Notices - Update of National Documentation Packages2024-03-07T13:50:48ZIRBhttp://www.irb-cisr.gc.caurn:uuid:fd9c42bd-ac2f-4a33-812b-1d02c8551290urn:uuid:294c7a60-020f-4952-9ac4-b01cd2ee9c86National Documentation Packages<div class="row"><div class="col-md-7"><p>National Documentation Packages (<abbr title="National Documentation Package">NDP</abbr>s) are lists of public documents that provide information on country conditions. Updates occur on a regular basis.</p><p>
<abbr title="National Documentation Package">NDP</abbr>s support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.</p><p>
<abbr title="National Documentation Packages">NDP</abbr>s include Responses to Information Requests (<abbr title="Responses to Information Requests">RIR</abbr>s) published by the IRB on its website which may have attachments that are inaccessible due to technical constraints and may include translations of documents originally written in languages other than English or French. To obtain a copy of such attachments and/or translated version of the
<abbr title="Responses to Information Requests">RIR</abbr> attachments, please
<a href="mailto:IRB.Research_KIM-Recherches_GCI.CISR@irb-cisr.gc.ca">email us</a>.</p></div><div class="col-md-5"><div class="panel panel-default"><div class="panel-heading"><h2 class="panel-title">Related Links</h2></div><div class="panel-body"><ul><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/ndp-additional-info.aspx#additionalInfo">Additional information</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/ndp-update-cycle.aspx">NDP Update Cycle</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/ndp-additional-info.aspx#report">Report a broken link</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/ndp-additional-info.aspx#suggest">Suggest a document</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><details id="JGNotesSection"><summary>Jurisprudential Guides Notes</summary>
<h2 class="h3 mrgn-tp-md">Jurisprudential Guides Notes</h2>
<p>On
<strong>July 28, 2022</strong>, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
<a href="/en/decisions/Pages/index.aspx">Jurisprudential Guide:</a>  </p>
<ul><li>
<a href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/irb/doc/2021/2021canlii95825/2021canlii95825.html">Decision TC1 05038</a> – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.</li></ul>
<p>On
<strong>December 22, 2020</strong>, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
<a href="/en/decisions/Pages/index.aspx">Jurisprudential Guide</a>.  </p>
<ul><li>
<a href="/en/decisions/Pages/mb8-00025.aspx">Decision MB8-00025</a> – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.<br></li></ul>
<p>On
<strong>July 6, 2018</strong>, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
<a href="/en/decisions/Pages/index.aspx">Jurisprudential Guide</a>.  </p>
<ul><li>
<a href="/en/decisions/Pages/tb7-19851.aspx">Decision TB7-19851</a> – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
<span class="label label-warning">Revoked</span></li></ul>
<p>The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.  </p>
<p>On
<strong>July 20, 2017</strong>, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
<a href="/en/decisions/Pages/index.aspx">Jurisprudential Guides</a>.  </p>
<ol><li>
<a href="/en/decisions/Pages/TB7-01837.aspx">Decision TB7-01837</a> – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative. </li><li>
<a href="/en/decisions/Pages/MB6-01059-60.aspx">Decision MB6-01059/60</a> – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
<span class="label label-warning">Revoked</span></li><li>
<a href="/en/decisions/Pages/TB6-11632.aspx">Decision TB6-11632</a> – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
<span class="label label-warning">Revoked</span> </li></ol>
<p>The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.  </p> </details>
<div class="well" id="search"><div class="ms-rtestate-read ms-rte-wpbox" unselectable="on"><div class="ms-rtestate-notify ms-rtestate-read 575ab00e-26f7-4329-a7f0-1361a8ad5b02" id="div_575ab00e-26f7-4329-a7f0-1361a8ad5b02" unselectable="on"></div><div id="vid_575ab00e-26f7-4329-a7f0-1361a8ad5b02" unselectable="on" style="display:none;"></div></div></div><h2 class="h3 mrgn-tp-md">Disclaimer</h2><p>National Documentation Packages (<abbr title="National Documentation Package">NDP</abbr>s) include country-of-origin information that is publicly accessible at the time of publication and available within time constraints. While the Research Directorate strives to maintain the
<abbr title="National Documentation Package">NDP</abbr> with current information, the research is not exhaustive and country conditions can change rapidly. Members of the public are invited to
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/ndp-additional-info.aspx#suggest">suggest documents</a> they feel are relevant to the
<abbr title="National Documentation Package">NDP</abbr>. </p><p>
<abbr title="National Documentation Package">NDP</abbr>s are not, and do not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim for refugee protection. Rather, they are intended to support the refugee determination process. The assessment and weight to be given to the information in the
<abbr title="National Documentation Package">NDP</abbr>s are the responsibility of independent
<abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> members (decision-makers) after considering the evidence and arguments presented by the parties.  </p><p>All sources are fully cited, including a hyperlink, to facilitate the location of the information. The
<abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> will attempt to ensure that these links are maintained for the most recent
<abbr title="National Documentation Package">NDP</abbr>. It cannot guarantee or be responsible for:  </p><ul><li>the functionality of links to external sources,</li><li>the content accessed by these links,</li><li>the availability of external content in both English and French,</li><li>any other part of a third party website.</li></ul><p>The information presented in
<abbr title="National Documentation Package">NDP</abbr>s solely reflects the views and perspectives of the sources cited and does not necessarily reflect the position of the
<abbr title="Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada">IRB</abbr> or the Government of Canada. </p><div class="ms-rtestate-read ms-rte-wpbox"><div class="ms-rtestate-notify ms-rtestate-read 7000f907-eca6-415d-b249-63a3819d8d84" id="div_7000f907-eca6-415d-b249-63a3819d8d84" unselectable="on"></div><div id="vid_7000f907-eca6-415d-b249-63a3819d8d84" unselectable="on" style="display:none;"></div></div><br>2024-01-23T10:23:55Z2024-01-23T10:23:55ZIRBhttp://www.irb-cisr.gc.caurn:uuid:406b7b39-0682-47c5-8249-472afa86248dNational Documentation Package additional information<div id="additionalInfo"><h2>Additional information</h2><p>Prior to the hearing, individuals with claims before the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) of Canada are responsible for reviewing documents in the latest NDP for their home country. The Refugee Protection Division (RPD) may consider the NDP when deciding the claim. The NDP do not contain all the information on a specific country's conditions.</p><p>The NDP are updated on the last business day of each month, according to the published schedule.</p><h3 id="documents">Documents not in the NDP</h3><p>The RPD may decide to use other documents as well. For example,</p><ul><li>Reports produced by the IRB Research Directorate,</li><li>Media articles, or</li><li>Reports from human rights organizations.</li></ul><p>Copies of any additional documents which the RPD finds useful are sent to the parties before the hearing.</p><h3 id="citing">Citing the NDP as a source</h3><p>External users of the NDP are requested to reference the source document(s) when citing information, rather than the NDP itself.</p><h3 id="rir">Request an attachment to a Response to Information Request (RIR)</h3><p>Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website may have attachments that are inaccessible due to technical constraints and may include translations of documents originally written in languages other than English or French. To obtain a copy of such attachments and/or translated version of the RIR attachments, please <a href="mailto:IRB.Research_KIM-Recherches_GCI.CISR@irb-cisr.gc.ca">email us</a>.<br></p></div><div><h2 id="report">Report a broken link</h2><p>To report a broken link, send us the following information by
<a href="mailto:IRB.Research_KIM-Recherches_GCI.CISR@irb-cisr.gc.ca">email</a>:</p><ul><li>The country name, </li><li>The citation number, and</li><li>A copy of the non-functioning link. </li></ul><p>Please note that when a link does not function, the document can often be found on the publisher's website by using an Internet search engine to look for the title of the document.</p><p>U.S. Department of State website updates have resulted in some broken links to reports. The reports are still available at
<a href="https://www.state.gov/">state.gov</a> and can be found using the bibliographic information included in the NDPs. All new NDPs published will include updated links.  </p><h2 id="suggest">Suggest a document</h2><p>t suggestions may be sent to the IRB via
<a href="mailto:NDP-CND.Consultation@irb-cisr.gc.ca">email</a> using the following guidelines:</p><ul><li>Submissions must be received at least one month before the scheduled publication date;</li><li>Submissions should be sent with the URL of the document being proposed;</li><li>Do not send electronic copies of documents;</li><li>Media reports are not generally included in NDPs;</li><li>Standard NDP documents are updated on a regular basis.</li></ul><p>The IRB reserves the right to include or not include any suggested document. Please note that suggestions cannot be acknowledged.</p></div>2024-01-23T14:29:14Z2024-01-23T14:29:14ZIRBhttp://www.irb-cisr.gc.caurn:uuid:9e2ac811-b4e4-473d-a6fc-2960d4bba7a6National Documentation Package update cycle<p>The
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/index.aspx">National Documentation Packages</a> are updated each month according to the schedule below. The updated packages are available on the last business day of the month. The list of countries below is subject to change.<br></p><div class="alert alert-info"><p>The Research Directorate also updates all National Documentation Packages each spring when the United States Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices are released.</p></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">July 2023<br></h2><ul><li>Angola [AGO]</li><li>Brazil [BRA]</li><li>Burkina Faso [BFA]</li><li>Dominican Republic [DOM]</li><li>Guyana [GUY] </li><li>Haiti [HTI] </li><li>Mali [MLI] </li><li>Sri Lanka [LKA]</li><li>Viet Nam [VNM]</li></ul></div><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">August 2023<br></h2><ul><li>Benin [BEN]</li><li>Colombia [COL]</li><li>Kenya [KEN]</li><li>Lebanon [LBN]</li><li>Tanzania [TZA]</li><li>Togo [TGO]</li><li>Trinidad and Tobago [TTO]</li><li>Uganda [UGA]</li><li>Uruguay [URY]</li><li>Zimbabwe [ZWE]</li></ul>
<br>
</div><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">September 2023<br></h2><ul><li>Bahamas [BHS]</li><li>Czech Republic [CZE]</li><li>France [FRA]</li><li>Hungary [HUN]</li><li>Japan [JPN]</li><li>Kosovo [KOS]</li><li>Maldives [MDV]</li><li>Mexico [MEX]</li><li>Poland [POL]</li><li>Romania [ROU]</li><li>Singapore [SGP]</li><li>Slovakia [SVK]<br></li></ul>
<br>
</div><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">October 2023</h2><ul><li>Albania [ALB]</li><li>Burundi [BDI]</li><li>China [CHN]</li><li>Eritrea [ERI]</li><li>Ethiopia [ETH]</li><li>Georgia [GEO]</li><li>Hong Kong [HKG]</li><li>Liberia [LBR]</li><li>Myanmar [MMR]</li><li>Rwanda [RWA]<br></li></ul>
<br>
</div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">November 2023<br></h2><ul><li>Argentina [ARG]</li><li>Barbados [BRB]</li><li>Bolivia [BOL]<br></li><li>El Salvador [SLV]</li><li>Guatemala [GTM]</li><li>Honduras [HND]</li><li>India [IND]<br></li><li>Nicaragua [NIC]</li><li>Nigeria [NGA]</li><li>Switzerland [CHE]<br></li></ul>
<br>
</div><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">December 2023</h2><ul><li>Austria [AUT]</li><li>Israel [ISR]</li><li>Jordan [JOR]</li><li>Palestine [PSE]</li><li>Suriname [SUR]<br></li><li>Syria [SYR]</li><li>Türkiye [TUR]</li></ul></div><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">January 2024</h2><ul><li>Afghanistan [AFG]</li><li>Bangladesh [BGD]</li><li>Chad [TCD]<br></li><li>Costa Rica [CRI]<br></li><li>Ghana [GHA]</li><li>Pakistan [PAK] </li><li>Panama [PAN] </li><li>Sierra Leone [SLE] </li><li>Tunisia [TUN]</li><li>United States of America [USA]</li></ul></div><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">February 2024</h2><ul><li>Antigua and Barbuda [ATG]<br></li><li>Belgium [BEL]</li><li>Cote d'Ivoire [CIV]</li><li>Ecuador [ECU]</li><li>Guinea [GIN]</li><li>Haiti [HTI]</li><li>Iceland [ISL]</li><li>Ireland [IRL]</li><li>Korea DPR [PRK]</li><li>Korea, Republic of [KOR]</li><li>Libya [LBY]</li><li>Mexico [MEX]</li><li>New Zealand [NZL]</li><li>Papua New Guinea [PNG]</li><li>Somalia [SOM]</li><li>Yemen [YEM]</li></ul></div></div><div class="row"><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">March 2024</h2><ul><li>Central African Republic [CAF]</li><li>Egypt [EGY] </li><li>Iran [IRN] </li><li>Iraq [IRQ] </li><li>Madagascar [MDG]</li><li>Malaysia [MYS]</li><li>Mauritius [MUS]</li><li>Russia [RUS]</li><li>Saudi Arabia [SAU]</li><li>Seychelles [SYC]</li><li>Slovenia [SLO]<br></li><li>South Africa [ZAF]</li><li>Sudan [SDN]</li><li>Uzbekistan [UZB]</li><li>Venezuela [VEN]</li></ul></div><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">April 2024</h2><ul><li>Cameroon [CMR]</li><li>China [CHN]</li><li>Congo, Democratic Republic of [COD]</li><li>Congo, Republic of [COG]</li><li>Gabon [GAB]</li><li>Indonesia [IDN]</li><li>Italy [ITA]</li><li>Malawi [MWI]</li><li>Mongolia [MNG]</li><li>Namibia [NAM] </li>
<li>Nepal [NPL]</li><li>Niger [NER]</li></ul></div><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">May 2024</h2><ul><li>Angola [AGO]</li><li>Cuba [CUB]</li><li>Djibouti [DJI]</li><li>Gambia [GMB] </li><li>Guyana [GUY]</li><li>India [IND]</li><li>Israel [ISR]</li><li>Jamaica [JAM] </li><li>Lebanon [LBN]</li><li>Mauritania [MRT] </li><li>Morocco [MAR] </li><li>Nigeria [NGA]</li><li>Palestine [PSE]</li><li>Spain [ESP]</li></ul></div><div class="col-md-3"><h2 class="h3">June 2024<br></h2><ul><li>Armenia [ARM]</li><li>Azerbaijan [AZE]</li><li>Belarus [BLR]</li><li>Bulgaria [BGR]</li><li>Burkina Faso [BFA]</li><li>Kazakhstan [KAZ]</li><li>Mali [MLI]</li><li>Netherlands [NLD]</li><li>Peru [PER]</li><li>Senegal [SEN]</li><li>Türkiye [TUR]</li><li>Ukraine [UKR]</li><li>Viet Nam [VNM]</li></ul></div></div>
<br><br>2024-03-07T13:50:48Z2024-03-07T13:50:48ZIRBhttp://www.irb-cisr.gc.caurn:uuid:7d4ac4de-df02-4121-b3b3-1d5f120e2599Error
<div class="note">
<p>An error was encountered handling your request and the page cannot be displayed.</p>
<p><a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/index.aspx">Please try again.</a></p>
</div>
2018-07-03T10:27:49Z2018-07-03T10:27:49ZIRBhttp://www.irb-cisr.gc.caurn:uuid:0c30a9b4-592a-43aa-9a95-dbc348db51cfRedirect Page<div><a href="/Publications/index_e.aspx?cid=16"><img alt="Back" src="/en/country-information/ndp/publishingImages/back_arrow.gif" /></a></div>
<div class="ms-rtestate-read ms-rte-wpbox" unselectable="on"><div id="div_cf096d09-7cd6-4c04-8571-a50bb2edfa83" class="ms-rtestate-notify ms-rtestate-read cf096d09-7cd6-4c04-8571-a50bb2edfa83" unselectable="on"></div>
<div id="vid_cf096d09-7cd6-4c04-8571-a50bb2edfa83" unselectable="on" style="display:none;"></div></div>
2018-07-03T10:27:53Z2018-07-03T10:27:53ZIRBhttp://www.irb-cisr.gc.caurn:uuid:71c256c2-ed27-41f3-b928-df3d303eeccdndpcndqc<p class="text-danger"> </p>
<div class="ms-rtestate-read ms-rte-wpbox" unselectable="on"><div id="div_9503db26-f725-4c9c-bde8-6e129fbd4874" class="ms-rtestate-notify ms-rtestate-read 9503db26-f725-4c9c-bde8-6e129fbd4874" unselectable="on"></div>
<div id="vid_9503db26-f725-4c9c-bde8-6e129fbd4874" unselectable="on" style="display:none;"></div></div>
2018-07-03T10:27:56Z2018-07-03T10:27:56ZGovernment of Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canadahttp://www.irb-cisr.gc.caurn:uuid:41e58050-4596-410b-9c4d-651dab9db200Issue Paper<p class="font-xlarge line-height-xlarge">
<strong>El Salvador: Information Gathering Mission Report - Part 2</strong></p><p class="font-xlarge">
<strong>The Situation of Women Victims of Violence and of Sexual Minorities in El Salvador</strong></p><p class="font-large line-height-xlarge">
<strong>September 2016</strong></p><p>Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa</p><p class="font-xsmall">All the sources of information contained in this document are identified and are publicly available</p><p class="font-xsmall">This Paper was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada based on approved notes from meetings with oral sources, publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This Paper is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee protection. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate.</p><h2>Table of Contents</h2><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#map">Map</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#gloss">Glossary</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#1intro">1. Introduction</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#2meth">2. Methodology</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#3over">3. Overview</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#4women">4. Women Victims of Violence</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#41">4.1 Situation</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#42">4.2 Statistics</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#43">4.3 Legislation</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#44">4.4 State Protection</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#441">4.4.1 Police and Judiciary</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#442">4.4.2 Special Courts</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#443">4.4.3 Awareness Campaigns</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#444">4.4.4 Effectiveness of State Protection</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#45">4.5 Support Services</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#451">4.5.1
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> (Comprehensive Support Centre for Women)</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#452">4.5.2 Shelters</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#453">4.5.3 Helplines</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#46">4.6 Possibility of Relocation and Traceability of Women Fleeing Violent Situations</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#5situa">5. Situation of Sexual Minorities</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#51">5.1 Situation</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#52">5.2 Statistics</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#53">5.3 Legislation</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#54">5.4 State Protection</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#55">5.5 Support Services</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#551">5.5.1 Shelters</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#552">5.5.2 Helplines</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#56">5.6 Possibility of Relocation and Traceability of LGBTI persons Fleeing Violent Situations</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#notes">Notes on Interlocutors</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#refer">References for Printed Sources</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#appen1">Appendix 1</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#appen2">Appendix 2</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#appen3">Appendix 3</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#appen4">Appendix 4</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#endno">Endnotes</a></li></ul>
<a id="map"></a>
<h2>Map</h2><p>
<img width="680" height="506" src="/en/country-information/ndp/PublishingImages/Salvador_Mission_Map.png" alt="" style="margin:5px;width:680px;height:506px;" /> </p><p>Source: United Nations (UN). May 2004. Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Cartographic Section. "<a title="Map of El Salvador" href="http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/elsalvad.pdf" rel="external">El Salvador</a>." [Accessed 10 June 2016]</p>
<a id="gloss"></a>
<h2>Glossary</h2><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>ACAP</li><li>Asylum Cooperation Action Plan<br><br></li><li>ALDES</li><li>
<span lang="es">Asistencia Legal para la Diversidad Sexual - El Salvador</span> (LGBTI Justice Clinic)<br><br></li><li>CEMUJER</li><li>Norma Virginia Guirola De Herrera Institute for Women's Studies (<span lang="es">Instituto de Estudios de la Mujer Norma Virginia Guirola de Herrera</span>)<br><br></li><li>
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span></li><li>Comprehensive Support Centre for Women<br><br></li><li>COMAR</li><li>
<span lang="es">Comisión Mexicana de Ayuda a Refugiados</span> (Mexican Commission for Refugee Aid)<br><br></li><li>CONASOJ</li><li>
<span lang="es">Coordinadora Nacional de Sindicatos y Asociaciones del Órgano Judicial</span> (National Coordinating Committee of Unions and Associations of Workers in the Judiciary)<br><br></li><li>CSJ-SP</li><li>
<span lang="es">Corte Suprema de Justicia, Sala de lo Penal</span> (Supreme Court of Justice, Criminal Chamber)<br><br></li><li>FESPAD</li><li>
<span lang="es">Fundación de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho</span> (Foundation for the Study of Applied Law)<br><br></li><li>FGR</li><li>
<span lang="es">Fiscalía General de la República</span> (Office of the Attorney General)<br><br></li><li>IGSP</li><li>
<span lang="es">Inspectoría General de Seguridad Pública</span> (Office of the Inspector General of Public Security)<br><br></li><li>IML</li><li>
<span lang="es">Instituto de Medicina Legal</span> (Legal Medicine Institute)<br><br></li><li>IRB</li><li>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada<br><br></li><li>IRCC</li><li>Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada<br><br></li><li>ISDEMU</li><li>
<span lang="es">Instituto Salvadoreño para el Desarrollo de la Mujer</span> (Salvadoran Institute for the Development of Women)<br><br></li><li>ORMUSA</li><li>
<span lang="es">Organización de Mujeres Salvadoreñas por la Paz</span> (Salvadoran Women's Organization for Peace)<br><br></li><li>PDDH</li><li>
<span lang="es">Procuraduría para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos</span> (Office of the Ombudsperson for the Defence of Human Rights)<br><br></li><li>PNC</li><li>
<span lang="es">Policía Nacional Civil</span> (National Civil Police)<br><br></li><li>RAD</li><li>Refugee Appeal Division<br><br></li><li>RPD</li><li>Refugee Protection Division<br><br></li><li>SRE</li><li>
<span lang="es">Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores</span> (Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs)<br><br></li><li>UNIMUJER-ODAC</li><li>
<span lang="es">Unidades Institucionales de Atención Especializada a las mujeres en Situación de Violencia de la Oficina de Denuncia y Atención Ciudadana</span> (Institutional Units for Specialized Assistance to Women Victims of Violence)<br><br></li><li>UNHCR</li><li>United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees<br><br></li><li>USCIS</li><li>United States Citizenship and Immigration Services<br><br></li></ul>
<a id="1intro"></a>
<h2>1. Introduction</h2><p>In 2013, Canada and the United States began working together to identify opportunities to establish new modes of cooperation in the areas of asylum and immigration; this collaboration is known as the Asylum Cooperation Action Plan (ACAP). The ACAP, through the department of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), approached the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) of Canada to seek the IRB's interest in supporting the capacity building activities to be undertaken in the Americas with the objective of improving asylum systems in the region. In May 2015, the Deputy Chairperson of the IRB's Refugee Protection Division (RPD) participated in a meeting between Canada, Mexico and the United States, where it was agreed that the IRB would undertake a number of activities to support the development of quality refugee status determination by Mexico. One of these activities involved IRB participation in a joint information-gathering mission (henceforth referred to as the "mission") to El Salvador, in conjunction with representatives from the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), the Mexican government's Commission for Refugee Aid (<span lang="es">Comisión Mexicana de Ayuda a Refugiados</span>, COMAR), and the Secretariat of Foreign Affairs (<span lang="es">Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores</span>, SRE) of Mexico, under the auspices of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Mexico and El Salvador. A representative of the Mexican Embassy in San Salvador also participated. The joint mission was carried out from 11 to 15 April 2016. Following the completion of the joint mission, the IRB conducted its own research for one further week in El Salvador. The purpose of this was to meet with additional expert sources not included in the joint mission agenda due to time constraints, to gather corroborating and contrasting information, and to enable the IRB's Research Directorate to develop new contacts, strengthen existing ones, and obtain information uniquely needed to support the IRB's decision-making on refugee status determination now or in the future.</p><p>The purpose of the mission to El Salvador was to gather information related to state efforts to combat crime; the structure of criminal gangs, their areas of operation, activities, and recruitment practices; the situation of gender-based and domestic violence against women; the situation of LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and/or intersex) people; and the efficacy of the police and judiciary to provide recourse to victims of crime, investigate and prosecute crimes. This report summarizes the information gathered by the representatives of the IRB during both the joint mission and during the IRB's additional week of research.</p><p>The IRB would like to thank the Embassy of Canada in San Salvador and the UNHCR offices in San Salvador and Mexico for providing logistical support and assistance during the mission.</p>
