National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information about conditions in specific countries. Updates occur periodically based on publicly available information. Countries with high volumes of claims may be updated more frequently. In periods of rapid change and/or uncertainty, updates may be delayed to build a body of relevant information.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
NDPs include Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website. RIRs may have attachments that are not available online. To obtain a copy of any such attachment, please
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Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
2 March 2022
VENEZUELA
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Title:
Venezuela. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde.
Source:
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
Date of Document:
25 November 2016
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Venezuela. L'Encyclopédie en ligne.
Accessed Date:
16 November 2012
Title:
Venezuela. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
15 February 2022
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: Background and U.S. Relations
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
28 April 2021
Author:
Rebecca M. Nelson et al.
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. BTI 2022 Country Report.
Date of Document:
February 2022
Accessed Date:
25 February 2022
Title:
EASO Country of Origin Information Report. Venezuela: Country Focus.
Source:
European Union. European Asylum Support Office.
Date of Document:
August 2020
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
General Country of Origin Information Report Venezuela 2020
Source:
Netherlands. Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Date of Document:
June 2020
Accessed Date:
25 September 2020
Title:
Detailed findings of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
15 September 2020
Accessed Date:
16 February 2021
Title:
The shadow war on the Venezuela-Colombia border
Source:
The New Humanitarian
Date of Document:
5 May 2020
Accessed Date:
16 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela. Social Security Programs Throughout the World: The Americas, 2019.
Source:
United States. Social Security Administration.
Date of Document:
March 2020
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Présentation du Vénézuéla
Source:
France. France. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
Date of Document:
December 2020
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy. In Focus.
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
8 December 2021
Author:
Clare Ribando Seelke
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: International Efforts to Resolve the Political Crisis. In Focus.
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
26 May 2021
Author:
Clare Ribando Seelke
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Food Security in Venezuela: From Policies to Facts
Source:
Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
Date of Document:
19 March 2021
Author:
Janet J. Rodríguez García
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela's Thriving Black Market for COVID-19 Vaccines
Date of Document:
30 June 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Final Report. Venezuela: Health Emergency.
Source:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Date of Document:
28 January 2022
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2020.
Additional Info.:
Addendum regarding reproductive rights was added on 4 November 2021
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
30 March 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Amnesty International Report 2020/21: The State of the World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
7 April 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. World Report 2022: Events of 2021.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2022
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Freedom in the World 2021.
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Fourth Annual Report of the Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights (REDESCA) of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), 2020.
Code:
OEA/Ser.L/V/V/II.Doc.28
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Date of Document:
30 March 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/1
Date of Document:
9 November 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Compilation on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
16 November 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Summary of Stakeholders' submissions on Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
1 November 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Human rights violations in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: a downward spiral with no end in sight
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
June 2018
Accessed Date:
8 August 2019
Title:
Crackdown on Dissent: Brutality, Torture, and Political Persecution in Venezuela
Source:
Human Rights Watch; Foro Penal
Date of Document:
29 November 2017
Accessed Date:
11 May 2018
Title:
Venezuela's Humanitarian Emergency: Large-Scale UN Response Needed to Address Health and Food Crises
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
4 April 2019
Accessed Date:
8 August 2019
Title:
Chapter IV.B: Venezuela. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Annual Report 2020.
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Date of Document:
30 March 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Report of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States and the Panel of Independent International Experts on the Possible Commission of Crimes Against Humanity in Venezuela
Source:
Organization of American States
Date of Document:
March 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Outcomes of the investigation into allegations of possible human right violations of the human rights to life, liberty and physical and moral integrity in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
17 September 2020
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Independence of the justice system and access to justice in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, including for violations of economic and social rights, and the situation of human rights in the Arco Minero del Orinoco region
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
29 September 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
“The Guerrillas Are the Police”: Social Control and Abuses by Armed Groups in Colombia's Arauca Province and Venezuela's Apure State
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
22 January 2020
Editor:
Tamara Taraciuk et al.
