWA/1
Date of Document:
9 November 2020
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda. Out of Sight, Not Out of Reach: The Global Scale and Scope of Transnational Repression.
Date of Document:
February 2021
Author:
Nate Schenkkan; Isabel Linzer
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/37/RWA/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
13 November 2020
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Summary of other stakeholders' submissions on Rwanda
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/37/RWA/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
16 November 2020
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Pegasus Project: Rwandan authorities chose thousands of activists, journalists and politicians to target with NSO spyware
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
19 July 2021
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Presidential Order N° 21/01 of 27/05/2009 Establishing the Procedure for the Application and Acquisition of Rwandan Nationality
Accessed Date:
20 August 2020
Source:
Rwanda. Directorate General of Immigration and Emigration.
Accessed Date:
11 August 2020
Title:
Rwanda: Access to Rwandan nationality and dual citizenship with Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Uganda (2019–September 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 September 2021
Accessed Date:
24 September 2021
Title:
Information on the official death certificate (acte de décès) and the doctor's death certificate (certificat de décès) for a Rwandan citizen, including the procedure for obtaining death documents (2012-June 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
21 June 2013
Accessed Date:
31 October 2013
Title:
Requirements and procedure for obtaining a birth certificate, including by supplemental judgment; appearance and information provided (2010-November 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
29 November 2017
Accessed Date:
9 November 2018
Title:
Rwanda. U.S. Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Chapter 6: Findings of the Comprehensive Assessment. Rwanda Civil Registration and Vital Statistics Systems: Comprehensive Assessment. Volume I.
Date of Document:
November 2016
Accessed Date:
17 July 2019
Title:
Rwanda. The State of Identification Systems in Africa: Country Briefs.
Accessed Date:
6 November 2017
Title:
ID4D Country Diagnostic: Rwanda
Accessed Date:
5 July 2019
Title:
Whether it is mandatory for the name of a person married to a Rwandan citizen to be published in the official gazette before he or she can obtain a Rwandan passport and a certificate of naturalization (2000-2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
25 February 2019
Accessed Date:
22 July 2019
Title:
Organic Law N°002/2021.OL of 16/07/2021 Governing Rwandan Nationality
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Report on Citizenship Law: Rwanda
Source:
European University Institute. European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship.
Date of Document:
April 2020
Accessed Date:
11 August 2020
Title:
People's Perspectives on ID and Civil Registration in Rwanda : Research Report
Date of Document:
24 March 2021
Author:
Victoria Esquivel-Korsiak, Jasper Gosselt et al.
Editor:
Alvin Mutsinzi; CJ Fonzi
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
Rwanda: Politically Closed Elections
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
18 August 2017
Accessed Date:
6 November 2017
Title:
Treatment of persons who opposed the constitutional referendum on the third term of president Kagame, particularly public servants and members of opposition parties (2015-January 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
30 January 2017
Accessed Date:
20 November 2017
Title:
The Rwanda National Congress (RNC), including information on its structure and leaders; treatment of RNC members by the government
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 March 2014
Accessed Date:
27 October 2014
Title:
The Democratic Green Party of Rwanda (DGPR), including its structure, leaders, objectives and activities, and the documents issued to members; relations between members and the authorities (2013-November 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
6 November 2017
Accessed Date:
27 November 2017
Title:
Republic of Rwanda. Election for President of 4 August 2017.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
Accessed Date:
6 November 2017
Title:
Treatment by authorities of President Kagamé's opponents who supported Diane Rwigara during the August 2017 electoral period (2017-May 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
10 May 2019
Accessed Date:
23 July 2019
Title:
The United Democratic Forces-Inkingi (UDF-Inkingi) [Forces démocratiques unifiées, FDU-Inkingi], including structure, leadership, objectives, and activities; requirements and procedures to become a member of the party, including membership cards...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 February 2018
Accessed Date:
19 November 2018
Title:
Republic of Rwanda. Election for Chambre des Députés (Rwandan Chamber of Deputies) of 2 September 2018.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
Accessed Date:
19 November 2018
Title:
Rwanda. Chambre des Députés(Chamber of Deputies).