<a id="2meth"></a>
<h2>2. Methodology</h2><p>The mission consisted of a series of meetings with experts and officials from relevant governmental, non-governmental, academic, and research- focused organizations. For details on the organizations and individuals consulted during this mission, please refer to the section entitled Notes on Interlocutors at the end of this Paper. The interlocutors chosen as oral sources to be interviewed were identified by the delegation based on their position and expertise. However, the list of sources should not be considered exhaustive in terms of the scope and complexity of human rights issues in El Salvador, given the time constraints that the delegation had to undertake the mission. Meetings with interlocutors for the joint mission were coordinated by the office of the UNHCR in San Salvador and took place in the interlocutors' offices or at the UNHCR headquarters in San Salvador. Meetings with interlocutors for the IRB's second week were coordinated by the Canadian embassy in San Salvador and the UNHCR office in San Salvador; taking place at these locations or in the interlocutors' offices, with the exception of the interview with the Legal Office Assistance for Sexual Diversity in El Salvador (<span lang="es">Asistencia Legal Para La Diversidad Sexual El Salvador</span>, ALDES) which was conducted over the phone. All interviews were conducted in Spanish, with the exception of the one with ALDES which was conducted in English.</p><p>Interview questions posed to interlocutors were formulated in line with the Terms of Reference for the mission (see Appendix 1). Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured approach to adapt to the expertise of the interlocutor(s) being interviewed. The Terms of Reference were developed in consultation with joint mission participants, and the IRB's decision-makers from the Refugee Protection Division (RPD) and the Refugee Appeals Division (RAD). Interlocutors' responses to these questions varied depending on their willingness and preparedness to address them, and the length of time granted for the interview.</p><p>In accordance with the Research Directorate's methodology, which relies on publicly available information, interlocutors were advised that the information they provided would form the basis of a report on country conditions. This report would be publicly accessible and used by decision-makers adjudicating refugee claims in Canada. Furthermore, interlocutors were asked to consent to being cited by name for the information they provided.</p><p>This Paper is the second of two, separate Issue Papers that present the information gathered by the IRB during the mission to El Salvador. The first Paper examines the situation of crime, gangs, internal relocation, and state protection mechanisms available for victims of crime. This Paper will provide information about the situation of gender based and domestic violence against women, as well as the situation of LGBTI people, and the legal recourse available to them.</p><p>This Paper may be read in conjunction with several IRB publications, including Responses to Information Requests SLV105267 of 17 September 2015, SLV105266 of 15 September 2015, and SLV104903 of 16 July 2014.</p>
<a id="3over"></a>
<h2>3. Overview</h2><p>El Salvador has an estimated population of 6,141,350 people and a land area of approximately 20,721 square kilometers; approximately the size of New Jersey.<sup id="fn1-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn1"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>1</a></sup> The Central Intelligence Agency's
<em>World Factbook</em> provides the following information on age structure in El Salvador: 27.31 percent of the population are between 0 and 14 years of age (male 860,122/female 816,855), 20.71 percent are between 15 and 24 years of age (male 638,989/female 632,741), 38.1 percent are between 25 and 54 years of age (male 1,077,378 /female 1,262,585), 6.8 percent are between 55 and 64 years of age (male 186,570/female 230,939), and 7.09 percent of people are 65 years old and over (male 192,713/female 242,558). Many Salvadorans fled the country during the 1979-1992 civil war and sought refuge in the United States, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica. As of 2016, about 20 percent of the Salvadoran population lives abroad.<sup id="fn2-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn2"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>2</a></sup></p><p>A 2011 report on violence against women in El Salvador by the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women states that</p><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right:0px;">El Salvador has come a long way in institution-building and human rights protection since the end of the 12-year civil war and the signature of the peace accords in 1992. [...]</blockquote><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right:0px;">Despite the return to peace and the establishment of democratic institutions, there are high rates of poverty inequality and unemployment, together with alarming levels of crime, impunity and declining trust in public institutions, and significant challenges to the country's consolidation of democratic governance and human development. [...]</blockquote><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right:0px;">With a homicide rate of over 65 per 100,000 inhabitants - the highest rate in Central America [compared to 1.45 per 100,000 population in Canada in 2014<sup id="fn3-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn3"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>3</a></sup>] - and alarming levels of other expressions of violence, including injuries, robberies, extortions, and domestic and gender-based violence, El Salvador is considered to be among the most violent countries in the world today. The proliferation of small and light weapons and the actions of violent gangs (maras) contribute to such levels of violence. Homicide rates for women have also increased alarmingly in recent years and are currently the highest in the region.<sup id="fn4-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn4"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>4</a></sup></blockquote><p>The US Department of State's
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015</em> states that the main human rights problems in El Salvador, such as domestic violence, discrimination, sexual exploitation of women and children by armed groups and gangs, as well as discrimination and violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) persons have "stemmed from widespread corruption; [and] weaknesses in the judiciary and the security forces that contribute to high levels of impunity."<sup id="fn5-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn5"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>5</a></sup><em>The Guardian</em>, a London-based English language newspaper, reports that El Salvador is considered to be the "homicide capital of the world," with one murder every hour and a homicide rate of approximately 90 per 100,000 people in 2015, which makes it "almost 20 times deadlier than US and 90 times deadlier than [the] UK."<sup id="fn6-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn6"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>6</a></sup><em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em>, a San Salvador-based Spanish language newspaper, published a map of the most violent municipalities in El Salvador in 2015.<sup id="fn7-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn7"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>7</a></sup> The map is included in Appendix 2.</p><p>The US Department of State's
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015</em> notes that</p><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right:0px;">although the law prohibits discrimination based on gender, women suffered from cultural, economic, and societal discrimination. The law requires equal pay for equal work, but according to the 2014 World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Report, the average wage paid to women for comparable work was 55 percent of compensation paid to men. Men often received priority in job placement and promotions, and women did not receive equal treatment in traditionally male-dominated sectors, such as agriculture and business. Training was generally available for women only in low- and middle-wage occupations where women already held most positions, such as teaching, nursing, apparel assembly, home industry, and small business.<sup id="fn8-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn8"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>8</a></sup></blockquote>
<a id="4women"></a>
<h2>4. Women Victims of Violence</h2>
<a id="41"></a>
<h3>4.1 Situation</h3><p>The Law on Equality, Equity and Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (<em><span lang="es">Ley de Igualdad, Equidad y Erradicación de la Discriminación contra las Mujeres</span></em>) of 2011 promotes equality between men and women in education, employment and political participation, among other domains.<sup id="fn9-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn9"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>9</a></sup> However, according to the US Department of State's
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015</em>, women "did not enjoy equal treatment" in legal rights compared to men.<sup id="fn10-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn10"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>10</a></sup> According to the Norma Virginia Guirola De Herrera Institute for Women's Studies (<span lang="es">Instituto de Estudios de la Mujer Norma Virginia Guirola de Herrera</span>, CEMUJER), societal attitudes towards women are "sexist and misogynist" and "patriarchal," which foster the conditions that lead to violence against women. Interlocutors from the Salvadoran Women's Organization for Peace (<span lang="es">Organización de Mujeres Salvadoreñas por la Paz</span>, ORMUSA) and the government's Secretariat of Social Inclusion (Secretaría de Inclusión Social), reported that violence against women is a serious problem in El Salvador, including violence perpetrated by gang members and domestic violence. InSight Crime, an organization that analyzes and reports on organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean,<sup id="fn11-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn11"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>11</a></sup> reports that, according to an official from the UN Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) official,</p><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right:0px;">femicides linked to Central America's Mara gangs can be traced back to Los Angeles in the 1980s, where the Maras first arose. As the Maras developed, a new form of social cohesion arose – one which continues to be an essential trait of these groups today – in which the Maras became a gang member's true "family," while relatives became gang "property" …</blockquote><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right:0px;">Consequently, during disputes between gangs, women are frequently caught in the crossfire, with girlfriends, sisters and mothers targeted by rival gangs. In many cases, female relatives of imprisoned Mara members make easy targets for revenge killings, as the males are unable to protect them.</blockquote><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right:0px;">What's more, according to the Mara "code of honour," if a member betrays or abandons his own gang, their most vulnerable "possession" is attacked – which usually means the rape or murder of his sister or wife.<sup id="fn12-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn12"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>12</a></sup></blockquote><p>ORMUSA indicated that gang members control not only territories, but families living in those territories. Women are considered to be the "property" of gang members.<sup id="fn13-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn13"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>13</a></sup> Women and girls are forced to become girlfriends (<span lang="es">jainas</span>) of gang members; they cannot say "no" to a gang member, or they would be killed.<sup id="fn14-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn14"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>14</a></sup> There are cases of girls younger than 15 years old who are taken from their homes by gang members for 3 to 4 days, sexually abused and returned to their families. In some cases, mothers have to pay weekly extortion (<span lang="es">renta</span>) fees to gang members for them not to sexually abuse their daughters. Older women are forced to cook, clean and take care of the children of gang members.<sup id="fn15-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn15"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>15</a></sup> According to the representative of ORMUSA, young women are more affected by violence from gangs.</p><p>Gang members who are in prison continue to control the lives of their girlfriends.<sup id="fn16-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn16"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>16</a></sup> According to
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> women are forced to smuggle drugs into prisons and to collect extortion, among other activities.<sup id="fn17-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn17"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>17</a></sup> Women are obligated to visit gang members in prisons and they cannot be seen in a company of another man anywhere, otherwise they will be killed.<sup id="fn18-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn18"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>18</a></sup> ORMUSA noted that, although men are imprisoned, the interlocutors gave the opinion that it is "impossible to break the cycle of violence against women" because of the high incidence of domestic violence and the difficulties for them to leave their neighbourhoods.</p>
<a id="42"></a>
<h3>4.2 Statistics</h3><p>According to a 2016 article published by InSight Crime, El Salvador has the highest female murder rate in the world, with 8.9 homicides per 100,000 women in 2012 compared to 6.3 homicides per 100,000 women in Colombia, 5.3 in Brazil and 4.8 in Mexico.<sup id="fn19-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn19"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>19</a></sup> The Salvadoran Institute for the Development of Women (<span lang="es">Instituto Salvadoreño para el Desarrollo de la Mujer</span>, ISDEMU) indicated that in 2014, one woman was murdered every 40 hours and that in 2016, on average, one female was killed every 18 hours in the first four months. CEMUJER indicated that, in 2016, a woman is killed every 10 hours and a woman is sexually assaulted every 3 hours. A report on situation of violence against women in El Salvador published by ISDEMU states that, according to the data compiled by the National Civil Police (<span lang="es">Policía Nacional Civil</span>, PNC), the Office of the Attorney General (<span lang="es">Fiscalía General de la República</span>, FGR), and the Legal Medicine Institute (<span lang="es">Instituto de Medicina Legal</span>, IML), there were 1,062 violent deaths of women registered between January 2012 and June 2015. The same report notes that, between January and June 2015, the rate of violent women's deaths was 6.73 per 100,000 inhabitants.<sup id="fn20-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn20"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>20</a></sup></p><p>ISDEMU provided the following statistical information compiled by the PNC regarding violence against women in 2015, and between January and March 2016:</p><table>
<caption>
<strong>Violence Against Women, January 2015 - March 2016</strong><br></caption>
<thead><tr><td></td><th class="align-center" id="header9">January - December 2015</th><th class="align-center" id="header10">January - March 2016</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th class="align-left" id="header11">Femicides<sup id="fn21-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn21"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>21</a></sup></th><td class="align-center" headers="header9 header11">13</td><td class="align-center" headers="header10 header11">59</td></tr><tr><th class="align-left" id="header12">Homicides</th><td class="align-center" headers="header9 header12">53</td><td class="align-center" headers="header10 header12">118</td></tr><tr><th class="align-left" id="header13">Domestic violence</th><td class="align-center" headers="header9 header13">454</td><td class="align-center" headers="header10 header13">228</td></tr><tr><th class="align-left" id="header14">Sexual violence</th><td class="align-center" headers="header9 header11">105</td><td class="align-center" headers="header10 header11">89</td></tr><tr><th class="align-left" id="header15">Other violations of women's rights</th><td class="align-center" headers="header9 header12">72</td><td class="align-center" headers="header10 header12">74</td></tr><tr><th class="align-left" id="header16">Human trafficking</th><td class="align-center" headers="header9 header13">16</td><td class="align-center" headers="header10 header13">4</td></tr></tbody></table><p>ISDEMU indicated that the PNC reported that, between January and March 2016, the following departments had the highest rates of:</p><ul><li>Femicides: San Salvador, San Miguel, and Santa Ana;</li><li>Domestic violence: San Salvador, Usulután, and Cuscatlán; and</li><li>Sexual violence: San Salvador, La Libertad, Ahuachapán, and San Miguel.<sup id="fn22-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn22"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>22</a></sup></li></ul><p>Several interlocutors noted that violence against women and domestic violence are underreported in El Salvador.<sup id="fn23-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn23"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>23</a></sup> Women do not report violence to the authorities because of lack of confidence and the widespread belief that the criminal justice system is ineffective and that perpetrators were unlikely to be prosecuted.<sup id="fn24-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn24"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>24</a></sup> Women and young girls who are subjected to physical and sexual abuse by gang members are reluctant to report it because of fear of reprisal, as they can be seen by gang members as police informants.<sup id="fn25-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn25"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>25</a></sup></p>
<a id="43"></a>
<h3>4.3 Legislation</h3><p>The Special Comprehensive Law for a Violence-free Life for Women (<em><span lang="es">Ley Especial Integral para Una Vida Libre de Violencia para las Mujeres</span></em>), aimed at addressing violence against women, was passed in 2011 and came into effect on 1 January 2012.<sup id="fn26-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn26"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>26</a></sup> Article 2 of the Law defines women's rights and Article 57 outlines the procedural guarantees for women victims of violence.<sup id="fn27-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn27"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>27</a></sup> Article 2 refers to the enjoyment, exercise and protection of women's human rights, including "respect of their life and physical, psychological and moral integrity; respect for the dignity inherent in their person, and protection of their family; and freedom and personal safety," among others.<sup id="fn28-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn28"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>28</a></sup> Article 57 guarantees women who may be facing violence that their privacy shall be protected, they shall not be discriminated against, and they shall receive timely and proper help and protection from the PNC, among others.<sup id="fn29-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn29"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>29</a></sup> Article 2 and Article 57 are included in Appendix 3.</p><p>The Law Against Domestic Violence (<em><span lang="es">Ley contra la Violencia Intrafamiliar</span></em>) was enacted in 1996 and last amended in 2013.<sup id="fn30-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn30"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>30</a></sup> The Law Against Domestic Violence establishes mechanisms to prevent, punish, and eradicate domestic violence.<sup id="fn31-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn31"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>31</a></sup> Article 3 of the law defines domestic violence as [translation] "any act or omission, direct or indirect, which causes harm, physical, sexual, or psychological suffering, or death to members of the family."<sup id="fn32-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn32"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>32</a></sup> The protection measures provided by the Law as well as the responsibilities of the PNC upon notification are included in Appendix 4.</p>
<a id="44"></a>
<h3>4.4 State Protection</h3>
<a id="441"></a>
<h4>4.4.1 Police and Judiciary</h4><p>A representative of the Among Friends Association (<span lang="es">Asociación Entre Amigos</span>) indicated that crimes can be reported to authorities by phone, in person, or in writing. Other interlocutors also indicated that incidents of violence can be reported to the Attorney's General Office (<span lang="es">Fiscalía General de la República</span>, FGR), the PNC,<sup id="fn33-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn33"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>33</a></sup> or through
<em>
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span></em> (Comprehensive Support Centre for Women).<sup id="fn34-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn34"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>34</a></sup></p><p>ORMUSA indicated that there are special police units with staff qualified to assist women victims of violence, which are open 24 hours a day. These units are called Institutional Units for Specialized Assistance to Women Victims of Violence (<span lang="es">Unidades Institucionales de Atención Especializada a las Mujeres en Situación de Violencia</span>, UNIMUJER). There are 16 UNIMUJER units present in the following municipalities in the country: Puerto de La Libertad, Santa Tecla (La Libertad), El Pedregal (La Paz), Cojutepuque (Cuscatlán), San Salvador Norte (Apopa), San Salvador Centro, Sensuntepeque (Cabañas), Chalchuapa (Santa Ana), Jiquilisco (Usulután), Cantón Cara Sucia (municipality of San Francisco Méndez, Ahuachapán), Barrio Santuario (San Vicente), Chalatenango, San Juan Opico, Aguilares (San Salvador), Suchitoto (Cuscatlán), Ayutuxtepeque (San Salvador).<sup id="fn35-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn35"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>35</a></sup></p><p>However, ORMUSA noted that these units are monitored by gangs and women are afraid to go there to report domestic violence because gang members will perceive them as police informants providing information about gangs. ORMUSA pointed out that with a growing number of gangs, the number of domestic violence complaints has decreased as women fear to be considered as "informants" and therefore, prefer not to file complaints.</p>
<a id="442"></a>