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela: Humanitarian Groups Under Attack
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
21 December 2020
Accessed Date:
16 February 2021
Title:
Treatment of citizens by the authorities based on whether or not they participate in anti-government protests, including whether some are more targeted than others and for what reasons; whether access to social security programs may be affected ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 February 2021
Accessed Date:
22 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela : accès aux médicaments pour le traitement du VIH
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
18 July 2018
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Preliminary findings of the visit to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela by the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
12 February 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Situation of human rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
16 June 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Situation of human rights and technical assistance in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
21 October 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Hunger for Justice: Crimes Against Humanity in Venezuela
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
14 May 2019
Accessed Date:
8 August 2019
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Chapter II: Nationality and Citizenship. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)'s Constitution of 1999 with Amendments through 2009.
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain the Homeland Card (Carnet de la Patria); content, appearance, and security features; social services available for holders; availability of documentation to prove that a person does not possess the card; ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
28 January 2022
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. U.S Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Report on Citizenship Law: Venezuela
Source:
European University Institute. European Union Democracy Observatory on Citizenship.
Date of Document:
March 2016
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Mexico and Venezuela: Residence status of Venezuelan refugees and transiting migrants in Mexico, including requirements and procedures to apply for residence status; rights and obligations associated with residence status; documents issued (2016-May 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 June 2018
Accessed Date:
27 August 2019
Title:
Information on the meaning of the prefix 'E' on a cédula de identidad (national identity card), including requirements and procedures to obtain the card; requirements and procedures for placement on the Listado de Miembros de Mesa (Polling...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 July 2017
Accessed Date:
10 May 2018
Title:
Colombia and Venezuela: Whether a Venezuelan national who was born to a Colombian parent has the right to Colombian nationality; requirements and procedures for a Venezuelan national to access Colombian nationality (2016-May 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 May 2018
Accessed Date:
29 May 2018
Title:
Colombia and Venezuela: Whether Colombian citizenship is transmitted through both parents and whether both parents are required to provide identification documents; alternative application procedures when one parent is estranged from the child...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 May 2020
Accessed Date:
29 May 2020
Title:
Social protection systems in Venezuela: Surveillance, gender and human rights. Identity systems and social protection in Venezuela and Bolivia: Gender impacts and other inequalities.
Source:
Derechos Digitales América Latina
Date of Document:
15 April 2021
Author:
Marianne Díaz; Jamila Venturini
Editor:
Jamila Venturini et al.
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Election for President of May 20, 2018.
Source:
International Foundation for Electoral Systems. Election Guide.
Accessed Date:
8 August 2019
Title:
Venezuela: 2020 parliamentary election
Source:
United Kingdom. House of Commons Library.
Date of Document:
18 January 2021
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Requirements and procedures to become a member of the Democratic Action (Acción Democrática, AD) political party; membership cards, including description and issuing authority; locations of AD offices in Caracas (2017-March 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
18 March 2019
Accessed Date:
15 August 2019
Title:
Information on the political party Justice First (Primero Justicia), including membership procedures, structure and leadership at the national level and in Maracaibo (2014-May 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
11 May 2016
Accessed Date:
30 May 2017
Title:
Venezuela: Decision adopted by the Committee on the Human Rights of Parliamentarians at its 164th session (virtual session, 8 to 20 March 2021)
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Whether government employees are required to participate in activities that promote state policy and politicians, including those organized by pro-government groups (also known as colectivos and circulos bolivarianos); treatment of individuals...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
19 December 2017
Accessed Date:
29 May 2018
Title:
Treatment of members of the Primero Justicia (PJ) party [Justice First] by authorities, including instances of violence (January 2015-December 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
22 December 2015
Accessed Date:
27 May 2016
Title:
Membership cards for the Justice First (Primero Justicia) political party, including content and physical characteristics; who can issue Justice First membership cards (2010-January 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
19 January 2015
Accessed Date:
28 May 2015
Title:
Movimiento al Socialismo (MAS), including structure, leadership, and membership process; MAS membership cards, including description; treatment of members by authorities and society (2008-January 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
29 January 2015
Accessed Date:
28 May 2015
Title:
The Alianza Bravo Pueblo (ABP) political party, including its mandate, objectives, structure, leadership, regions of influence, number of members, and activities; treatment of ABP members (2006-April 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 April 2014
Accessed Date:
28 May 2015
Title:
The political party Voluntad Popular, its structure, as well as its main positions and officials; the conditions to become a party member, including a description of the membership card; the treatment reserved for members of this political party...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
24 September 2014
Accessed Date:
28 May 2015
Title:
The Democratic Action (Acción Democrática) political party, including ideology, objectives, structure, key positions, and leadership; requirements and procedures to become a member; appearance of membership cards; treatment by authorities (2013-June 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
27 June 2017
Accessed Date:
21 August 2019
Title:
About parliament. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): National Assembly.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: Tough Talking. Latin America Report N°59.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
16 December 2016
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Information on Un Nuevo Tiempo (UNT) political party, including objectives and ideology, organisational structure, key positions and leaders, conditions to become a member; description of membership cards; treatment by authorities (2014-August 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
22 August 2016
Accessed Date:
30 May 2017
Title:
Pro-government groups (also known as colectivos), including the Tupamaros; information on their areas of operation, objectives, activities, and relationship with the government, including instances of collusion; whether these groups operate under ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 May 2017
Accessed Date:
30 May 2017
Title:
Silenced by Force: Politically-Motivated Arbitrary Detentions in Venezuela
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
26 April 2017
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Venezuela: Le mouvement
La Resistencia
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
18 April 2018
Accessed Date:
8 August 2019
Title:
Institutional violence in Venezuela: What are militias and colectivos?