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
Date of Document:
18 September 2018
Accessed Date:
28 August 2020
Title:
The political party Ishema ry'u Rwanda, including treatment of its members and supporters, as well as political opponents in general, by authorities (2016-March 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 March 2017
Accessed Date:
20 November 2017
Title:
Timeline: Repression in Post-Genocide Rwanda
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
2 August 2017
Accessed Date:
6 November 2017
Title:
Setting the Scene for Elections: Two Decades of Silencing Dissent in Rwanda
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
6 July 2017
Accessed Date:
6 November 2017
Title:
The Amahoro People's Congress, including its history, structure, leadership, objectives and activities; documents provided to members; treatment of members and supporters by authorities (2015-May 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
16 May 2019
Accessed Date:
23 July 2019
Title:
The Rwandan royal family, including their current presence in Rwanda and abroad; perception and treatment of members of the royal family by society and authorities (2016-September 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
11 September 2018
Accessed Date:
22 July 2019
Title:
The People Salvation Movement (PSM) and its founder, Diane Rwigara, including its creation, structure, leadership, objectives, activities and documents provided to members; treatment of members and supporters by the authorities (2017-March 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
9 April 2019
Accessed Date:
25 July 2019
Title:
Treatment of people who have opposed the Rwandan government in the past, including their family members (2000–July 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 August 2021
Accessed Date:
17 September 2021
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Domestic violence, including legislation, state protection, services and legal recourse available to victims (2011-September 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
18 October 2013
Accessed Date:
31 October 2013
Title:
Loi n° 59/2008 du 10/09/2008 portant prévention et répression de la violence basée sur le genre
Accessed Date:
12 November 2012
Title:
Concluding observations on the combined seventh to ninth periodic reports of Rwanda
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Date of Document:
9 March 2017
Accessed Date:
14 November 2017
Title:
Rwanda. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2019.
Source:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Date of Document:
7 December 2018
Accessed Date:
18 July 2019
Title:
Loi Nº 32/2016 du 28/08/2016 régissant les personnes et la famille
Accessed Date:
8 July 2019
Title:
Chapter 6: National Gender Statistics Report 2019.
Source:
Rwanda. National Institute of Statistics.
Date of Document:
September 2019
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Parallel Report to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women
Source:
Rwanda Initiative for Sustainable Development et al.
Date of Document:
February 2017
Accessed Date:
14 November 2017
Title:
Concluding observations on the combined fifth and sixth periodic reports of Rwanda
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Rights of the Child.
Date of Document:
28 February 2020
Accessed Date:
20 August 2020
Title:
Rwanda: “As Long as We Live on the Streets, They Will Beat Us” Abusive Detention of Street Children
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
27 January 2020
Accessed Date:
11 August 2020
Title:
Rwanda. Information received from Rwanda on follow-up to the concluding observations on its combined seventh to ninth periodic reports
Code:
CEDAW/C/RWA/FCO/7-9
Date of Document:
31 March 2020
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda : L'homosexualité
Source:
Belgium. Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons.
Date of Document:
30 October 2019
Accessed Date:
11 August 2020
Title:
Situation of persons of diverse sexual orientation and gender identity and expression (SOGIE), including their treatment by society and state authorities; state protection and support services (2019–August 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 August 2021
Accessed Date:
17 September 2021
Title:
Sexuality, Poverty and Politics in Rwanda. Evidence Report No 131.
Source:
Institute of Development Studies
Date of Document:
5 October 2015
Author:
Polly Haste; Tierry Kevin Gatete
Accessed Date:
5 October 2015
Title:
Rwanda. Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the law.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
September 2020
Author:
Zhan Chiam et al.
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda: Round Ups-Linked to Commonwealth Meeting
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
27 September 2021
Accessed Date:
27 September 2021
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Rwanda: Tier 2. Trafficking in Persons Report 2021.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
1 July 2021
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda Country Security Report
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
15 September 2021
Accessed Date:
24 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda: Investigate killings of refugees
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
21 February 2019
Accessed Date:
11 August 2020
Title:
Military service laws, including age and conditions for recruitment; penalties for failure to report to duty and desertion; availability of rights for conscientious objection; military recruitment programs (2013-November 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
7 December 2016
Accessed Date:
20 November 2017
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
Country Report on Human Rights and Justice in Rwanda
Source:
Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Date of Document:
18 August 2016
Accessed Date:
24 November 2016
Title:
Rwanda: Government Repression in Land Cases
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
31 March 2017
Accessed Date:
14 November 2017
Title:
“All Thieves Must Be Killed”: Extrajudicial Executions in Western Rwanda
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
13 July 2017
Accessed Date:
14 November 2017
Title:
List of issues in relation to the second periodic report of Rwanda. Addendum: Replies of Rwanda to the list of issues.
Code:
CAT/C/RWA/Q/2/Add.1
Date of Document:
23 November 2017
Accessed Date:
27 November 2017
Title:
Burundi and Rwanda: Correction to ZZZ104930.E of 30 July 2014 on state protection offered by the Burundi government to individuals persecuted by Rwandan authorities, and who have citizenship in both countries; whether the Burundi government ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
19 August 2014
Accessed Date:
27 October 2014
Title:
Additional responses to questions raised by members of the Committee on CAT at the consideration of the 2nd Periodic Report of the Republic of Rwanda, Geneva 23-24 November 2017
Date of Document:
29 November 2017
Accessed Date:
9 November 2018
Title:
Observations finales concernant le deuxième rapport périodique du Rwanda
Source:
United Nations. Committee Against Torture.