<h4>4.4.2 Special Courts</h4><p>Interlocutors indicated that the establishment of specialized courts to oversee cases of violence against women was in progress.<sup id="fn36-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn36"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>36</a></sup> The first special court was scheduled to open in June 2016 and the other two in January 2017.<sup id="fn37-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn37"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>37</a></sup></p><p>Decree 286 of 2016 establishes the creation of specialized courts that will deal with cases of domestic violence and violence against women, as well as oversee compliance with protection measures established by the law.<sup id="fn38-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn38"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>38</a></sup> According to the Decree, the specialized courts will be created in the following municipalities:</p><ul><li>San Salvador, which will have jurisdiction over the departments of San Salvador, La Libertad, Chalatenango, La Paz, Cabañas, Cuscatlán, and San Vicente;</li><li>Santa Ana, with jurisdiction over the departments of Santa Ana, Ahuachapán, and Sonsonate; and</li><li>San Miguel, with jurisdiction over the departments of Usulután, San Miguel, La Unión, and Morazán.<sup id="fn39-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn39"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>39</a></sup></li></ul><p>According to the Chief Justice of the Criminal Chamber of Supreme Court of Justice (<span lang="es">Corte Suprema de Justicia, Sala de lo Penal</span>, CSJ-SP), these specialized courts will have psychologists, lawyers, social workers, and educators to assist in protective measures ordered by the court and assist in collection of evidence.</p>
<a id="443"></a>
<h4>4.4.3 Awareness Campaigns</h4><p>According to a report on violence against women provided to the Research Directorate by a representative of ISDEMU, between July 2014 and June 2015, the government conducted several awareness campaigns across the country in order to prevent violence against women.<sup id="fn40-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn40"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>40</a></sup> For example, the Ministry of Justice conducted a campaign focusing on prevention of violence against women between July 2014 and December 2015 in 10 municipalities of the country: Santa Tecla, San Salvador, San Miguel, Santa Ana, Soyapango, La Unión, Mejicanos, Ciudad Delgado, Acajutla, and San Martin.<sup id="fn41-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn41"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>41</a></sup> The campaign allowed local government authorities to develop their own plans focusing on prevention of violence against women.<sup id="fn42-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn42"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>42</a></sup></p>
<a id="444"></a>
<h4>4.4.4 Effectiveness of State Protection</h4><p>Several interlocutors noted that there are problems in the implementation of laws regarding violence against women in El Salvador.<sup id="fn43-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn43"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>43</a></sup> ORMUSA stated that after the implementation of the 1996 Law Against Domestic Violence, last amended in 2013, violence against women did not decline. Also, the Special Comprehensive Law for a Violence-free Life for Women, which explicitly recognized four components: prevention, care, prosecution, and punishment, and mandated the establishment of special services for women in public institutions, has not been properly implemented.<sup id="fn44-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn44"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>44</a></sup> Some judges, for example, have deemed the law as [translation] "unconstitutional" and "deliberately" refuse to implement it because they claim that it "unequally protects women with respect to men."<sup id="fn45-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn45"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>45</a></sup> The Vice-minister of Justice and Public Security indicated that the Special Comprehensive Law for a Violence-free Life for Women [translation] "faced many obstacles of a cultural nature because some judges are not aware and updated on these rights, and cultural issues such as machismo persist and that became a bulwark in its implementation." CEMUJER indicated that a "sexist bias" prevail among state institutions such as the PNC, the FGR, and the judiciary. Police authorities are overwhelmed with cases related to gang violence; thus cases of domestic violence or violence against women are not a priority.<sup id="fn46-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn46"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>46</a></sup> Interlocutors pointed out that women do not have confidence in authorities to file complaints with them.<sup id="fn47-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn47"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>47</a></sup></p><p>ORMUSA indicated that impunity for gender-based violence remains a problem and the government does not take steps to improve the situation. The Secretariat of Social Inclusion similarly stated that there are high levels of impunity in El Salvador regarding violence against women and domestic violence. ORMUSA indicated that some prosecutors register femicides as deaths in connection to the indictable crime of "illicit associations" or other "less serious crimes." According to investigations conducted by ORMUSA at prosecutors' offices, 10 out of 11 femicides committed by gang members were registered as previously mentioned. Also, out of 978 cases of violence against women reported in 2014, only 4 resulted in convictions.<sup id="fn48-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn48"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>48</a></sup> Among Friends Association stated that officials of the PNC and the FGR often re-victimize persons reporting a crime. For example, some police officers and prosecutors blame women for provoking an assault. ORMUSA estimated that 70 percent of the prosecutors do not have training in dealing with violence against women.<sup id="fn49-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn49"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>49</a></sup></p><p>The Office of the Ombudsperson for the Defence of Human Rights (<span lang="es">Procuraduría para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos</span>, PDDH) stated that FGR does not have resources or the capacity to investigate all the complaints they receive. The judiciary and the police are very weak in El Salvador and there is lack of trust in the judicial system and the police.<sup id="fn50-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn50"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>50</a></sup> Similarly, the Chief Justice of the Criminal Chamber of Supreme Court of Justice stated that the justice system faces challenges such as lack of administrative and economic resources, lack of adequate investigations by prosecutors, and corruption among judges. Other interlocutors also indicated that judicial corruption was a problem in El Salvador.<sup id="fn51-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn51"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>51</a></sup> Only 5 to 7 percent of all complaints made before authorities result in conviction.<sup id="fn52-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn52"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>52</a></sup></p><p>Sources indicated that communities consider gangs as an authority and turn to the gang instead of the police.<sup id="fn53-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn53"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>53</a></sup><span lang="es">El Faro</span> provided an example of a gang leader solving a domestic violence case by forcing the abusive husband to stop his abuse towards the wife and to pay child support.</p>
<a id="45"></a>
<h3>4.5 Support Services</h3>
<a id="451"></a>
<h4>4.5.1
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> (Comprehensive Support Centre for Women)</h4><p>Several interlocutors indicated that
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> is a "good" model of services for women provided by different governmental institutions within one space.<sup id="fn54-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn54"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>54</a></sup> A Secretariat of Social Inclusion publication on
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> indicates that these centres are an initiative of the government of El Salvador with four fundamental pillars: "a comprehensive approach to gender based violence, sexual and reproductive health for women, economic empowerment for women, and dissemination and promotion of women's fundamental rights."<sup id="fn55-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn55"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>55</a></sup><span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> centres provide the following services:</p><ul><li>Community education: workshops and conferences on themes such as sexual and reproductive rights (including prenatal and postnatal care, and family planning), access to housing, family law (including alimony and inheritance), labour law, gender-based violence, political participation, literacy, and access to banking.</li><li>Sexual and reproductive health: services provided by specialists in areas such as internal medicine, pediatrics, dentistry, gynecology, obstetrics and family planning, prenatal and postnatal care, prevention of sexually transmitted diseases, and reproductive health for adolescents.</li><li>Economic empowerment: job training, and access to "economic and financial literacy" though micro-credit.</li><li>Attention to gender based violence: crisis intervention, advocacy, and support groups.</li><li>A childcare lounge: childcare services provided to women "to move properly throughout the different services they require" at the centres.<sup id="fn56-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn56"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>56</a></sup></li></ul><p>Services in the centres are provided exclusively by women.<sup id="fn57-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn57"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>57</a></sup> The first
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> centre was opened in 2011, and there are six
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> centres in El Salvador in the following municipalities:</p><ul><li>Colón (provides services to the municipalities of Armenia, Ciudad Arce, Colón, Jayaque, Sacacoyo, San Juan Opico, Talnique, and Tepecoyo, and has an estimated coverage of 162,000 women);</li><li>Usulután (covers the municipalities of Concepción Batres, Ereguayquín, Ozatlán, San Dionisio, Santa Elena, Santa María, and Usulután, and has an estimated coverage of 75,000 women);</li><li>Santa Ana (covers the municipalities of Chalchuapa, Coatepeque, El Porvenir, San Sebastián Salitrillo, and Santa Ana, and has a "potential" coverage of 200,000 women);</li><li>San Martín (covers the municipalities of Ilopango, San Martín, Soyapango, Tonacatepeque, Oratorio de Concepción, San Bartolomé Perulapía, and San Pedro Perulapán, and benefits approximately 300,000 women);</li><li>San Miguel (covers the municipalities of Chinameca, Lolotique, Moncagua, Nueva Guadalupe, Quelepa, and San Miguel, and benefits approximately 157,000 women); and</li><li>Morazán, which "will be opened soon" (will provide coverage to 46,000 women in the municipalities of Chilanga, El Divisadero, Guatajiagua, Jocoro, Lolotiquillo, San Carlos, San Francisco Gotera, Sensembra, Sociedad, and Yamabal).<sup id="fn58-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn58"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>58</a></sup></li></ul><p>Between 2011 and April 2016, the Ciudad Mujer centres provided assistance to more than 45,000 women.<sup id="fn59-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn59"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>59</a></sup></p><p>Women victims of domestic violence, rape, and sexual harassment can access services of the following government institutions in the
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> centres: ISDEMU, FGR, IML, PNC, and the Ministry of Public Health, among others.<sup id="fn60-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn60"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>60</a></sup> Interlocutors noted that
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> centres do not provide shelter for women with ties to gangs<sup id="fn61-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn61"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>61</a></sup> or who are under 18 years old.<sup id="fn62-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn62"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>62</a></sup> Interlocutors also pointed out that
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> centres operate only between 8:00 a.m. and 3:30 p.m.,<sup id="fn63-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn63"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>63</a></sup> leaving women without help on weekends and during the night hours.<sup id="fn64-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn64"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>64</a></sup> According to the Secretariat of Social Inclusion,
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> centres do not operate outside these hours due to the lack of funding and resources.</p>
<a id="452"></a>
<h4>4.5.2 Shelters</h4><p>The Special Comprehensive Law for Violence-free Life for Women established the creation of shelters supervised by the ISDEMU.<sup id="fn65-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn65"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>65</a></sup> According to Article 26 of the law, the shelters "provide services for women and their affected family members who are in conditions of risk and vulnerability created by violent situations."<sup id="fn66-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn66"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>66</a></sup> Interlocutors indicated that there are two government shelters in El Salvador: one for women victims of domestic violence and one for women victims of human trafficking.<sup id="fn67-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn67"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>67</a></sup> Both shelters are run by ISDEMU.<sup id="fn68-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn68"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>68</a></sup> ISDEMU indicated that the shelter for women victims of domestic violence can accommodate 15 women with their children for a period of time from two to twelve months, and the shelter for trafficked women can accommodate women for up to three years. However, according to ORMUSA, both shelters accommodate women only for up to 5 days.</p><p>According to ISDEMU, shelters accept women with girls less than 18 years old and boys under 9 years old. Boys aged 9 years or older are not accepted due to "possible [gang-related] violence or aggression." These boys can be housed in a private shelter.<sup id="fn69-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn69"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>69</a></sup> ORMUSA also noted that women who require medical attention cannot be admitted to the shelters. Interlocutors indicated that women are not admitted to government shelters if they have ties to gang members<sup id="fn70-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn70"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>70</a></sup> or organized crime.<sup id="fn71-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn71"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>71</a></sup> In these cases, ISDEMU assists them in finding a private shelter.<sup id="fn72-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn72"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>72</a></sup> ISDEMU could not comment on the number of private shelters available in the country, but noted that some of the private shelters are run by religious organizations. ORMUSA noted that while it is helpful for women victims of violence to find temporary living accommodation with support networks, including family members or friends, interlocutors expressed the concern that there were not enough services offered to women victims of violence in the country.</p>
<a id="453"></a>
<h4>4.5.3 Helplines</h4><p>ISDEMU runs a 24/7 free telephone help line called Line 126 (Línea 126)<sup id="fn73-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn73"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>73</a></sup> for women victims of domestic, physical, sexual, psychological, and economic violence, or sexual harassment.<sup id="fn74-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn74"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>74</a></sup></p>
<a id="46"></a>
<h3>4.6 Possibility of Relocation and Traceability of Women Fleeing Violent Situations</h3><p>On the question of whether a woman facing threats from a former spouse or partner could relocate to another part of the country, several sources indicated that it would be very difficult for women to relocate.<sup id="fn75-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn75"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>75</a></sup> For example, a woman from San Salvador moving to Santa Ana or San Miguel will face problems finding employment because the employment situation for women in those places is precarious. Women earn 25 percent less than men, 60 percent of women are employed in the informal sector, and they have less access to social services. Women's economic status does not allow them to move to another apartment or buy another house, and the government does not provide welfare services specifically for women.<sup id="fn76-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn76"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>76</a></sup> Moreover, it would be difficult for women to move to another neighbourhood because of territorial control by gang members, as she might be perceived to be associated with a rival gang.<sup id="fn77-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn77"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>77</a></sup></p><p>Regarding the traceability of women fleeing their partners, interlocutors indicated that it is easy to locate someone who moved to another part of the country.<sup id="fn78-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn78"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>78</a></sup> According to the Inspector General of Public Safety (<span lang="es">Inspector General de Seguridad Pública</span>, IGSP), it is possible for a person to move to another part of the country when that person was victim or witness of a crime, however if the perpetrator wants to find the victim, it is "very possible that he will." ORMUSA indicated that aggressors could track women using various methods, such as asking family members or third parties, including colleagues from work, or through the officials, because of the widespread corruption. ORMUSA stated that for a woman who is being pursued after fleeing a violent situation, it is "easy to find a woman in the capital and even easier to locate someone in rural areas."<sup id="fn79-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn79"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>79</a></sup> The Foundation for the Study of Applied Law (<span lang="es">Fundación de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho</span>, FESPAD) stated that, according to them, it is "easy" to identify a new person in the community because communities are closed off to outsiders and the person will be asked by the gang that operates in the place where she arrives to produce their identification (<span lang="es">Documento Único de Identidad</span>, DUI) in order to identify where they come from and which gang is in control of that territory.<sup id="fn80-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn80"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>80</a></sup> Interlocutors noted that gangs have an efficient nationwide network of contacts<sup id="fn81-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn81"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>81</a></sup> and "sophisticated communications systems."<sup id="fn82-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn82"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>82</a></sup> Dr. Mauricio Gaborit, Professor of Social Psychology at the Central American University "José Simeón Cañas," expressed an opinion that when a person leaves a neighborhood controlled by a gang and moves to another area, the gang can locate that person in less than 24 hours. If a person moves to a neighbourhood with the same gang, the gang members will know if he or she had a problem with the gang in the original neighbourhood. If the person moves to a neighbourhood where a different gang controls the territory, he or she will be perceived as the enemy and might be killed.<sup id="fn83-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn83"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>83</a></sup></p>
<a id="5situa"></a>
<h2>5. Situation of Sexual Minorities</h2>
<a id="51"></a>
<h3>5.1 Situation</h3><p>Several interlocutors indicated that LGBTI persons in El Salvador are discriminated against, ill-treated, marginalized,<sup id="fn84-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn84"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>84</a></sup> and persecuted.<sup id="fn85-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn85"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>85</a></sup> The Salvadoran Red Cross indicated that social violence affects the LGBTI population. The LGBTI Justice Clinic (<span lang="es">Asistencia Legal para la Diversidad Sexual</span>/LGBTI, ALDES) stated that due to marginalization and discrimination, which includes family members and the society at large, LGBTI persons face obstacles when trying to access education at schools, employment, and health care. They also face obstacles accessing housing as landlords refuse to rent them a place.<sup id="fn86-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn86"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>86</a></sup> The Among Friends Association noted that in order to secure employment, LGBTI individuals must hide their gender identity or sexual orientation. The Organization for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights of LGBTI Persons (<span lang="es">Organización para la Promoción y Defensa de los DDHH de la Población</span> LGBTI, COMCAVIS-TRANS) similarly stated that transgender persons are four times more discriminated than women, and they also face problems when trying to access education, banking and credit, and employment in the private and public sectors. Employment for transgendered persons is limited, and is usually in sex work, and as street vendors and hairdressers. In 2015, three LGBTI persons committed suicide because of lack of family or state support. LGBTI persons are also the object of police ill-treatment and harassment, extortion, physical violence, sexual violence, and physical and psychological violence. They are also forced by gangs to smuggle illegal goods and drugs into prisons.<sup id="fn87-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn87"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>87</a></sup></p><p>According to ALDES, LGBTI persons organize an annual gay pride parade in El Salvador, and organize vigils, protests, and press conferences to communicate their situation at a "larger scale," although society is hostile toward them. ALDES also noted that there are some clubs and bars for LGBTI persons, and they hold entertainment events, but these are known only within the LGBTI community as they prefer to keep a lower profile in order to prevent anti-LGBTI or homophobic people from appearing.</p>
<a id="52"></a>
<h3>5.2 Statistics</h3><p>Interlocutors indicated that there is a lack of statistical information on violence against LGBTI persons in El Salvador.<sup id="fn88-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn88"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>88</a></sup> According to the Among Friends Association, when an LGBTI person files a complaint, authorities identify in the complaint the type of crime committed but not the sexual orientation of the victim, even though the form includes an information field to indicate the sexual orientation of the victim. COMCAVIS- TRANS similarly stated that the FGR only has statistical information on the gender of the victim and not the victims' sexual orientation for cases committed against LGBTI persons. COMCAVIS-TRANS indicated that it has documented more than 600 cases of killings of LGBTI persons between 1993 and April 2016, but authorities have not investigated any of these cases. A report produced by