Date of Document:
3 July 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela: What Lies Ahead after Election Clinches Maduro's Clean Sweep. Latin America Report N°85.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
21 December 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Political situation, including the presidential dispute (2020–January 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
21 January 2021
Accessed Date:
11 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela : Le parti politique Encuentro Ciudadano
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
16 June 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: A Time for Opposition Reflection and Renovation
Source:
Center for Strategic and International Studies
Date of Document:
17 December 2021
Author:
Ryan C. Berg; Alexandra Winkler
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Violence against women, including non-domestic sexual violence, particularly in Caracas and Maracaibo; legislation; state protection and support services (2016-July 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 July 2018
Accessed Date:
15 August 2019
Title:
Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2019.
Source:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Date of Document:
7 December 2018
Accessed Date:
5 February 2019
Title:
Concluding observations of the combined seventh and eights periodic reports of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Addendum: Information provided by Venezuela in follow-up to the concluding observations.
Code:
CEDAW/C/VEN/CO/7-8/Add.1
Date of Document:
11 January 2018
Accessed Date:
11 May 2018
Title:
Situation and treatment of persons with diverse sexual orientation and gender identity and expression (SOGIE) by society and state authorities, including state protection and support services (2018–January 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
9 February 2021
Accessed Date:
24 February 2021
Title:
Human Rights Situation of Lesbian, Gays, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex persons in Venezuela
Source:
LGBTI Network of Venezuela
Date of Document:
May 2015
Accessed Date:
16 May 2016
Title:
Venezuela. Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the law.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
September 2020
Author:
Zhan Chiam et al.
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Treatment of suspected whistleblowers or former government employees, by the government or pro-government groups
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
19 May 2017
Accessed Date:
30 May 2017
Title:
Venezuela: Tier 3. Trafficking in Persons Report 2021.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
1 July 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. 2020 Crime and Safety Report.
Source:
United States. Overseas Security Advisory Council.
Date of Document:
21 July 2020
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Venezuela. Country Reports on Terrorism 2020.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
16 December 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela : Les groupes mafieux et paramilitaires
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
22 November 2016
Accessed Date:
31 May 2017
Title:
Venezuela: A Mafia State?
Accessed Date:
8 August 2019
Title:
A Glut of Arms: Curbing the Threat to Venezuela from Violent Groups. Latin America Report N°78.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
20 February 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Enemies to Allies – How Venezuela Decides Which Criminal Groups Thrive
Date of Document:
19 October 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela : Traitement réservé aux lanceurs d'alerte dénonçant la corruption, le cas de CORPOELEC
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
7 May 2019
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Between Contraband and Coronavirus: Migration Dynamics at the Venezuela-Colombia Border
Date of Document:
24 July 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2021, Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
March 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2021, Volume II: Money Laundering.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
March 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
The Battle for Apure: Chavismo and the ex-FARC
Date of Document:
13 October 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Violence, patronage, and criminal governance in Venezuela
Date of Document:
15 January 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
8.