Date of Document:
21 December 2017
Accessed Date:
9 November 2018
Title:
Rwanda: Cover-Up Negates Killings
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
1 November 2017
Accessed Date:
9 November 2018
Title:
“We Will Force You to Confess”: Torture and Unlawful Military Detention in Rwanda
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
10 October 2017
Accessed Date:
27 November 2017
Title:
Comité contre la torture, 62ème session – Novembre 2017. Examen du rapport du Rwanda.
Source:
International Federation for Human Rights
Date of Document:
November 2017
Accessed Date:
27 November 2017
Title:
Report on Investigations Carried out by the National Commission for Human Rights in Rustiro and Rubavu Districts on the Human Rights Wacth (HRW)'s Report of July 2017
Source:
Rwanda. National Commission For Human Rights
Date of Document:
October 2017
Accessed Date:
8 July 2019
Title:
Rwanda: Paul Rusesabagina Convicted in Flawed Trial
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
20 September 2021
Accessed Date:
27 September 2021
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda: Activities of Burundian militias in Rwanda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania and Uganda, including relationship with Burundian refugees (2015-February 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 March 2017
Accessed Date:
30 March 2017
Title:
Rwanda: Lockdown Arrests, Abuses Surge
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
24 April 2020
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda. Freedom on the Net 2021.
Accessed Date:
24 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda: Arrests, Prosecutions over YouTube Posts.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
30 March 2021
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
How does Rwanda's genocide ideology law regulate speech online?
Date of Document:
20 July 2020
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda. International Religious Freedom Report for 2020.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 May 2021
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
Treatment by authorities of people of mixed nationalities, particularly if the father is Congolese and the mother is Rwandan; society's attitude towards people of mixed origins (2012-March 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 April 2013
Accessed Date:
27 October 2014
Title:
Concluding observations on the eighteenth to twentieth periodic reports of Rwanda
Code:
CERD/C/RWA/CO/18-20
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination.
Date of Document:
10 June 2016
Accessed Date:
24 November 2016
Title:
Member Profile BATWA
Source:
Unrepresented Nations & Peoples Organization
Date of Document:
June 2018
Accessed Date:
8 July 2019
Title:
Rwanda: World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples.
Source:
Minority Rights Group International
Date of Document:
October 2020
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Title:
Rwanda. The Indigenous World 2020.
Source:
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
Date of Document:
April 2020
Accessed Date:
20 August 2020
Title:
Relations between Hutus and Tutsis (2019–July 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
31 August 2021
Accessed Date:
17 September 2021
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Democratic Republic of the Congo/Burundi/Rwanda: Travel between these countries, including whether a passport is required to travel between them, and other documents used for travel
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Accessed Date:
12 December 2012
Title:
COI Query Response. Rwanda: Inhuman or degrading treatment against returnees, Information on documented cases of individuals previously reported by the police in Rwanda who, after escaping from the country, suffered inhuman or degrading treatment or violations of human rights upon their return.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
10 December 2018
Accessed Date:
8 July 2019
Title:
COI Query Response. Rwanda: Is there information
on documented cases of persons convicted of genocide in European countries, who
have returned to Rwanda after serving their sentence…
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
21 February 2020
Accessed Date:
11 August 2020
Title:
Rwanda. Country Reports. Displaced and Disconnected.
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
April 2019
Accessed Date:
11 August 2020
Title:
Rwanda : Le traitement réservé par les autorités nationales à leurs ressortissants de retour dans le pays. COI Focus.
Source:
Belgium. Office of the Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons.
Date of Document:
26 March 2021
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions - (No items in this section)
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 29 September 2021:
Title:
Rwanda. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2020.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
30 March 2021
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/rwanda/
Accessed Date:
22 September 2021
Disclaimer
National Documentation Packages (NDPs) include country-of-origin information that is publicly accessible at the time of publication and available within time constraints. While the Research Directorate strives to maintain the
NDP with current information, the research is not exhaustive and country conditions can change rapidly. Members of the public are invited to
suggest documents they feel are relevant to the
NDP.
NDPs are not, and do not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Rather, they are intended to support the refugee determination process. The assessment and weight to be given to the information in the
NDPs are the responsibility of independent
IRB members (decision-makers) after considering the evidence and arguments presented by the parties.
All sources are fully cited, including a hyperlink, to facilitate the location of the information. The
IRB will attempt to ensure that these links are maintained for the most recent
NDP. It cannot guarantee or be responsible for:
- the functionality of links to external sources,
- the content accessed by these links,
- the availability of external content in both English and French,
- any other part of a third party website.
The information presented in
NDPs solely reflects the views and perspectives of the sources cited and does not necessarily reflect the position of the
IRB or the Government of Canada.