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> indicates that human rights organizations have denounced that from 1995, more than 500 LGBTI persons have been killed and none of these crimes have been investigated.<sup id="fn89-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn89"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>89</a></sup> The Trans Murder Monitoring project, a research project by Transgender Europe and the academic journal on LGBT issues,
<em>Liminalis</em>, that "systematically monitors, collects and analyses reports of homicides of trans and gender-diverse people worldwide,"<sup id="fn90-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn90"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>90</a></sup> states that in El Salvador, there have been 27 transgendered persons reported murdered between 2008 and 2016; including 3 in 2014, 7 in 2015, and 5 in 2016.<sup id="fn91-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn91"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>91</a></sup></p><p>Several sources noted that LGBTI individuals do not have confidence in the authorities and do not report crimes committed against them,<sup id="fn92-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn92"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>92</a></sup> and when they report it with the PNC and the FGR, these authorities do not take their complaints.<sup id="fn93-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn93"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>93</a></sup> The Among Friends Association provided the "recent" example of a transgender woman who was shot several times at a convenience store. The transgender person received adequate treatment at the hospital but the PNC was never called by the hospital. Days later, when the transgender person went to file a complaint, authorities refused to take it.<sup id="fn94-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn94"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>94</a></sup></p>
<a id="53"></a>
<h3>5.3 Legislation</h3><p>A report published by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) in May 2016, entitled
<em>State-sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Sexual Orientation Laws: Criminalisation, Protection and Recognition</em>, indicates that same-sex acts in El Salvador have been legal since the 1800s.<sup id="fn95-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn95"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>95</a></sup> Same-sex marriage is not recognized, and Article 33 of the Constitution of El Salvador defines family relations as the "stable union of a man and a woman."<sup id="fn96-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn96"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>96</a></sup> Interlocutors noted that El Salvador has made some progress in the area of protection of rights of LGBTI persons. Decree No. 56 (<em><span lang="es">Decreto No. 56</span></em>) issued on 12 May 2010, prohibits discrimination based on grounds of gender identity and sexual orientation.<sup id="fn97-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn97"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>97</a></sup> The Decree states that:</p><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right:0px;">[translation]<br><br>Art. 1.- All forms of discrimination on grounds of gender identity and/or sexual orientation are prohibited in the activities of the public administration.<br><br>Art. 2.- For purposes of this Decree, the institutions and other bodies that make up the public administration are prohibited from:<br><br>a) engaging in any act or practice that directly or indirectly constitutes a form of discrimination on grounds of gender identity and/or sexual orientation; and, b) fostering, encouraging, defending or supporting any act or practice that directly or indirectly promotes the non-acceptance of a specific person or groups of persons, and that incites discrimination or the practice of hostile actions against such persons on grounds of gender identity and/or sexual orientation.<br><br>Art. 3.- The heads of the various agencies and bodies that make up the public administration must carry out an exhaustive review of the policies, programs and projects that pertain to them, and adopt or propose the corrective actions required if, in the design or practical implementation of the same, there are actions or practices that directly or indirectly constitute or that could generate any form of discrimination on grounds of gender identity and/or sexual orientation.<br><br>One of the criteria they shall use to evaluate the performance of their personnel will be adherence to the provisions of this Decree.<br><br>Art. 4.- The heads of the various agencies and bodies that make up the public administration must ensure the creation of a culture of respect and tolerance within the activities carried out by such agencies and bodies, regardless of the gender identity and/or sexual orientation of a person.<sup id="fn98-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn98"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>98</a></sup></blockquote><p>The Criminal Code was also amended to address "hate crimes."<sup id="fn99-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn99"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>99</a></sup> It includes, as special aggravating circumstances, threats motivated by [translation] "racial, ethnic, religious, [and] political hatred," as well as by the sexual "identity, gender expression or sexual orientation."<sup id="fn100-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn100"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>100</a></sup> The Criminal Code establishes a punishment of between three and six years of imprisonment for hate crimes based on sexual orientation.<sup id="fn101-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn101"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>101</a></sup></p><p>However, Among Friends Association indicated that El Salvador has "a very impressive legal framework, but its application is inefficient." COMCAVIS-TRANS indicated that there were no comprehensive laws protecting LGBTI persons in El Salvador, and those that exist are not implemented by authorities. For example, some public officials have indicated that current legislation does not oblige them to apply Decree No. 56, leaving it to their discretion whether they decide whether to apply it or not.<sup id="fn102-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn102"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>102</a></sup> ALDES similarly indicated that Decree No. 56 only applies to government workers, but there are no sanctions for officials who do not apply it. Violent crimes against LGBTI persons are not registered as "hate crimes," as per the Criminal Code amendment.<sup id="fn103-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn103"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>103</a></sup> When a LGBTI person is killed, for example, the FGR registers it as a homicide and does not investigate the circumstances of the crime that could provide evidence of the special aggravating circumstances outlined in the Criminal Code and, this way, obtain the maximum sentence possible. To date, there have been no crimes registered as a "hate crime."<sup id="fn104-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn104"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>104</a></sup> Among Friends Association also indicated that the Law Against Domestic Violence does not apply to same sex couples, and that laws protecting women from violence do not apply to lesbian couples.</p>
<a id="54"></a>
<h3>5.4 State Protection</h3><p>In order to file a complaint, LGBTI persons victims of violence can contact the PNC, the FGR, or call the emergency numbers 911 and 913.<sup id="fn105-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn105"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>105</a></sup> Police abuse can be reported to the PDDH.<sup id="fn106-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn106"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>106</a></sup></p><p>Interlocutors indicated that there were cases of police abuse against LGBTI persons.<sup id="fn107-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn107"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>107</a></sup> Both Among Friends Association and COMCAVIS- TRANS noted that they have provided training to police officers on human rights related to LGBTI persons.<sup id="fn108-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn108"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>108</a></sup> According to the representative of COMCAVIS-TRANS, five transgendered women left the country in 2016 because they suffered police beatings, and physical and sexual assaults from police officers. Among Friends Association provided an example of police abuse reported to the PDDH by an LGBTI individual, in which case a police officer was tried, but not punished for the offence.</p><p>COMCAVIS-TRANS and ALDES indicated that police officers and prosecutors do not investigate cases of violence against LGBTI persons. Incidents of violence against LGBTI persons are not a priority for prosecutors or police officers because they are overwhelmed with cases of violence related to gangs.<sup id="fn109-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn109"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>109</a></sup> LGBTI persons also do not have confidence in the authorities<sup id="fn110-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn110"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>110</a></sup> and most LGBTI crimes are not reported because LGBTI people are not taken seriously by authorities.<sup id="fn111-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn111"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>111</a></sup> ALDES emphasized that an investigative structure in El Salvador exists, but it is not functioning. Sources provided the example of Tania Vásquez, a transgender woman who was killed in 2013 and whose case has not been solved.<sup id="fn112-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn112"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>112</a></sup> Authorities promised a full investigation report for May 2014, but, to date, no report has been delivered.<sup id="fn113-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn113"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>113</a></sup> ALDES indicated that, "supposedly," there is a report prepared by the PNC, but "no one has access to that report and no one knows what is in the report." COMCAVIS-TRANS pointed out that lack of state protection, gang violence, and lack of support, increased migration of LGBTI persons. The representative of Among Friends Association indicated that their organization operates in San Salvador, Chalatenango, Cuscatlán, and Cabañas, coordinating with state institutions in the provision of services to LGBTI persons to minimize displacement. However, the representative also indicated that "it is difficult to tell [a LGBTI person] to remain in the neighbourhood and not migrate as there is no state protection in the country."<sup id="fn114-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn114"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>114</a></sup></p>
<a id="55"></a>
<h3>5.5 Support Services</h3>
<a id="551"></a>
<h4>5.5.1 Shelters</h4><p>Interlocutors indicated that there were no shelters for LGBTI person in El Salvador.<sup id="fn115-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn115"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>115</a></sup> COMCAVIS-TRANS specified that there are neither public nor private shelters for LGBTI persons. COMCAVIS-TRANS indicated that private shelters refuse to admit persons from the LGBTI community.</p>
<a id="552"></a>
<h4>5.5.2 Helplines</h4><p>The website of the Presidency of the Republic of El Salvador indicates that the Secretariat of Social Inclusion launched the 24/7 call center "131" that provides to LBGTI persons psychological and emotional assistance, as well as information and guidance on their rights.<sup id="fn116-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn116"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>116</a></sup> However, interlocutors noted that the hotline does not operate during night hours or on the weekends<sup id="fn117-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn117"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>117</a></sup> when most cases of violence against LGBTI individuals occur.<sup id="fn118-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn118"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>118</a></sup></p>
<a id="56"></a>
<h3>5.6 Possibility of Relocation and Traceability of LGBTI persons Fleeing Violent Situations</h3><p>According to interlocutors, it was very difficult for an LGBTI individual to move to another part of the country.<sup id="fn119-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn119"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>119</a></sup> Territorial control by the gang members makes it difficult for people to relocate within El Salvador.<sup id="fn120-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn120"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>120</a></sup> According to ALDES, LGBTI person moving to another part of the country will face societal discrimination, as well as other gang groups. Several interlocutors pointed out that El Salvador is a small country and it is very easy to locate a person who has moved to another part of the country.<sup id="fn121-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn121"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>121</a></sup> In addition, gangs have very good methods of communication between them and can easily locate a person.<sup id="fn122-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn122"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>122</a></sup> COMCAVIS-TRANS provided the example of a gay person in San Miguel who was threatened by his cousin, a gang member who had been detained by the police, and who asked him to pay for his lawyer. When the cousin and his clique learned that he refused to the request, the clique went after the gay person's roommate, a transgender woman; the gang members extracted one of her eyes as a sign of what could happen to him if he did not pay for the lawyer. The gay person moved to San Salvador but was later found by the gang and he had to leave for Mexico with the Assistance of COMCAVIS-TRANS, where he was granted an humanitarian visa.. In most cases, it is hard for LGBTI persons to find a job and they are unable to move to "safer" neighborhoods because they do not have the economic capacity to do so.<sup id="fn123-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn123"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>123</a></sup> For more information on possibility of relocation, see Section 3.6 of this Report. For information on gangs in El Salvador, see Part 1 of this information-gathering mission report, as well as Response to Information Request SLV104900.</p>
<a id="notes"></a>
<h2>Notes on Interlocutors</h2><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Asistencia Legal para la Diversidad Sexual - El Salvador</span>, ALDES (LGBTI Justice Clinic)</strong></li><li>ALDES is an NGO based in San Salvador that promotes "the health, security, dignity and human rights of the LGBTI community in El Salvador through the legal empowerment of LGBTI individuals." On 18 April 2016, the Research Directorate conducted a telephone interview with Dr. Ana Montano, a lawyer with ALDES.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Asociación Entre Amigos</span> (Among Friends Association)</strong></li><li>Asociación Entre Amigos is an NGO founded in 1994 in San Salvador. The NGO focuses on the promotion of human rights for LGBTI community and persons with HIV. It provides legal assistance to the LGBTI community in San Salvador, Chalatenango, Cuscatlán, and Cabañas. On 18 April 2016, the Research Directorate met with William Hernández, Director.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Coordinadora Nacional de Sindicatos y Asociaciones del Órgano Judicial</span>, CONASOJ (National Coordinating Committee of Unions and Association of Workers in the Judiciary)</strong></li><li>CONASOJ is an umbrella organization of 10 organizations that advocates for the rights of workers in the judicial system. On 12 April 2016, the joint mission met with Roswal Solórzano, National Coordinator.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Corte Suprema de Justicia, Sala de lo Penal</span>, CSJ-SP (Supreme Court of Justice, Criminal Chamber)</strong></li><li>The CSJ-SP hears appeals on criminal cases sentenced on second instance by the District Criminal Court. Other functions include supporting the modernization of the judicial system, and presiding over the board of directors of the Legal Medicine Institute (<span lang="es">Instituto de Medicina Legal</span>, IML). On 14 April 2016, the joint mission met with Justice Doris Luz Rivas Galindo, Chief Justice of the CSJ-SP.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Cruz Roja Salvadoreña</span> (Salvadoran Red Cross)</strong></li><li>The Salvadoran Red Cross provides assistance to victims of natural disasters, national emergencies, and violations of human rights. Two years ago they launched a project to assist victims of violence with the support of the Spanish Red Cross and the European Union. It also provides assistance to victims of internal displacement and coordinates with other entities to provide assistance to victims of gender violence. On 19 April 2016, the Research Directorate conducted held a meeting with Amanda Castro, Coordinator of the Unit for the Assistance to Victims of Social Violence.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">El Faro</span></strong></li><li>
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> is an electronic newspaper based in La Libertad that does investigative journalism on issues such as corruption, organized crime, migration, culture, and human rights. Carlos Martínez, journalist and founder of
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>, has researched gangs in El Salvador and to some extent in Guatemala for the past five years. On 14 April 2016, the joint mission conducted an interview with Carlos Martínez, Journalist and Founder; Daniel Valencia, Editor; and Fred Ramos, Photojournalist.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Fundación Cristosal</span> (Foundation Cristosal)</strong></li><li>Foundation Cristosal is an independent, Episcopal non-profit organization that works on issues related to forced displacement due to violence and the protection of victims. On 11 April 2016, the joint mission held a meeting with Celia Medrano, Chief Program Officer.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Fundación de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho</span>, FESPAD (Foundation for the Study of Applied Law)</strong></li><li>FESPAD is an organization that promotes constitutional and democratic state building and the rule of law. It also promotes the protection of human rights on the basis of the dignity, freedom and equality of the human person, through the knowledge and application of the law and contributes to the development of just and democratic societies. It is dedicated to labour rights, criminal justice, and the prevention of violence against children, youth, women, and LGBTI people. On 19 April 2016, the Research Directorate held a meeting with Abraham Abrego, Executive Director.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Inspectoría General de Seguridad Pública</span>, IGSP (Office of the Inspector General of Public Security)</strong></li><li>The IGSP is the government agency responsible for overseeing the PNC and the National Academy of Public Security (<span lang="es">Academia Nacional de Seguridad Pública</span>, ANSP). The IGSP works under the authority of the Minister of Justice and Public Security. On 11 April 2016, the joint mission met with Tito Edmundo Zelada Mejía, Inspector General.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Instituto de Estudios de la Mujer Norma Virginia Guirola de Herrera</span>, CEMUJER (Norma Virginia Guirola De Herrera Institute for Women's Studies)</strong></li><li>CEMUJER is a center for women's studies founded in 1990. It is a feminist NGO focusing on promotion of human rights for women, children, and young adults. On 18 April 2016, the Research Directorate met with Ima Rocío Guirola, Representative.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Instituto Salvadoreño para el Desarrollo de la Mujer</span>, ISDEMU (Salvadoran Institute for the Development of Women)</strong></li><li>ISDEMU was created in February 1996. ISDEMU is a government agency responsible for formulating, directing, implementing and monitoring compliance with national policies on women, as well as promoting women's rights. Its highest authority is the Board of Directors, which is chaired by the Secretariat of Social Inclusion. On 14 April 2016, the joint mission met with Yanira Argueta, Executive Director.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>Dr. Mauricio Gaborit, Professor of Social Psychology, Central American University "José Simeón Cañas"</strong></li><li>Dr. Gaborit specializes in violence, social cognition, gender, and historical memory. He has published extensively on these areas as well as on migration in Central America. Among his publications are "<span lang="es">Recalibrando la mirada al pasado: reconciliación y perdón en el posconflicto</span>" [Reassessing A Look at the Past: Reconciliation and Forgiveness in the Post-conflict] in
<em>
<span lang="es">Estudios Centroamericanos</span></em> (2015), "Psychological Homelessness and Enculturative Stress among US-Deported Salvadorans: A Preliminary Study with a Novel Approach" in
<em>Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health</em> (2014), and the book
<em>
<span lang="es">La esperanza viaja sin visa: Jóvenes y migración indocumentada de El Salvador</span></em> which was published in 2012. The Research Directorate held a meeting with Dr. Gaborit on 21 April 2016.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Organización de Mujeres Salvadoreñas Por la Paz</span>, ORMUSA (Salvadoran Women's Organization for Peace)</strong></li><li>ORMUSA is a feminist organization that promotes gender equality and the economic, social, and political empowerment of women. One of the areas that ORMUSA works on is public safety and as such, it has a national observatory that collects information on violence against women. On 12 April 2016, the joint mission met with Janneth Urquilla, Director, and Silvia Juárez, Representative.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Organización para la promoción de los Derechos Humanos de la Población</span> LGBTI, COMCAVIS-TRANS (Organization for the Promotion and Defense of Human Rights of LGBTI Persons)</strong></li><li>COMCAVIS-TRANS is an NGO created in 2008. The NGO promotes and defends rights of LGBTI persons in El Salvador. COMCAVIS TRANS is based in San Salvador and provides services in the departments of Santa Ana, Sonsonate, San Miguel, La Paz, La Unión, Usulután and Cabañas. On 12 April 2016, the joint mission met with Karla Avelar, Director.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Policía Nacional Civil, Subdirección de Investigaciones</span> (National Civil Police, Office of the Deputy Director of Investigations) </strong></li><li>On 21 April 2016, the Research Directorate met with Juan Carlos Martínez, Deputy Director.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Procuraduría para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos</span>, PDDH (Office of the Ombudsperson for the Defence of Human Rights)</strong></li><li>The PDDH is an independent institution that is part of the Public Ministry (<span lang="es">Ministerio Público</span>) and is responsible for human rights education, protection, and promotion. On 11 April 2016, the joint mission conducted an interview with Sandra Rivera, Deputy Ombudsperson for Civil and Political Rights.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Secretaría de Inclusión Social</span> (Secretariat of Social Inclusion)</strong></li><li>Secretariat of Social Inclusion is a government institution, created in 2009, whose mission is to create favourable conditions for the social protection, development, and full realization of the rights of the population with a focus on human rights and gender. On 13 April 2016, the joint mission met with Vanda Pignato, Head of the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Viceministerio de Justicia y Seguridad Pública</span> (Vice- ministry of Justice and Public Security)</strong></li><li>On 20 April 2016, the Research Directorate held a meeting with Luis Roberto Flores, Vice-minister.<br><br></li></ul>
<a id="refer"></a>
<h2>References for Printed Sources</h2><p>Canada. 25 November 2015. Statistics Canada. Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics.