Military Service - (No items in this section)
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
The Supreme Court of Justice of Venezuela: an Instrument of the Executive Branch
Source:
International Commission of Jurists
Date of Document:
August 2017
Accessed Date:
11 May 2018
Title:
Achieving Justice for Gross Human Rights Violations in Venezuela: Baseline Study
Source:
International Commission of Jurists
Date of Document:
July 2017
Accessed Date:
11 May 2018
Title:
Venezuela Prisons: ‘Pranes' and ‘Revolutionary' Criminality
Date of Document:
September 2017
Accessed Date:
11 May 2018
Title:
Requirements and procedures to file a complaint with the Public Prosecutor's Office (Ministerio Público); requirements and procedures for obtaining a copy of a complaint, including who can obtain it, the timeframe within which the copy can...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
18 May 2017
Accessed Date:
30 May 2017
Title:
Judges on the Tightrope: Report on the Independence and Impartiality of the Judiciary in Venezuela
Source:
International Commission of Jurists
Date of Document:
22 June 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
16 September 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Search warrants (orden de allanamiento), including issuance procedures, appearance, security features, and samples; prevalence of document fraud related to search warrants (2019–April 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 April 2021
Accessed Date:
24 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: Impunity in the Face of Lethal Policy of Social Control
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
18 February 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: Calculated repression: Correlation between stigmatization and politically motivated arbitrary detentions
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
10 February 2022
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
Venezuela: A Police State Lashes Out Amid Covid-19
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
28 August 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
How is state violence organised in Venezuela?
Date of Document:
23 June 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Nights of Terror: Attacks and Illegal Raids on Homes in Venezuela
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
30 October 2017
Accessed Date:
11 May 2018
Title:
Venezuela: Security Force Abuses at Colombia Border
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
26 April 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela : La Service bolivarien d'intelligence nationale (SEBIN) : Violations des droits humains (2014-2020)
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
9 November 2020
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide.
Source:
University of Pretoria. Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa.
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Freedom on the Net 2021.
Editor:
Elisha Aaron et al.
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Critics Are Not Criminals: Comparative Study of Criminal Defamation Laws in the Americas.
Source:
Debevoise & Plimpton LLP et al.
Date of Document:
March 2016
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Alternative inform about the application of the Pact of Civil and Politic Rights in its 19th article
Date of Document:
June 2015
Accessed Date:
16 May 2016
Title:
The Exile Effect: Venezuela's Overseas Opposition and Social Media. Latin America & Caribbean Report N°86.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
24 February 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. International Religious Freedom Report for 2020.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
12 May 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Freedom of Thought Report.
Source:
Humanists International
Date of Document:
30 November 2020
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
Venezuela. The Indigenous World 2021.
Source:
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs
Date of Document:
April 2021
Author:
Luis Jesús Bello et al.
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples.
Source:
Minority Rights Group International
Date of Document:
June 2019
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Colombia and Venezuela: Treatment by authorities and society of Venezuelans and Colombians with Venezuelan citizenship in Colombia, and of Colombians and Venezuelans with Colombian citizenship in Venezuela (2015-October 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 November 2018
Accessed Date:
26 April 2019
Title:
Situation and treatment of individuals of Chinese descent by the authorities and society; ability to access housing, employment, education, and healthcare; state protection (2020–January 2022)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 February 2022
Accessed Date:
18 February 2022
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Information on the requirements and procedures to leave Venezuela by land, air, and sea, including whether a person who is targeted or wanted by the government or a colectivo is able to leave; information on the impact of currency inflation on...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
31 August 2017
Accessed Date:
10 May 2018
Title:
Venezuela and the United States: Requirements and issuance procedures for US visitor visas (2016-May 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 May 2017
Accessed Date:
30 May 2017
Title:
Treatment by the authorities and pro-government groups of failed refugee claimants who return to the country (2016-December 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 January 2018
Accessed Date:
23 May 2018
Title:
Social protection and Venezuelan migration in Latin America and the Caribbean in the context of COVID-19
Source:
International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth et al.
Date of Document:
20 May 2021
Author:
Anna Carolina Machado et al.
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
The Venezuelan Exodus: The Need for a Regional Response to an Unprecedented Migration Crisis
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
3 September 2018
Accessed Date:
8 August 2019
Title:
Still no Safety: Venezuelans denied protection in Curaçao
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
11 October 2021
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Requirements and procedures to re-enter Venezuela after travelling abroad; treatment of Venezuelans who have travelled abroad, including those who have sought asylum (2017-October 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
23 March 2020
Accessed Date:
28 September 2020
Title:
Situation of Venezuelans who have returned and are trying to return to their country in the context of COVID-19
Source:
Organization of American States
Date of Document:
September 2020
Author:
María Fernanda López et al.
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Monitoring of Voluntary Returns of Venezuelan Refugees and Migrants
Source:
International Organization for Migration; United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
August 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela: Abusive Treatment of Returnees
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
13 October 2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Colombia/Venezuela - The Caminantes: needs and vulnerabilities of Venezuelan refugees and migrants travelling on foot
Source:
Assessment Capacities Project
Date of Document:
January 2021
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuelan Migrants and Refugees in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Regional Profile
Source:
Migration Policy Institute; International Organization for Migration;
Date of Document:
August 2020
Author:
Diego Chaves-González; Carlos Echeverría-Estrada
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions - (No items in this section)
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 16 April 2021:
Title:
Venezuela. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
17 February 2021
URL:
https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/venezuela
Accessed Date:
22 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela: Background and U.S. Relations
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
26 August 2020
Author:
Rebecca M. Nelson et al.
URL:
https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R44841.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
BTI 2020 Country Report — Venezuela
Source:
Bertelsmann Stiftung
URL:
https://bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report/VEN
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Venezuela. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2020.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
30 March 2021
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/venezuela
Accessed Date:
13 April 2021
Title:
Venezuela. World Report 2021: Events of 2020.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2021
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2021/country-chapters/venezuela
Accessed Date:
16 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela. Freedom in the World 2020.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/venezuela/freedom-world/2020
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Venezuela. Chapter IV.B. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights 2019 Annual Report.
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
URL:
http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/docs/annual/2019/docs/IA2019cap4BVE-en.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Report of the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States and the Panel of Independent International Experts on the Possible Commission of Crimes Against Humanity in Venezuela
Source:
Organization of American States
Date of Document:
29 May 2018
URL:
http://www.oas.org/documents/eng/press/Informe-Panel-Independiente-Venezuela-EN.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 August 2019
Title:
The homeland card (carnet de la patria), including issuance procedures, usage, and physical characteristics; extent to which homeland cards have been distributed (2016-May 2018)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
18 May 2018
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457482
Accessed Date:
29 May 2018
Title:
Venezuela. U.S Visa: Reciprocity and Civil Documents by Country.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
URL:
https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/us-visas/Visa-Reciprocity-and-Civil-Documents-by-Country/Venezuela.html
Accessed Date:
16 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela: Tier 3. Trafficking in Persons Report 2020.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
25 June 2020
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/venezuela/
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Venezuela. Country Reports on Terrorism 2019.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
24 June 2020
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/country-reports-on-terrorism-2019/venezuela/
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Venezuela. Freedom on the Net 2020.
Editor:
Elisha Aaron et al.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/country/venezuela/freedom-net/2020
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Venezuela. International Religious Freedom Report 2019.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
10 June 2020
URL:
https://www.state.gov/reports/2019-report-on-international-religious-freedom/venezuela/
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Venezuela. The Indigenous World 2020.
Source:
International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs; Socio-environmental Working Group for the Amazon (Wataniba)
Date of Document:
April 2020
Author:
Luis Jesús Bello et al.
URL:
http://iwgia.org/images/yearbook/2020/IWGIA_The_Indigenous_World_2020.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Situation of ethnic Chinese persons, including treatment by society and authorities; state protection available (2017-December 2019)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 December 2019
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=458229
Accessed Date:
13 November 2020
Title:
Venezuela. Human Rights in the Americas: Review of 2019.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
27 February 2020
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/AMR0113532020ENGLISH.PDF
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Democratic Institutions, the Rule of Law and Human Rights in Venezuela: Country Report
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Date of Document:
31 December 2017
URL:
http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/Venezuela2018-en.pdf
Accessed Date:
11 May 2018
Title:
National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/26/VEN/1
Date of Document:
22 August 2016
URL:
http://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/26/VEN/1
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Compilation prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (b) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 and paragraph 5 of the annex to Council resolution 16/21:...
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/26/VEN/2
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
25 August 2016
URL:
http://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/26/VEN/2
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Summary prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in accordance with paragraph 15 (c) of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 5/1 and paragraph 5 of the annex to Council resolution 16/21:...