<em>
<a href="http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2015001/article/14244-eng.pdf" rel="external">Homicide in Canada, 2014</a></em>. By Zoran Miladinovic and Leah Mulligan. [Accessed 17 June 2016]</p><p>
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>. 25 January 2016. María Luz Nóchez, Nelson Rauda Zablah, and Jimmy Alvarado. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.elfaro.net/es/201601/el_salvador/17819/Las-muertes-invisibles-de-las-mujeres-y-los-hombres-trans.htm" rel="external">Las muertes invisibles de las mujeres y los hombres trans</a></span>." [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. 2016.
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.jurisprudencia.gob.sv/DocumentosBoveda/D/2/2010-2019/2016/04/B7837.PDF" rel="external">Decreto No. 286, Decreto para la Creación de los Tribunales Especializados para Una Vida Libre de Violencia y Discriminación para las Mujeres</a></span></em>. [Accessed 1 June 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. November 2015a.
<span lang="es">Instituto Salvadoreño para el Desarrollo de la Mujer</span>, ISDEMU.
<em>
<span lang="es">Informe sobre el estado y situación de la violencia contra las mujeres en El Salvador</span></em>. Provided to the Research Directorate during the meeting with Yanira Argueta, Executive Director, ISDEMU, 14 April 2016.</p><p>El Salvador. 17 May 2013.
<span lang="es">Presidencia de la República de El Salvador</span>. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://2009-2014.inclusionsocial.gob.sv/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1055:sis-lanza-call-center-131-para-atenci%C3%B3n-y-asistencia-en-diversidad-sexual&Itemid=112" rel="external">SIS lanza call center 131 para atención y asistencia en diversidad sexual</a></span>." [Accessed 1 June 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. 2011a.
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo/buscador-de-documentos-legislativos/ley-de-igualdad-equidad-y-erradicacion-de-la-discriminacion-contra-las-mujeres" rel="external">Decreto No. 645, Ley de Igualdad, Equidad y Erradicación de la Discriminación contra las Mujeres</a></span></em>. [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. 2011b.
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo/buscador-de-documentos-legislativos/ley-especial-integral-para-una-vida-libre-de-violncia-para-las-mujeres" rel="external">Decreto No. 520, Ley Especial Integral para una Vida Libre de Violencia para las Mujeres</a></span></em>. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 25 May 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. 2010.
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/33472123/Decreto-Ejecutivo-56-Republica-de-El-Salvador" rel="external">Decreto No. 56, Disposiciones para Evitar Toda Forma de Discriminación en la Administración Pública, por Razones de Identidad de Género y/o de Orientación Sexual</a></span></em>. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 25 May 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. 1997 (amended 2016).
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo/buscador-de-documentos-legislativos/codigo-penal" rel="external">Decreto 1030, Código Penal</a></span></em>. [Accessed 25 May 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. 1996 (amended 2013).
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.asamblea.gob.sv/eparlamento/indice-legislativo/buscador-de-documentos-legislativos/ley-contra-la-violencia-intrafamiliar" rel="external">Decreto 902, Ley contra la Violencia Intrafamiliar</a></span></em>. Translated by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada. [Accessed 25 May 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. 1983 (amended 2014). Constitution of El Salvador of 1983. Translated by Luis Francisco Valle Velasco and JJ. Ruchti. In
<em>World Constitutions Illustrated</em>. Edited by Jefri Jay Ruchti. Buffalo, NY: William S. Hein & Co., Inc. [Accessed 25 May 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. N.d.a.
<span lang="es">Instituto Salvadoreño para el Desarrollo de la Mujer</span>, ISDEMU.
<span lang="es">Estadísticas de violencia contra mujeres mayores de 18 años/marzo 2016</span>. Provided to the Research Directorate during the meeting with Yanira Argueta, Executive Director, ISDEMU, 14 April 2016.</p><p>El Salvador. N.d.b.
<span lang="es">Secretaría de Inclusión Social</span>. "<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span>." Provided to the Research Directorate during the meeting with Vanda Pignato, Head of the Secretariat of Social Inclusion, 13 April 2016.</p><p>El Salvador. N.d.c.
<span lang="es">Instituto Salvadoreño para el Desarrollo de la Mujer</span>, ISDEMU. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.isdemu.gob.sv/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=118&Itemid=178&lang=es" rel="external">Línea Amiga de la Mujer</a></span>." [Accessed 5 June 2016]</p><p>
<em>The Guardian</em>. 22 August 2016. Jonathan Watts. "<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/22/el-salvador-worlds-most-homicidal-place" rel="external">One Murder Every Hour: How El Salvador Became the Homicide Capital of the World</a>." [Accessed 5 June 2016]</p><p>InSight Crime. 11 February 2016. Mimi Yagoub. "<a href="http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/why-does-latin-america-have-the-world-s-highest-female-murder-rates" rel="external">Why Does Latin America Have the World's Highest Female Murder Rates?</a>" [Accessed 10 June 2016]</p><p>InSight Crime. N.d. "<a href="http://www.insightcrime.org/about-us" rel="external">About Us</a>." [Accessed 13 July 2016]</p><p>International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA). May 2016.
<em>
<a href="http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf" rel="external">State-sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Sexual Orientation Laws: Criminalisation, Protection and Recognition</a></em>. [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016]</p><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em>. 28 March 2016. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.laprensagrafica.com/2016/03/28/los-municipios-mas-violentos-de-2015" rel="external">Los municipios más violentos de 2015</a></span>." [Accessed 15 June 2016]</p><p>Transrespect versus Transphobia Worldwide (TvT). 2016. “<a href="http://transrespect.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/TvT_TMM_IDAHOT2016_Tables_EN.pdf" rel="external">Trans Murder Monitoring Results: TMM IDAHOT 2016 Update</a>.” [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]</p><p>Transrespect versus Transphobia Worldwide (TvT). N.d. "<a href="http://transrespect.org/en/research/trans-murder-monitoring/" rel="external">Trans Murder Monitoring</a>." [Accessed 21 Aug. 2016]</p><p>United Nations (UN). 8 May 2014. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
<em>
<a href="https://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CCPCJ/CCPCJ_Sessions/CCPCJ_23/E-CN15-2014-CRP5_E.pdf" rel="external">Information on Gender-related Killings of Women and Girls Provided by Civil Society Organizations and Academia</a></em>. (E/CN.15/2014/CRP.5) [Accessed 5 June 2016]</p><p>United Nations (UN). 2012. World Health Organization (WHO).
<em>
<a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77421/1/WHO_RHR_12.38_eng.pdf" rel="external">Understanding and Addressing Violence Against Women: Femicide</a></em>. [Accessed 17 Aug. 2016]</p><p>United Nations (UN). 14 February 2011. Human Rights Council.
<em>
<a href="http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/women/rapporteur/docs/A.HRC.17.26.Add.2_en.pdf" rel="external">Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence Against Women, Its Causes and Consequences, Rashida Manjoo. Addendum: Follow-up Mission to El Salvador</a></em>. (A/HRC/17/26/Add.2) [Accessed 6 June 2016]</p><p>United States (US). 13 April 2016. Department of State.
<a href="http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/253225.pdf" rel="external">"El Salvador."
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015</em></a>. [Accessed 5 June 2016]</p><p>United States (US). 23 May 2016. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
<a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/es.html" rel="external">"El Salvador."
<em>The World Factbook</em></a>. [Accessed 3 June 2016]</p>
<a id="appen1"></a>
<h2>Appendix 1</h2><p>
<strong>Terms of Reference</strong></p><ol><li>Witnesses to crime and corruption
<ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Current extent of individuals who report police corruption or witness a crime by a criminal gang especially with regard to drug-trafficking, kidnapping, and public sector malfeasance:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Statistics: national, state, and local;</li><li>Legislative framework: national and state level.</li></ol></li><li>Government and police effectiveness in assisting individuals who witness police wrongdoing or a criminal activity:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Police protection measures; whether a special police unit exists to investigate these types of crimes; availability and effectiveness of protection at the national, state and local levels;</li><li>Accessibility to justice system: complaints procedure, whether protection for witnesses/whistleblowers is addressed; police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints (e.g. are witness protection orders available and to what extent are they enforced);</li><li>Whether special training of police and judiciary in dealing with witness protection cases exists;</li><li>Whether police response to witnesses is measured or evaluated, including results;</li><li>Existence, scope and effectiveness of any witness protection programs.</li></ol></li><li>Ability of victims to seek relocation:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Capability to flee from aggressor without being found (e.g., the level of risk & socio-economic factors);</li><li>Accessibility to databases to find a victim (e.g., school registries, etc.); what are the main national registries and identity cards that are issued by the government? Which authorities and at what level are able to access these registries? Level of security used to protect these databases; surveillance systems in place at the state and national levels;</li><li>Level of communication among law enforcement agencies at the local, state, and federal levels;</li><li>Known cases of victims being found by agents of persecution.</li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="refinfo-quote">Gangs
<ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Structure of main gangs
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Hierarchical division of main gangs as a whole and as cliques; scope of communication between leadership and cliques and within cliques; how are orders transmitted and executed;</li><li>The role of women in the maras;</li><li>Number of cliques and members.</li></ol></li><li>Recruitment
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Methods of recruitment; have they changed after the
<em>
<span lang="es">mano dura</span></em> policies? Target population (i.e. age, gender, social class, etc.);</li><li>Initiation process and processes practiced for promotion within;</li><li>Information on how to leave a gang; treatment of former gang members or people who try to leave; information about former gang members (also known as
<em>
<span lang="es">calmados</span></em>); whether they are still active or collaborate with gangs.</li></ol></li><li>Areas of operation
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Territorial division of gangs and cliques; how are territorial divisions established (<em><span lang="es">rifa del barrio</span></em>);</li><li>Conflicts and disputes between cliques and gangs for territorial presence;</li><li>Presence in rural areas.</li></ol></li><li>National/transnational activities
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Local criminal activities: kidnapping, extortion, homicides; statistics;</li><li>International activities: drug trafficking, killings for hire; statistics;</li><li>Whether gangs can be considered transnational crime syndicates; relationship with drug cartels and other organized criminal organizations.</li><li>Capability to flee from gangs without being found; scope of their reach at the national and transnational levels.</li></ol></li><li>State efforts
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Legislative framework;</li><li>Anti-gang units: whether a special police unit exists to combat gangs and investigate crimes committed by them; information on effectiveness, training, and resources; instances of corruption or excessive use of force; whether their effectiveness is measured or evaluated; statistics on arrests.</li><li>Accessibility to justice system: complaints procedure; police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints; statistics on charges, convictions, and jail terms;</li><li>State protection programs: existence, scope and effectiveness of any witness protection program; whether the protection for victims, witnesses, and former gang members is addressed; accessibility to databases to find a victim; level of security used by authorities to protect these databases; known cases of victims being found.</li></ol></li></ol></li><li>Violence against Women
<ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Current extent of gender-based violence, including: domestic violence, sexual harassment and violence (including rape), and stalking:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Statistics: national, state-level, and local;</li><li>Legislative framework; whether there have been any new developments nationally; or at the state-level.</li></ol></li><li>Effectiveness of the police and judiciary in addressing gender-based violence:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Police records; arrests and complaints; numbers of persons charged/arrested for committing gender-based crimes (as outlined in section a); numbers of those convicted; length of jail term (if found guilty); numbers of those released;</li><li>Police protection measures; whether special police units exist to investigate these types of crimes; protection orders and enforcement;</li><li>Accessibility to justice system: Complaints procedure, police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints (e.g. are protection orders available);</li><li>Whether special training of police and judiciary in dealing with gender-based cases exists;</li><li>Whether police response to gender-based violence is measured or evaluated by government agencies.</li></ol></li><li>Status of emergency shelter system:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Number of government-run shelters in operation and the capacity of each of these shelters (e.g., number of beds per shelter, trained staff);</li><li>Accessibility and length of stay allowed;</li><li>Options available after individual leaves shelter; whether social services follows-up with victim.</li></ol></li><li>Ability of victims to seek relocation:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Capability to flee from aggressor without being found (e.g., the level of risk & socio-economic factors);</li><li>Accessibility to databases to find a victim (e.g., school registries, etc.); what are the main national registries and identity cards that are issued by the government? Which authorities and at what level are able to access these registries? Level of security used to protect these databases; surveillance systems in place at the national and state level;</li><li>Known cases of victims being found by their ex-partners.</li></ol></li></ol></li><li>Sexual Orientation
<ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Treatment by society; current extent of homophobia, discrimination, and harassment against members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered (LGBT) community:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Statistics on homophobic violence/hate crimes: national, state-level, and local;</li><li>Incidents of homophobic violence against LGBT members (widespread, minimal, under-reported, etc.);</li><li>Types of violations sustained by LGBT members (e.g., insults, harassment, discrimination, physical violence, homicide);</li><li>Legislative framework; whether there have been any new developments nationally; or at the state-level.</li></ol></li><li>Police effectiveness in addressing wrongdoing/violence against LGBT individuals:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Police records; arrests and complaints; numbers of those charged for committing homophobic crimes (as outlined in section a); numbers of those convicted; length of jail term (if found guilty); numbers of those released (without conviction);</li><li>Police protection measures; whether a special police unit exist to investigate these types of crimes;</li><li>Accessibility to justice system: Complaints procedure, police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints (e.g. are protection orders available);</li><li>Whether special training of police and judiciary in dealing with LGBT cases exists;</li><li>Whether police response to LGBT violence is measured or evaluated.</li></ol></li><li>Ability of victims to seek relocation:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Capability to flee from aggressor without being found (e.g., the level of risk & socio-economic factors);</li><li>Accessibility to databases to find a victim (e.g., school registries, etc.); what are the main national registries and identity cards that are issued by the government? Which authorities and at what level are able to access these registries? Level of security used to protect these databases; surveillance systems in place at the national and state level;</li><li>Known cases of victims being found.</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
<a id="appen2"></a>
<h2>Appendix 2</h2><p>
<strong>Map of Most Violent Municipalities in El Salvador in 2015</strong></p><p>
<strong>Homicide rates per 100,000 people</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>White – homicide rate between 0 and 25</li><li>Green – between 25 and 50</li><li>Yellow – between 50 and 75</li><li>Orange – between 75 and 100</li><li>Red – between 100 and 150</li><li>Black – above 150</li></ul><p>
<img src="/en/country-information/ndp/PublishingImages/SLV_Violence.png" alt="" style="margin:5px;width:1045px;height:265px;" /> </p><p>Source:
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em>. 28 March 2016. "<a href="http://www.laprensagrafica.com/2016/03/28/los-municipios-mas-violentos-de-2015" rel="external"><span lang="es">Los municipios más violentos de 2015</span></a>." [Accessed 15 June 2016]</p><div class="accordionDesc">
<span>[Alternate format]</span>
<div><p>The image illustrates the map of El Salvador divided into departments and municipalities. Each municipality in the map has a number and is colored according to the level of the rate of homicides during 2015. There is also a list of these municipalities by numerical order and grouped by departments. The text reads as follows:</p><p>
<strong>The Most Violent Municipalities in 2015</strong></p><p>Trends in violence strongly impacted the country in 2015, but some municipalities were more affected than others. Insecurity affects all of El Salvador, with some regional variation. This map identifies the regions most affected by violence, ranked by colour.</p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>White: homicide rate between 0 and 25 (including the municipalities that had less than six homicides in six years)</li><li>Green: homicide rate between 25.1 and 50</li><li>Yellow: homicide rate between 50.1 and 75</li><li>Orange: homicide rate between 75.1 and 100</li><li>Red: homicide rate between 100.1 and 150</li><li>Black: homicide rate of 150.1 or more</li></ul><p>
<strong>San Salvador</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>1. San Salvador [Black]</li><li>2. Ciudad Delgado [Black]</li><li>3. Mejicanos [Red]</li><li>4. Soyapango [Orange]</li><li>5. Cuscatancingo [Yellow]</li><li>6. San Marcos [Orange]</li><li>7. Ilopango [Red]</li><li>8. Nejapa [Red]</li><li>9. Apopa [Red]</li><li>10. San Martín [Red]</li><li>11. Panchimalco [Black]</li><li>12. Aguilares [Red]</li><li>13. Tonacatepeque [Yellow]</li><li>14. Santo Tomás [Red]</li><li>15. Santiago Texacuangos [Red]</li><li>16. El Paisnal [Red]</li><li>17. Guazapa [Black]</li><li>18. Ayutuxtepeque [Orange]</li><li>19. Rosario de Mora [Black]</li></ul><p>
<strong>Santa Ana</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>20. Santa Ana [Yellow]</li><li>21. Chalchuapa [Orange]</li><li>22. Metapán [Orange]</li><li>23. Coatepeque [Red]</li><li>24. El Congo [Red]</li><li>25. Texistepeque [White]</li><li>26. Candelaria de la Frontera [White]</li><li>27. San Sebastián Salitrillo [Green]</li><li>28. Santa Rosa Guachipilín [White]</li><li>29. Santiago de la Frontera [White]</li><li>30. El Porvenir [Orange]</li><li>31. Masahuat [White]</li><li>32. San Antonio Pajonal [White]</li></ul><p>
<strong>San Miguel</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>33. San Miguel [Orange]</li><li>34. Chinameca [Red]</li><li>35. El Tránsito [Black]</li><li>36. Ciudad Barrios [Black]</li><li>37. Chirilagua [Black]</li><li>38. Sesori [Yellow]</li><li>39. San Rafael Oriente [Green]</li><li>40. Moncagua [Yellow]</li><li>41. Lolotique [Green]</li><li>42. San Jorge [Green]</li><li>43. Chapeltique [Yellow]</li><li>44. San Gerardo [White]</li><li>45. Carolina [Yellow]</li><li>46. Quelepa [Green]</li><li>47. San Luis La Reina [White]</li><li>48. N. Edén de San Juan [White]</li><li>49. Nueva Guadalupe [Yellow]</li><li>50. Uluazapa [Orange]</li><li>51. Comacarán [Green]</li><li>52. San Antonio del Mosco [White]</li></ul><p>
<strong>La Libertad</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>53. Santa Tecla [Green]</li><li>54. Quezaltepeque [Black]</li><li>55. Ciudad Arce [Yellow]</li><li>56. San Juan Opico [Yellow]</li><li>57. Colón [Organge]</li><li>58. La Libertad [Orange]</li><li>59. Antiguo Cuscatlán [Green]</li><li>60. Comasagua [Orange]</li><li>61. San Pablo Tacachico [Red]</li><li>62. Jayaque [Red]</li><li>63. Huzúcar [Black]</li><li>64. Tepecoyo [Orange]</li><li>65. Teotepeque [Green]</li><li>66. Chiltiupán [Green]</li><li>67. Nuevo Cuscatlán [Yellow]</li><li>68. Tamanique [White]</li><li>69. Sacacoyo [Red]</li><li>70. San José Villanueva [Black]</li><li>71. Zaragoza [Red]</li><li>72. Talnique [Red]</li><li>73. San Matías [Red]</li><li>74. Jicalapa [White]</li></ul><p>
<strong>Usulután</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>75. Usulután [Red]</li><li>76. Jiquilsco [Black]</li><li>77. Berlín [Yellow]</li><li>78. Santiago de María [Black]</li><li>79. Jucuapa [Black]</li><li>80. Santa Elena [Yellow]</li><li>81. Jucuarán [Black]</li><li>82. San Agustín [Red]</li><li>83. Ozatlán [Black]</li><li>84. Estanzuelas [Red]</li><li>85. Mercedes Umaña [Orange]</li><li>86. Alegría [Orange]</li><li>87. Concepción Batres [Black]</li><li>88. San Fco. Javier [Red]</li><li>89. Puerto El Triunfo [Red]</li><li>90. Tecapán [Black]</li><li>91. San Dionisio [Black]</li><li>92. Ereguayquín [Black]</li><li>93. Santa María [Orange]</li><li>94. Nueva Granada [Yellow]</li><li>95. El Triunfo [Red]</li><li>96. San Buenaventura [Red]</li><li>97. California [White]</li></ul><p>
<strong>Sonsonate</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>98. Sonsonate [Yellow]</li><li>99. Izalco [Red]</li><li>100. Acajutla [Green]</li><li>101. Armenia [Black]</li><li>102. Nahuizalco [Green]</li><li>103. Juayúa [Red]</li><li>104. San Julián [Black]</li><li>105. Sonzacate [Yellow]</li><li>106. S. Antonio del Monte [White]</li><li>107. Nahulingo [Black]</li><li>108. Cuisnahuat [White]</li><li>109. S. Catarina Masahuat [Green]</li><li>110. Caluco [Black]</li><li>111. Santa Isabel Ishuatán [White]</li><li>112. Salcoatitán [Green]</li><li>113. Santo Dgo. de Guzmán [Green]</li></ul><p>
<strong>La Unión</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>114. La Unión [Red]</li><li>115. Santa Rosa de Lima [Orange]</li><li>116. Pasaquina [Green]</li><li>117. San Alejo [Black]</li><li>118. Anamorós [Green]</li><li>119. El Carmen [Black]</li><li>120. Conchagua [Orange]</li><li>121. El Sauce [White]</li><li>122. Lislique [Green]</li><li>123. Yucuaiquín [Green]</li><li>124. Nueva Esparta [White]</li><li>125. Polorós [Green]</li><li>126. Bolívar [Red]</li><li>127. Concepción de Oriente [White]</li><li>128. Intipucá [Red]</li><li>129. San José Las Fuentes [White]</li><li>130. Yayantique [Black]</li><li>131. Meanguera del Golfo [Green]</li></ul><p>
<strong>La Paz</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>132. Zacatecoluca [Red]</li><li>133. Santiago Nonualco [Red]</li><li>134. San Juan Nonualco [Red]</li><li>135. San Pedro Masahuat [Red]</li><li>136. Olocuilta [Red]</li><li>137. San Pedro Nonualco [Green]</li><li>138. San Fco. Chinameca [Black]</li><li>139. San Juan Talpa [Red]</li><li>140. El Rosario [Yellow]</li><li>141. San Rafael Obrajuelo [Black]</li><li>142. Santa María Ostuma [Black]</li><li>143. San Luis Talpa [Black]</li><li>144. San Antonio Masahuat [White]</li><li>145. San Miguel Tepezontes [Red]</li><li>146. San Juan Tepezontes [White]</li><li>147. Tapalhuaca [Orange]</li><li>148. Cuyultitán [Yellow]</li><li>149. Paraíso de Osorio [Red]</li><li>150. San Emigdio [Yellow]</li><li>151. Jerusalén [White]</li><li>152. Mercedes La Ceiba [White]</li><li>153. San Luis La Herradura [Black]</li></ul><p>
<strong>Chalatenango</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>154. Chalatenango [Green]</li><li>155. Nueva Concepción [Yellow]</li><li>156. La Palma [White]</li><li>157. Tejutla [Red]</li><li>158. La Reina [Red]</li><li>159. Arcatao [White]</li><li>160. San Ignacio [White]</li><li>161. Dulce Nombre de María [Yellow]</li><li>162. Citalá [Green]</li><li>163. Agua Caliente [White]</li><li>164. Cpción. Quezaltepeque [Green]</li><li>165. Nueva Trinidad [White]</li><li>166. Las Vueltas [White]</li><li>167. Comalapa [Green]</li><li>168. San Rafael [White]</li><li>169. San José Las Flores [White]</li><li>170. Ojo de Agua [White]</li><li>171. Nombre de Jesús [White]</li><li>172. Potonico [White]</li><li>173. San Francisco Morazán [White]</li><li>174. Santa Rita [White]</li><li>175. La Laguna [White]</li><li>176. San Isidro Labrador [Red]</li><li>177. San Antonio La Cruz [White]</li><li>178. El Paraíso [Yellow]</li><li>179. San Miguel de Mercedes [Red]</li><li>180. San Luis del Carmen [White]</li><li>181. Cancasque [Red]</li><li>182. S. Antonio Los Ranchos [White]</li><li>183. El Camizal [White]</li><li>184. San Fernando [White]</li><li>185. Azacualpa [White]</li><li>186. San Francisco Lempa [White]</li></ul><p>
<strong>Cuscatlán</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>187. Cojutepeque [Red]</li><li>188. Suchitato [Black]</li><li>189. San Pedro Perulapán [Black]</li><li>190. San José Guayabal [Black]</li><li>191. Tenancingo [Black]</li><li>192. San Rafael Cedros [Red]</li><li>193. Candelaria [Green]</li><li>194. El Carmen [Black]</li><li>195. Monte San Juan [Red]</li><li>196. San Cristóbal [Red]</li><li>197. Santa Cruz Michapa [Black]</li><li>198. S. Bartolomé Perulapía [Red]</li><li>199. San Ramón [Orange]</li><li>200. El Rosario [Red]</li><li>201. Oratorio [White]</li><li>202. Santa Cruz Analquito [Black]</li></ul><p>
<strong>Ahuachapán</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>203. Ahuachapán [Yellow]</li><li>204. Atiquizaya [Orange]</li><li>205. San Francisco Menéndez [Green]</li><li>206. Tacuba [Yellow]</li><li>207. Concepción de Ataco [Orange]</li><li>208. Jujutla [Orange]</li><li>209. Guaymango [White]</li><li>210. Apaneca [White]</li><li>211. San Pedro Puxtla [White]</li><li>212. San Lorenzo [White]</li><li>213. Turín [Green]</li><li>214. El Refugio [Black]</li></ul><p>
<strong>Morazán</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>215. San Fco. Gotera [Yellow]</li><li>216. Jocoro [White]</li><li>217. Corinto [Green]</li><li>218. Sociedad [Yellow]</li><li>219. Cacaopera [Yellow]</li><li>220. Guatajiagua [Red]</li><li>221. El Divisadero [White]</li><li>222. Jocoaitique [White]</li><li>223. Osicala [Green]</li><li>224. Chilanga [Green]</li><li>225. Meanguera [White]</li><li>226. Torola [Orange]</li><li>227. San Simón [White]</li><li>228. Delicias de Concepción [Yellow]</li><li>229. Joateca [Orange]</li><li>230. Arambala [White]</li><li>231. Lolotiquillo [White]</li><li>232. Yamabal [White]</li><li>233. Yoloaiquín [Orange]</li><li>234. San Carlos [Yellow]</li><li>235. El Rosario [White]</li><li>236. Perquín [Red]</li><li>237. Sensembra [White]</li><li>238. Gualococti [White]</li><li>239. San Fernando [White]</li><li>240. San Isidro [White]</li></ul><p>
<strong>San Vicente</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>241. San Vicente [Orange]</li><li>242. Tecoluca [Black]</li><li>243. San Sebastián [Red]</li><li>244. Apastepeque [Red]</li><li>245. San Esteban Catarina [Black]</li><li>246. San Idelfonso [Yellow]</li><li>247. Santa Clara [Yellow]</li><li>248. San Lorenzo [White]</li><li>249. Verapaz [Yellow]</li><li>250. Guadalupe [Orange]</li><li>251. Santo Domingo [Yellow]</li><li>252. Sn. Cay. Istepeque [Red]</li><li>253. Tepetitán [White]</li></ul><p>
<strong>Cabañas</strong></p><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>254. Sensuntepeque [Yellow]</li><li>255. Ilobasco [Red]</li><li>256. Victoria [Green]</li><li>257. San Isidro [Orange]</li><li>258. Jutiapa [White]</li><li>259. Tejutepeque [Red]</li><li>260. Dolores [Green]</li><li>261. Cinquera [White]</li><li>262. Guacotecti [Green]</li></ul><p>The image also has a graph titled "The 42 Most Dangerous Municipalities" that depicts, separately, the number of municipalities in the white, green, yellow, orange, red, and black groups. Each colour group has statistical information on the total population for these municipalities, the total number of homicides, and the homicide rate.</p><p>White group: composed of 70 municipalities with a total population of 417,312 inhabitants. The total number of homicides was 103, for a rate of 24.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.</p><p>Green group: composed of 37 municipalities with a total population of 709,689 inhabitants. The total number of homicides was 258, for a rate of 36.4 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.</p><p>Yellow group: composed of 33 municipalities with a total population of 1,289,841 inhabitants. The total number of homicides was 820, for a rate of 63.6 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.</p><p>Orange group: composed of 29 municipalities with a total population of 1,314,344 inhabitants. The total number of homicides was 1,121, for a rate of 85.3 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.</p><p>Red group: composed of 51 municipalities with a total population of 1,626,449 inhabitants. The total number of homicides was 2,053, for a rate of 126.2 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.</p><p>Black group: composed of 42 municipalities with a total population of 1,102,636 inhabitants. The total number of homicides was 2,301, for a rate of 208.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.</p></div></div>
<a id="appen3"></a>
<h2>Appendix 3</h2><p>
<strong>APPENDIX 3: Articles 2 and 57 of the Special Comprehensive Law for a Violence-free Life for Women (<em><span lang="es">Ley Especial Integral para una Vida Libre de Violencia para las Mujeres</span></em>)</strong></p><p>
<strong>Article 2. The Right of Women to a Violence-Free Life</strong></p><p>The right of women to a life free of violence includes their being free from every form of discrimination, being valued and educated free from stereotypical expectations of behaviour and social and cultural practices based on concepts of inferiority or subordination.</p><p>Likewise, it refers to the enjoyment, exercise and protection of their human rights and the freedoms enshrined in the Constitution and in current National and International Instruments on these matters, including the following rights:</p><ol><li>Respect of their life and physical, psychological and moral integrity</li><li>Respect for the dignity inherent in their person, and protection for their family</li><li>Freedom and personal safety</li><li>Not being submitted to torture or humiliating treatment</li><li>Equal protection before the law and under the law</li><li>Simple and swift recourse to competent courts that protect her in the face of acts that violate her rights</li><li>Freedom of association</li><li>Freedom of religion and beliefs</li><li>Participation in public life, including public office</li></ol><p>
<strong>Article 57. Procedural guarantees for women who face violent acts</strong></p><p>Women who may be facing violent acts shall be guaranteed:</p><ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>That their privacy shall be protected at all times. As a consequence, their sex life must not be exposed directly or indirectly to justify, minimize or relativize the damage done.</li><li>That they shall be provided with a copy of the prosecution's indictment, the administrative accusation, the legal medical examination, and of any other document of interest for the woman dealing with violent acts; likewise, they shall be treated with dignity and respect, especially by the parties participating in the proceedings.</li><li>That they shall be assisted, inasmuch as possible, by people of the same sex who are experts and trained in victim's rights, women's human rights, the perspective of gender and prevention of gender violence, in accessible locations that guarantee privacy, safety and comfort.</li><li>That they shall not be discriminated against due to their sexual history or for any other reason.</li><li>That their privacy shall be duly protected and the information in their case file shall be partially or fully withheld, to avoid the disclosure of information that could lead to them or their family members being identified, keeping confidential all information regarding their residence, telephone, and place of work or study, among others. This protection includes their family and close relatives.</li><li>That they shall be informed and notified in a timely and truthful fashion regarding the actions taken during the entire judicial or administrative process, as well as regarding relevant resources and support services. Likewise, that they shall be provided with a copy of the administrative accusation and the prosecution's indictment, the legal medical examination and any other document of interest for the woman, guaranteeing dignified and respectful treatment.</li><li>That they shall receive comprehensive, proper and timely care, which may extend beyond the duration of the administrative or judicial proceedings, regardless of the outcome.</li><li>That they shall receive medical attention, proper and specialized treatment, when required. Likewise, the Protocol for medical attention in cases of sexual violence shall be used to prevent sexually transmitted diseases, as well as the Technical Guide to Medical Attention for Family Planning.</li><li>That someone may be designated to accompany them throughout the entire judicial or administrative proceedings.</li><li>That they shall not be coerced by testimony given during the proceedings.</li><li>That emergency measures of protection or precaution established in this or in other laws currently in force shall be passed into law immediately.</li><li>That they shall receive timely and proper help and protection from the National Civil Police, or from any other authority and from the community.</li><li>That they may testify in special conditions of care and protection; likewise, that they may avail themselves of the option of presenting evidence ahead of the trial.</li><li>That their emotional state will be taken into consideration when it comes to testifying during the trial, and that this will be assessed on a case-by-case basis.</li><li>That they will receive information about their rights and the proceedings in a language or dialect that they understand, in a form accessible for their age and maturity.</li><li>That they may request emergency protection and precautionary measures if the aggressor is granted early release.</li></ol><p>The victims of the crime of human trafficking, in addition to the guarantees established above, will benefit from the following:</p><ol><li>The sanctions or impediments established under immigration law shall not be applied to them, when the violations are the result of the activity carried out as part of the crime of which they have been victims.</li><li>They may remain in the country, in accordance with the law currently in force, and will receive documentation or a record certifying that situation.</li><li>Free legal advice on immigration issues.</li></ol><p>Women who face acts of violence shall benefit from all the rights established in this law, in the rest of the legal code and in the International Agreements currently in force.</p>
<a id="appen4"></a>
<h2>Appendix 4</h2><p>
<strong>Law Against Domestic Violence (<em><span lang="es">Ley Contra la Violencia Intrafamiliar</span></em>)</strong></p><p>
<strong>Protection Measures</strong></p><p>Article 7.- The following measures are established to prevent, punish and eradicate different forms of domestic violence:</p><ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>issuing a court order requiring that the aggressor refrain from harassing, following, intimidating, threatening or carrying out other forms of abuse against victims of violence or any other person in the family group, whether or not sharing the same dwelling;</li><li>issuing a court order requiring that persons involved in reported acts of violence refrain from engaging in acts of harassment, intimidation, provocation, threat or other similar acts that could lead to or be conducive to domestic violence, and other acts set out in the Family Procedural Law;</li><li>prohibiting the aggressor from threatening the victim in both the private and public spheres;</li><li>prohibiting the aggressor from drinking alcoholic beverages or ingesting narcotics, hallucinogens or substances that generate physical or psychological dependence, at the prudential discretion of the judge; </li><li>issuing a court order requiring that the aggressor immediately vacate the common dwelling. If he/she refuses, assistance will be provided by the National Civilian Police;</li><li>securing for the victim, at his/her request, a different place of residence as protection against future aggression;</li><li>issuing a search warrant for the dwelling where, due to domestic violence, the physical, sexual, psychological and financial integrity of any of its inhabitants is at grave risk;</li><li>suspending any permit allowing the aggressor to bear arms while the protective measures are in place, and ordering confiscation of weapons in his/her possession;</li><li>temporarily suspending participation by the aggressor in the personal care, guardianship, upbringing and education of his/her minor children and his/her right to visit with them in the event of aggression;</li><li>prohibiting the aggressor from accessing the permanent or temporary residence of the victim and his/her place of work or study;</li><li>establishing a temporary support payment; once determined, ex officio implementation will take place;</li><li>granting exclusive use of the household goods to the victim for a fixed period. Special protection must be given to the dwelling and the household goods covered by the family property regime.</li><li>issuing a court order for police protection and assistance addressed to the public safety authority in the [victim's] neighborhood. The victim shall carry a copy of this order so that he/she can go to the nearest authority in the event of a threat of aggression outside the home; and</li><li>any other measure provided for in current family law.</li></ol><p>
<strong>Notification of the National Civilian Police</strong></p><p>Art. 10.- Whenever the National Civilian Police becomes aware or is notified that a person is the victim of domestic violence, it must take the necessary measures to prevent that person from being abused, and must take the following steps:</p><ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>If the victim reports that he/she has suffered blows or injuries, even where invisible, or emotional damage, or is found unconscious, or where under any circumstances requires medical care, [the police] must help the victim and shall make the necessary arrangements to ensure that the required medical treatment and transportation to a medical service or care centre is provided so that assistance can be obtained;</li><li>If the victim or family members express concern for their personal safety, or for that of the children or any other family members involved, [the police] must make the necessary arrangements to bring them to an appropriate place at which they can obtain assistance; </li><li>Advise the victim of domestic violence of the importance of preserving evidence;</li><li>Provide the victim with information on the rights conferred by this law and other information in this regard, and on governmental or private services available to victims of domestic violence;</li><li>Arrest the alleged aggressor where the existence of and participation in domestic violence behaviours comes to light, when the acts constitute other crimes that are manifestations thereof and when this constitutes the crime of domestic violence as referred to in Article 200 of the Criminal Code. In all cases, the police shall take appropriate measures to prevent the aggressor from continuing the violent acts and shall protect the victim, and</li><li>In its duty to help victims, and in those cases in which domestic violence does not yet constitute a crime, even where the victim does not so request, the National Civilian Police may issue a special temporary protection measure that will consist of ordering the alleged aggressor to leave the scene of the events for a period of up to forty-eight hours. Failure to observe this order carries criminal liability.</li></ol>
<a id="endno"></a>
<aside class="wb-fnote" role="note">
<h2 id="fn">Endnotes</h2>
<dl><dt>Footnote 1</dt><dd id="fn1"><p>US 23 May 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn1-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>1<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 2</dt><dd id="fn2"><p>All information originates from US 23 May 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn2-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>2<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 3</dt><dd id="fn3"><p>Canada 25 Nov. 2015, 4.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn3-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>3<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 4</dt><dd id="fn4"><p>UN 14 Feb. 2011, paras. 7, 8 and 10.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn4-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>4<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 5</dt><dd id="fn5"><p>US 13 Apr. 2016, 1.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn5-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>5<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 6</dt><dd id="fn6"><p>
<em>The Guardian</em> 22 Aug. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn6-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>6<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 7</dt><dd id="fn7"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em> 28 Mar. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn7-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>7<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 8</dt><dd id="fn8"><p>US 13 Apr. 2016, 19.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn8-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>8<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 9</dt><dd id="fn9"><p>El Salvador 2011a.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn9-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>9<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 10</dt><dd id="fn10"><p>US 13 Apr. 2016, 19.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn10-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>10<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 11</dt><dd id="fn11"><p>InSight Crime n.d.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn11-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>11<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 12</dt><dd id="fn12"><p>InSight Crime 11 Feb. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn12-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>12<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 13</dt><dd id="fn13"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn13-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>13<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 14</dt><dd id="fn14"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn14-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>14<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 15</dt><dd id="fn15"><p>All the information originates from the meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn15-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>15<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 16</dt><dd id="fn16"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn16-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>16<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 17</dt><dd id="fn17"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn17-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>17<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 18</dt><dd id="fn18"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn18-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>18<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 19</dt><dd id="fn19"><p>InSight Crime 11 Feb. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn19-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>19<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 20</dt><dd id="fn20"><p>All information originates from El Salvador Nov. 2015, 8.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn20-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>20<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 21</dt><dd id="fn21"><p>A World Health Organization report on violence against women defines femicide as "the intentional murder of women … Femicide is usually perpetrated by men, but sometimes female family members may be involved. Femicide differs from male homicide in specific ways. For example, most cases of femicide are committed by partners or ex-partners, and involve ongoing abuse in the home, threats or intimidation, sexual violence or situations where women have less power or fewer resources than their partner … Femicide committed by someone without an intimate relationship with the victim is known as non-intimate femicide, and femicide involving sexual aggression is sometimes referred to as sexual femicide. Such killings can be random, but there are disturbing examples of systematic murders of women, particularly in Latin America." UN 2012, 1, 3.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn21-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>21<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 22</dt><dd id="fn22"><p>El Salvador n.