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/26/VEN/3
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
23 August 2016
URL:
http://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/26/VEN/3
Accessed Date:
18 May 2017
Title:
Venezuela: Rulings Threaten Free and Fair Elections
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
7 July 2020
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/07/07/venezuela-rulings-threaten-free-and-fair-elections
Accessed Date:
18 February 2021
Title:
Implementation and effectiveness of the 2007 Fundamental Law on the Right of Women to Live Free of Violence (Ley Orgánica sobre el Derecho de las Mujeres a una Vida Libre de Violencia, LODMVLV) (2008-February 2012)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 April 2012
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=453929
Accessed Date:
16 November 2012
Title:
Protection Monitoring: Venezuela Situation
Source:
United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
Date of Document:
July 2019
URL:
http://reporting.unhcr.org/sites/default/files/UNHCR%20Protection%20Monitoring%20Report%20for%20VenSit%20-%20EN%20-%20July%202019.pdf
Accessed Date:
20 August 2019
Title:
Migration Trends in the Americas: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
IOM Regional Office for South America
Date of Document:
October 2019
URL:
https://robuenosaires.iom.int/sites/default/files/Informes/Migration-Trends-in-the-Americas-October_0.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 September 2020
Title:
Venezuela. Social Security Programs Throughout the World: The Americas, 2019.
Source:
United States. Social Security Administration.
Date of Document:
March 2020
URL:
https://www.ssa.gov/policy/docs/progdesc/ssptw/2018-2019/americas/venezuela.html
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Présentation du Vénézuéla
Source:
France. France. Ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires étrangères.
Date of Document:
December 2020
URL:
https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/venezuela/presentation-du-venezuela/
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: Political Crisis and U.S. Policy. In Focus.
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
8 December 2021
Author:
Clare Ribando Seelke
URL:
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF10230
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: International Efforts to Resolve the Political Crisis. In Focus.
Source:
United States. Congressional Research Service.
Date of Document:
26 May 2021
Author:
Clare Ribando Seelke
URL:
https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11216/
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Food Security in Venezuela: From Policies to Facts
Source:
Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems
Date of Document:
19 March 2021
Author:
Janet J. Rodríguez García
URL:
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fsufs.2021.617907/full
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela's Thriving Black Market for COVID-19 Vaccines
Date of Document:
30 June 2021
URL:
https://insightcrime.org/news/venezuela-black-market-covid-vaccines/
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Final Report. Venezuela: Health Emergency.
Source:
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
Date of Document:
28 January 2022
URL:
https://adore.ifrc.org/Download.aspx?FileId=490650
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Amnesty International Report 2020/21: The State of the World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
7 April 2021
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/POL1032022021ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Fourth Annual Report of the Special Rapporteurship on Economic, Social, Cultural and Environmental Rights (REDESCA) of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR), 2020.
Code:
OEA/Ser.L/V/V/II.Doc.28
Source:
Organization of American States. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.
Date of Document:
30 March 2021
URL:
https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/docs/annual/2020/Chapters/redesca-en.PDF
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
National report submitted in accordance with paragraph 5 of the annex to Human Rights Council resolution 16/21: Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/1
Date of Document:
9 November 2021
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/1
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Compilation on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/2
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
16 November 2021
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/2
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Summary of Stakeholders' submissions on Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/3
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
1 November 2021
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/WG.6/40/VEN/3
Accessed Date:
22 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela : accès aux médicaments pour le traitement du VIH
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
18 July 2018
URL:
https://www.refugeecouncil.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/Publikationen/Herkunftslaenderberichte/Amerika/Venezuela/180710-ven-hiv-f.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Preliminary findings of the visit to the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela by the Special Rapporteur on the negative impact of unilateral coercive measures on the enjoyment of human rights
Source:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Date of Document:
12 February 2021
URL:
https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26747
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Situation of human rights in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
16 June 2021
URL:
https://undocs.org/en/A/HRC/47/55
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Situation of human rights and technical assistance in the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
21 October 2021
URL:
https://undocs.org/A/HRC/48/19
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Social protection systems in Venezuela: Surveillance, gender and human rights. Identity systems and social protection in Venezuela and Bolivia: Gender impacts and other inequalities.
Source:
Derechos Digitales América Latina
Date of Document:
15 April 2021
Author:
Marianne Díaz; Jamila Venturini
Editor:
Jamila Venturini et al.