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn22-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>22<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 23</dt><dd id="fn23"><p>Meeting with ISDEMU; meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn23-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>23<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 24</dt><dd id="fn24"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA. meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn24-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>24<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 25</dt><dd id="fn25"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn25-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>25<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 26</dt><dd id="fn26"><p>UN 8 May 2014, para. 35.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn26-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>26<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 27</dt><dd id="fn27"><p>El Salvador 2011b, Arts. 2, 57.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn27-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>27<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 28</dt><dd id="fn28"><p>Ibid., Art. 2.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn28-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>28<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 29</dt><dd id="fn29"><p>Ibid., Art. 57.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn29-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>29<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 30</dt><dd id="fn30"><p>El Salvador 1996.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn30-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>30<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 31</dt><dd id="fn31"><p>El Salvador 1996, Art. 1.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn31-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>31<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 32</dt><dd id="fn32"><p>Ibid., Art. 3.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn32-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>32<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 33</dt><dd id="fn33"><p>Meeting with ISDEMU; meeting with CEMUJER; meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn33-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>33<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 34</dt><dd id="fn34"><p>Meeting with CEMUJER; meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn34-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>34<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 35</dt><dd id="fn35"><p>El Salvador Nov. 2015, 43-44.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn35-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>35<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 36</dt><dd id="fn36"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with the CSJ-SP.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn36-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>36<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 37</dt><dd id="fn37"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn37-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>37<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 38</dt><dd id="fn38"><p>El Salvador 2016, Art. 2.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn38-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>38<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 39</dt><dd id="fn39"><p>Ibid.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn39-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>39<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 40</dt><dd id="fn40"><p>El Salvador Nov. 2015, 36.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn40-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>40<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 41</dt><dd id="fn41"><p>Ibid., 37.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn41-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>41<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 42</dt><dd id="fn42"><p>Ibid., 37-38.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn42-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>42<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 43</dt><dd id="fn43"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with CEMUJER; meeting with Among Friends Association.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn43-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>43<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 44</dt><dd id="fn44"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn44-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>44<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 45</dt><dd id="fn45"><p>Ibid.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn45-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>45<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 46</dt><dd id="fn46"><p>Meeting with CEMUJER.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn46-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>46<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 47</dt><dd id="fn47"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with ISDEMU; meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn47-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>47<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 48</dt><dd id="fn48"><p>All information originates from the meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn48-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>48<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 49</dt><dd id="fn49"><p>Ibid.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn49-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>49<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 50</dt><dd id="fn50"><p>Meeting with PDDH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn50-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>50<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 51</dt><dd id="fn51"><p>Meeting with FESPAD; meeting with CONASOJ.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn51-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>51<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 52</dt><dd id="fn52"><p>Meeting with PDDH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn52-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>52<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 53</dt><dd id="fn53"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn53-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>53<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 54</dt><dd id="fn54"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with ISDEMU; meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn54-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>54<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 55</dt><dd id="fn55"><p>El Salvador n.d.b, 16.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn55-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>55<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 56</dt><dd id="fn56"><p>Ibid., 22.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn56-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>56<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 57</dt><dd id="fn57"><p>Ibid. 7.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn57-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>57<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 58</dt><dd id="fn58"><p>Ibid., 19.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn58-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>58<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 59</dt><dd id="fn59"><p>Meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn59-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>59<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 60</dt><dd id="fn60"><p>El Salvador n.d.b, 17.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn60-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>60<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 61</dt><dd id="fn61"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn61-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>61<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 62</dt><dd id="fn62"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn62-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>62<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 63</dt><dd id="fn63"><p>ORMUSA indicated that it operates between 8:00 a.m. and 3:30 p.m., while the Secretariat of Social Inclusion indicated that the
<span lang="es">Ciudad Mujer</span> centres operate between 7:30 a.m. and 3:30 p.m.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn63-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>63<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 64</dt><dd id="fn64"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn64-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>64<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 65</dt><dd id="fn65"><p>El Salvador 2011b, Art. 26.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn65-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>65<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 66</dt><dd id="fn66"><p>Ibid.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn66-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>66<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 67</dt><dd id="fn67"><p>Meeting with ISDEMU; meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn67-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>67<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 68</dt><dd id="fn68"><p>Meeting with ISDEMU.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn68-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>68<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 69</dt><dd id="fn69"><p>All information originates from the meeting with ISDEMU.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn69-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>69<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 70</dt><dd id="fn70"><p>Meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion; meeting with ISDEMU; meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn70-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>70<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 71</dt><dd id="fn71"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn71-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>71<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 72</dt><dd id="fn72"><p>Meeting with ISDEMU.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn72-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>72<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 73</dt><dd id="fn73"><p>Meeting with ISDEMU; El Salvador n.d.c.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn73-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>73<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 74</dt><dd id="fn74"><p>El Salvador n.d.c.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn74-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>74<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 75</dt><dd id="fn75"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with ISDEMU.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn75-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>75<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 76</dt><dd id="fn76"><p>All information originates from the meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn76-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>76<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 77</dt><dd id="fn77"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with ISDEMU.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn77-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>77<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 78</dt><dd id="fn78"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA meeting with ISDEMU; meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn78-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>78<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 79</dt><dd id="fn79"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn79-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>79<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 80</dt><dd id="fn80"><p>Meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn80-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>80<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 81</dt><dd id="fn81"><p>Meeting with ISDEMU; meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn81-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>81<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 82</dt><dd id="fn82"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn82-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>82<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 83</dt><dd id="fn83"><p>All information originates from the meeting with Foundation Cristosal.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn83-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>83<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 84</dt><dd id="fn84"><p>Meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS; telephone conversation with ALDES; meeting with Among Friends Association.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn84-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>84<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 85</dt><dd id="fn85"><p>Meeting with the Secretariat of Social Inclusion.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn85-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>85<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 86</dt><dd id="fn86"><p>Telephone conversation with ALDES.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn86-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>86<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 87</dt><dd id="fn87"><p>All the information originates from the meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn87-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>87<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 88</dt><dd id="fn88"><p>Meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS; meeting with Among Friends Association.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn88-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>88<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 89</dt><dd id="fn89"><p>
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> 25 Jan. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn89-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>89<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 90</dt><dd id="fn90"><p>TyT n.d.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn90-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>90<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 91</dt><dd id="fn91"><p>TyT 2016, 2.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn91-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>91<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 92</dt><dd id="fn92"><p>Meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS; meeting with Among Friends Association.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn92-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>92<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 93</dt><dd id="fn93"><p>Meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn93-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>93<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 94</dt><dd id="fn94"><p>All the information originates from the meeting with Among Friends Association.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn94-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>94<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 95</dt><dd id="fn95"><p>ILGA May 2016, 35.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn95-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>95<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 96</dt><dd id="fn96"><p>El Salvador 1983, Art. 33.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn96-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>96<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 97</dt><dd id="fn97"><p>El Salvador. 2010., Art. 1.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn97-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>97<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 98</dt><dd id="fn98"><p>El Salvador 2010, Arts. 1-4.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn98-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>98<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 99</dt><dd id="fn99"><p>Meeting with Among Friends Association; meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn99-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>99<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 100</dt><dd id="fn100"><p>El Salvador 1997, Art. 155 (5).</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn100-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>100<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 101</dt><dd id="fn101"><p>Ibid.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn101-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>101<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 102</dt><dd id="fn102"><p>Meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn102-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>102<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 103</dt><dd id="fn103"><p>Meeting with Among Friends Association; meeting with ALDES.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn103-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>103<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 104</dt><dd id="fn104"><p>Meeting Among Friends Association.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn104-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>104<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 105</dt><dd id="fn105"><p>Meeting with Among Friends Association.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn105-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>105<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 106</dt><dd id="fn106"><p>Meeting with Among Friends Association.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn106-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>106<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 107</dt><dd id="fn107"><p>Meeting with Among Friends Association; meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn107-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>107<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 108</dt><dd id="fn108"><p>Meeting with Among Friends Association; meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn108-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>108<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 109</dt><dd id="fn109"><p>Meeting with Among Friends Association.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn109-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>109<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 110</dt><dd id="fn110"><p>Meeting with Among Friends Association; meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS; meeting with ALDES.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn110-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>110<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 111</dt><dd id="fn111"><p>111 Meeting with ALDES.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn111-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>111<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 112</dt><dd id="fn112"><p>Meeting with ALDES; meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn112-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>112<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 113</dt><dd id="fn113"><p>Meeting with ALDES.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn113-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>113<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 114</dt><dd id="fn114"><p>Meeting with Among Friends Association.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn114-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>114<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 115</dt><dd id="fn115"><p>Meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS; meeting with Among Friends Association; meeting with ALDES.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn115-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>115<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 116</dt><dd id="fn116"><p>El Salvador 17 May 2013.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn116-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>116<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 117</dt><dd id="fn117"><p>Meeting with ALDES; meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn117-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>117<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 118</dt><dd id="fn118"><p>Meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn118-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>118<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 119</dt><dd id="fn119"><p>Meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS; meeting with Among Friends Association; meeting with ALDES.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn119-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>119<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 120</dt><dd id="fn120"><p>Meeting with ALDES; meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn120-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>120<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 121</dt><dd id="fn121"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit; meeting with FESPAD; meeting with ALDES.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn121-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>121<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 122</dt><dd id="fn122"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit; meeting with ISDEMU.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn122-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>122<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 123</dt><dd id="fn123"><p>All information originates from the meeting with COMCAVIS-TRANS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx#fn123-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>123<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd></dl></aside>2018-07-03T14:54:56Z2018-07-03T14:54:56ZGovernment of Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canadahttp://www.irb-cisr.gc.caurn:uuid:b7059db7-571e-4d30-86bc-9843fa56c479Issue Paper<p class="font-xlarge line-height-xlarge">
<strong>El Salvador: Information Gathering Mission Report - Part 1</strong></p><p class="font-xlarge">
<strong>Gangs in El Salvador and the Situation of Witnesses of Crime and Corruption</strong></p><p class="font-large line-height-xlarge">