URL:
https://www.derechosdigitales.org/wp-content/uploads/identity-systems_ENG.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: Decision adopted by the Committee on the Human Rights of Parliamentarians at its 164th session (virtual session, 8 to 20 March 2021)
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union
URL:
https://www.ipu.org/sites/default/files/documents/venezuela-e_3.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
About parliament. Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of): National Assembly.
Source:
Inter-Parliamentary Union. Parline.
URL:
https://data.ipu.org/content/venezuela-bolivarian-republic?chamber_id=13554
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela : Le parti politique Encuentro Ciudadano
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
16 June 2021
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/2106_ven_parti_encuentro_ciudadano_152978_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: A Time for Opposition Reflection and Renovation
Source:
Center for Strategic and International Studies
Date of Document:
17 December 2021
Author:
Ryan C. Berg; Alexandra Winkler
URL:
https://www.csis.org/analysis/venezuela-time-opposition-reflection-and-renovation
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Trans Legal Mapping Report 2019: Recognition before the law.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
September 2020
Author:
Zhan Chiam et al.
URL:
https://ilga.org/downloads/ILGA_World_Trans_Legal_Mapping_Report_2019_EN.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2021, Volume I: Drug and Chemical Control.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
March 2021
URL:
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/International-Narcotics-Control-Strategy-Report-Volume-I-FINAL-1.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. International Narcotics Control Strategy Report 2021, Volume II: Money Laundering.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
March 2021
URL:
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/21-00620-INLSR-Vol2_Report-FINAL.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
The Battle for Apure: Chavismo and the ex-FARC
Date of Document:
13 October 2021
URL:
https://insightcrime.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/The-Battle-for-Apure-Chavismo-and-the-ex-FARC-InSight-Crime.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Violence, patronage, and criminal governance in Venezuela
Date of Document:
15 January 2021
URL:
https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/democraciaabierta/violence-patronage-criminal-governance/
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Judges on the Tightrope: Report on the Independence and Impartiality of the Judiciary in Venezuela
Source:
International Commission of Jurists
Date of Document:
22 June 2021
URL:
https://www.icj.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/Venezuela-Judges-on-the-tightrope-Publications-Reports-Thematic-reports-2021-ENG.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Report of the independent international fact-finding mission on the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
16 September 2021
URL:
https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/HRBodies/HRCouncil/FFMV/A.HRC.48.69%20EN.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Search warrants (orden de allanamiento), including issuance procedures, appearance, security features, and samples; prevalence of document fraud related to search warrants (2019–April 2021)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
26 April 2021
URL:
https://irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=458333
Accessed Date:
24 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: Impunity in the Face of Lethal Policy of Social Control
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
18 February 2021
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AMR5336322021ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: Calculated repression: Correlation between stigmatization and politically motivated arbitrary detentions
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
10 February 2022
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/AMR5351332022ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela: Security Force Abuses at Colombia Border
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
26 April 2021
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/04/26/venezuela-security-force-abuses-colombia-border
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela : La Service bolivarien d'intelligence nationale (SEBIN) : Violations des droits humains (2014-2020)
Source:
France. Office français de protection des réfugiés et apatrides.
Date of Document:
9 November 2020
URL:
https://www.ofpra.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/atoms/files/2011_ven_sebin_125289_0.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. The Law on Police Use of Force Worldwide.
Source:
University of Pretoria. Institute for International and Comparative Law in Africa.
URL:
https://www.policinglaw.info/country/venezuela
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
The Exile Effect: Venezuela's Overseas Opposition and Social Media. Latin America & Caribbean Report N°86.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
24 February 2021
URL:
https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/andes/venezuela/086-exile-effect-venezuelas-overseas-opposition-and-social-media
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Venezuela. Freedom of Thought Report.
Source:
Humanists International
Date of Document:
30 November 2020
URL:
https://fot.humanists.international/countries/americas-southern-america/venezuela/
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Social protection and Venezuelan migration in Latin America and the Caribbean in the context of COVID-19
Source:
International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth et al.
Date of Document:
20 May 2021
Author:
Anna Carolina Machado et al.
URL:
https://www.unicef.org/lac/media/22271/file/Social_protection_and_Venezuelan_migration.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
Title:
Still no Safety: Venezuelans denied protection in Curaçao
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
11 October 2021
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/EUR3547242021ENGLISH.pdf
Accessed Date:
23 February 2022
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