<strong>September 2016</strong></p><p>Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada, Ottawa</p><p class="font-xsmall">All the sources of information contained in this document are identified and are publicly available</p><p class="font-xsmall">This Paper was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada based on approved notes from meetings with oral sources, publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This Paper is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee protection. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate.</p><h2>Table of Contents</h2><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#map">Map</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#gloss">Glossary</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#1intro">1. Introduction</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#2meth">2. Methodology</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#3over">3. Overview</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#31">3.1 The 2012-2013 Truce</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#4gangs">4. Gangs</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#41">4.1 Territorial Presence</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#411">4.1.1 Invisible Frontiers</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#42">4.2 Structure</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#43">4.3 Recruitment</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#431">4.3.1 Women and Girls in Gangs</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#432">4.3.2 Leaving Gangs</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#44">4.4 Distinctive Traits</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#441">4.4.1 Tattoos</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#442">4.4.2 Style of Dress</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#45">4.5 Activities</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#451">4.5.1 Extortion</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#452">4.5.2 Homicides and Forced Disappearances</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#453">4.5.3 Violence in Schools</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#454">4.5.4 Organized Crime</a></li></ul></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#5legal">5. Legal Apparatus and Institutional Efficacy</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#51">5.1 Police</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#511">5.1.1 Arbitrary Detentions and Extrajudicial Executions</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#52">5.2 Justice System</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#53">5.3 Witness Protection Program</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#6inter">6. Internal Displacement</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#61">6.1 Access to Education, Health Care, and Employment</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#notes">Notes on Interlocutors</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#refer">References for Printed Sources</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#appen">Appendix</a></li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#endno">Endnotes</a></li></ul>
<a id="map"></a>
<h2>Map</h2><p>
<img width="684" height="509" alt="Map of El Salvador" src="/en/country-information/ndp/PublishingImages/Salvador_Mission_Map.png" style="width:466px;height:509px;" /> </p><p>Source: United Nations (UN). May 2004. Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Cartographic Section. "<a title="Map of El Salvador" href="http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/elsalvad.pdf" rel="external">El Salvador</a>." [Accessed 10 June 2016]</p>
<a id="gloss"></a>
<h2>Glossary</h2><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>ACAP</li><li>Asylum Cooperation Action Plan<br><br></li><li>AEAS</li><li>
<span lang="es">Asociación de Empresarios de Autobuses Salvadoreños</span> (Association of Salvadoran Bus Companies)<br><br></li><li>ALDES</li><li>
<span lang="es">Asistencia Legal para la Diversidad Sexual - El Salvador</span> (LGBTI Justice Clinic)<br><br></li><li>ANSP</li><li>
<span lang="es">Academia Nacional de Seguridad Pública</span> (National Public Security Academy)<br><br></li><li>APES</li><li>
<span lang="es">Asociación de Periodistas de El Salvador</span> (Association of Salvadoran Journalists)<br><br></li><li>CNSCC</li><li>
<span lang="es">Consejo Nacional de Seguridad Ciudadanía y Convivencia</span> (National Council for Citizens' Safety and Coexistence)<br><br></li><li>COMAR</li><li>
<span lang="es">Comisión Mexicana de Ayuda a Refugiados</span> (Mexican Commission for Refugee Aid)<br><br></li><li>CONASOJ</li><li>
<span lang="es">Coordinadora Nacional de Sindicatos y Asociaciones del Órgano Judicial</span> (National Coordinating Committee of Unions and Associations of Workers in the Judiciary)<br><br></li><li>CSJ-SP</li><li>
<span lang="es">Corte Suprema de Justicia, Sala de lo Penal</span> (Supreme Court of Justice, Criminal Chamber)<br><br></li><li>DGCP</li><li>
<span lang="es">Dirección General de Centros Penales</span> (General Directorate of Penitentiaries)<br><br></li><li>FESPAD</li><li>
<span lang="es">Fundación de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho</span> (Foundation for the Study of Applied Law)<br><br></li><li>FGR</li><li>
<span lang="es">Fiscalía General de la República</span> (Office of the Attorney General)<br><br></li><li>IDHUCA</li><li>
<span lang="es">Instituto de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"</span> (Human Rights Institute, José Simeón Cañas Central American University)<br><br></li><li>IGSP</li><li>
<span lang="es">Inspectoría General de Seguridad Pública</span> (Office of the Inspector General of Public Security)<br><br></li><li>IML</li><li>
<span lang="es">Instituto de Medicina Legal</span> (Legal Medicine Institute)<br><br></li><li>IRB</li><li>Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada<br><br></li><li>IRCC</li><li>Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada<br><br></li><li>IUDOP</li><li>
<span lang="es">Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública</span> (Public Opinion University Institute),
<span lang="es">Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"</span> (José Simeón Cañas Central American University)<br><br></li><li>ORMUSA</li><li>
<span lang="es">Organización de Mujeres Salvadoreñas por la Paz</span> (Salvadoran Women's Organization for Peace)<br><br></li><li>PDDH</li><li>
<span lang="es">Procuraduría para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos</span> (Office of the Ombudsperson for the Defence of Human Rights)<br><br></li><li>PNC</li><li>
<span lang="es">Policía Nacional Civil</span> (National Civil Police)<br><br></li><li>RAD</li><li>Refugee Appeal Division<br><br></li><li>RPD</li><li>Refugee Protection Division<br><br></li><li>SCIS</li><li>
<span lang="es">Sociedad de Comerciantes e Industriales Salvadoreños</span> (Society of Salvadoran Businesses and Industries)<br><br></li><li>SIMEDUCO</li><li>
<span lang="es">Sindicato de Maestras y Maestros de la Educación Pública de El Salvador</span> (Union of Public Education Teachers of El Salvador)<br><br></li><li>SRE</li><li>
<span lang="es">Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores</span> (Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs)<br><br></li><li>UNHCR</li><li>United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees<br><br></li><li>UTE</li><li>
<span lang="es">Unidad Técnica Ejecutiva</span> (Executive Technical Unit)<br><br></li><li>USCIS</li><li>United States Citizenship and Immigration Services<br><br></li></ul>
<a id="1intro"></a>
<h2>1. Introduction</h2><p>In 2013, Canada and the United States began working together to identify opportunities to establish new modes of cooperation in the areas of asylum and immigration; this collaboration is known as the Asylum Cooperation Action Plan (ACAP). The ACAP, through the department of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), approached the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) of Canada to seek the IRB's interest in supporting the capacity building activities to be undertaken in the Americas with the objective of improving asylum systems in the region. In May 2015, the Deputy Chairperson of the IRB's Refugee Protection Division (RPD) participated in a meeting between Canada, Mexico and the United States, where it was agreed that the IRB would undertake a number of activities to support the development of quality refugee status determination by Mexico. One of these activities involved IRB participation in a joint information gathering mission (henceforth referred to as the "mission") to El Salvador, in conjunction with representatives from the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), the Mexican government's Commission for Refugee Aid (<span lang="es">Comisión Mexicana de Ayuda a Refugiados</span>, COMAR), and the Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs (<span lang="es">Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores</span>, SRE) of Mexico, under the auspices of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Mexico and El Salvador. A representative of the Mexican Embassy in San Salvador also participated. The joint mission was carried out from 11 to 15 April 2016. Following the completion of the joint mission, the IRB conducted its own research for one further week in El Salvador. The purpose of this was to meet with additional expert sources not included in the joint mission agenda due to time constraints, to gather corroborating and contrasting information, and to enable the IRB's Research Directorate to develop new contacts, strengthen existing ones, and obtain information uniquely needed to support the IRB's decision-making on refugee status determination now or in the future.</p><p>The purpose of the mission to El Salvador was to gather information related to state efforts to combat crime; the structure of criminal gangs, their areas of operation, activities, and recruitment practices; the situation of gender-based and domestic violence against women; the situation of LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and/or intersex) people; and the efficacy of the police and judiciary to provide recourse to victims of crime, investigate and prosecute crimes. This report summarizes the information gathered by the representatives of the IRB during both the joint mission and during the IRB's additional week of research.</p><p>The IRB would like to thank the Embassy of Canada in San Salvador and the UNHCR offices in San Salvador and Mexico for providing logistical support and assistance during the mission.</p>
<a id="2meth"></a>
<h2>2. Methodology</h2><p>The mission consisted of a series of meetings with experts and officials from relevant governmental, non-governmental, academic, and research-focused organizations. For details on the organizations and individuals consulted during this mission, please refer to the section entitled Notes on Interlocutors at the end of this Paper. The interlocutors chosen as oral sources to be interviewed were identified by the delegation based on their position and expertise. However, the list of sources should not be considered exhaustive in terms of the scope and complexity of human rights issues in El Salvador, given the time constraints that the delegation had to undertake the mission. Meetings with interlocutors for the joint mission were coordinated by the office of the UNHCR in San Salvador and took place in the interlocutors' offices or at the UNHCR headquarters in San Salvador. Meetings with interlocutors for the IRB's second week were coordinated by the Canadian embassy in San Salvador and the UNHCR office in San Salvador; taking place at these locations or in the interlocutors' offices, with the exception of the interview with the Legal Office Assistance for Sexual Diversity in El Salvador (<span lang="es">Asistencia Legal Para La Diversidad Sexual El Salvador</span>, ALDES) which was conducted over the phone. All interviews were conducted in Spanish, with the exception of the one with ALDES which was conducted in English.</p><p>Interview questions posed to interlocutors were formulated in line with the Terms of Reference for the mission (see Appendix). Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured approach to adapt to the expertise of the interlocutor(s) being interviewed. The Terms of Reference were developed in consultation with joint mission participants, and the IRB's decision-makers from the Refugee Protection Division (RPD) and the Refugee Appeals Division (RAD). Interlocutors' responses to these questions varied depending on their willingness and preparedness to address them, and the length of time granted for the interview.</p><p>In accordance with the Research Directorate's methodology, which relies on publicly available information, interlocutors were advised that the information they provided would form the basis of a report on country conditions. This report would be publicly accessible and used by decision-makers adjudicating refugee claims in Canada. Furthermore, interlocutors were asked to consent to being cited by name for the information they provided.</p><p>This Paper is the first of two Issue Papers that present the information gathered by the IRB during the mission to El Salvador. This Paper examines the situation of crime, gangs, internal relocation, and state protection mechanisms available for victims of crime. A second, separate Paper, will provide information about the situation of gender-based and domestic violence against women, as well as the situation of LGBTI people, and the legal recourse available to them.</p><p>This Paper may be read in conjunction with several IRB publications, including Responses to Information Requests SLV104900 of 14 July 2014, SLV105258 of 1 September 2015, SLV105259 of 2 September 2015, SLV105260 of 8 September 2015, and SLV105261 of 18 September 2015.</p>
<a id="3over"></a>
<h2>3. Overview</h2><p>El Salvador has an estimated population of 6,141,350 people and a land area of approximately 20,721 square kilometers; approximately the size of New Jersey.<sup id="fn1-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn1"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>1</a></sup> From 1980 to 1992, a civil war occurred in El Salvador between the government and the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front (<span lang="es">Frente Martí para la Liberación Nacional</span>, FMLN).<sup id="fn2-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn2"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>2</a></sup> After the peace agreement of 1992, reforms on judicial independence and electoral reform were proposed and new institutions were created, including the National Civil Police (<span lang="es">Policía Nacional Civil</span>, PNC) and the National Council of the Judiciary (<span lang="es">Consejo Superior de la Judicatura</span>).<sup id="fn3-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn3"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>3</a></sup></p><p>In the 1990s, the US undertook large scale deportations of non-US citizens of Central American origin back to their countries of origin,<sup id="fn4-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn4"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>4</a></sup> after serving time in jail.<sup id="fn5-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn5"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>5</a></sup> Many of these deportees had fled from El Salvador during the civil war and went to the US but later became members of US-based gangs, the
<span lang="es">Mara Salvatrucha</span> (MS-13) and the
<span lang="es">Barrio 18</span> (M-18).<sup id="fn6-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn6"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>6</a></sup> These gangs originated in Los Angeles, California, and spread to Central America via these deportations.<sup id="fn7-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn7"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>7</a></sup> Sources explained that at the time when these deportations occurred in the early 1990s, the country's institutions were weak as the state was in the process of undertaking the reforms followed the 1992 peace accords that ended the civil war.<sup id="fn8-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn8"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>8</a></sup> Sources indicate that in this historical context, the gang phenomenon in El Salvador grew, mutated, and became more powerful.<sup id="fn9-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn9"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>9</a></sup> The Vice-Minister of Justice and Public Security noted that the origins of the gang problem are rooted in the erosion of the social fabric and the weak presence of the state following the war.<sup id="fn10-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn10"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>10</a></sup> Other sources pointed to poverty as the breeding ground for gangs to prosper.<sup id="fn11-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn11"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>11</a></sup></p><p>In 2003, the Salvadoran government instituted
<em>
<span lang="es">mano dura</span></em> (heavy handed) and
<em>
<span lang="es">super mano dura</span></em> (super heavy handed) policies to deal with the rising violence committed by gangs<sup id="fn12-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn12"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>12</a></sup> by adopting measures that included immediate imprisonment for certain appearances and behaviours, such as having a tattoo,<sup id="fn13-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn13"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>13</a></sup> apparel and mode of dressing, hair cut style, and being in groups.<sup id="fn14-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn14"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>14</a></sup> As a result, many people accused of being gang members were detained,<sup id="fn15-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn15"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>15</a></sup> causing the prison population to rise to 8,000 prisoners in 2008, which was double the 2004 figure.<sup id="fn16-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn16"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>16</a></sup> A study on the security situation in El Salvador between 2009 and 2014 undertaken by the Public Opinion University Institute (<span lang="es">Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública</span>, IUDOP) at the José Simeón Cañas Central American University and provided by its Director during the meeting with the Research Directorate indicates that, according to statistics provided by the General Directorate of Penitentiaries (<span lang="es">Dirección General de Centros Penales</span>, DGCP), in 2003 there were 11,451 inmates in Salvadoran penitentiaries, 12,525 in 2005, 17,677 in 2007, 21,032 in 2009, 25,471 in 2011, and 26,848 in 2013.<sup id="fn17-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn17"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>17</a></sup> Sources indicate that the gang problem, instead of improving, became worse, as gangs became more organized from within the prisons.<sup id="fn18-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn18"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>18</a></sup> Presently, the government has not developed prevention programs with regards to the gang recruitment.<sup id="fn19-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn19"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>19</a></sup> The main gangs currently operating in El Salvador are the
<span lang="es">Mara Salvatrucha</span> and the
<span lang="es">Barrio 18</span>. However, as journalist Carlos Martínez from
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> indicated, in 2005, after a long process of internal purges and conflicts, the Barrio 18 splintered into two rival factions:
<span lang="es">Barrio 18 Revolucionarios</span> and
<span lang="es">Barrio 18 Sureños</span>.</p><p>During the mission, several sources described the level of crime in El Salvador as "critical."<sup id="fn20-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn20"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>20</a></sup> The Director of the IUDOP indicated that weapons are widely available in El Salvador, and that, based on their assessment, 80 percent of crimes are committed with firearms. A report on homicides in 2015 produced by the Legal Medicine Institute (<span lang="es">Instituto de Medicina Legal</span>, IML) similarly indicates that 83.2 percent of homicides committed during that year involved a firearm.<sup id="fn21-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn21"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>21</a></sup> Gangs are obtaining sophisticated high-caliber weapons to commit crimes.<sup id="fn22-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn22"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>22</a></sup> According to IUDOP, civilians are also increasingly arming themselves given the security environment. El Salvador's homicide rate for 2015 was 103 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants,<sup id="fn23-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn23"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>23</a></sup> while for 2014 it was 64.2.<sup id="fn24-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn24"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>24</a></sup> A report on homicides for 2015 in El Salvador published by
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em>, a San Salvador-based newspaper, indicates that Central America's homicide rate for 2015 was 40.2.<sup id="fn25-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn25"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>25</a></sup></p><p>According to
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>, the security problems due to gangs in El Salvador are "very complex." Dr. Mauricio Gaborit, Professor of Social Psychology at the Central American University "José Simeón Cañas" explained that although the government has what he described as a "very well designed strategic plan" on security, there are problems implementing it due to the lack of political will to negotiate with the political opposition. He gave the view that "the problem is not of resources, but lack of leadership and competent people to govern and carry out the projects. He also pointed out to existing corruption that impedes the efficient execution of government projects.<sup id="fn26-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn26"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>26</a></sup> Other sources similarly indicated that corruption is "rampant"<sup id="fn27-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn27"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>27</a></sup> and government institutions are very weak due to corruption, and political and economic partisan interests.<sup id="fn28-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn28"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>28</a></sup> The US Department of State's
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015</em> for El Salvador similarly states that "[t]he law provides criminal penalties for corruption by officials; however, the government did not implement the law effectively, and officials often engaged in corrupt practices with impunity."<sup id="fn29-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn29"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>29</a></sup></p><p>The Society of Salvadoran Businesses and Industries (Sociedad de Comerciantes e Industriales Salvadoreños, SCIS) explained that there are three types of economies in El Salvador: the "formal economy," which is deeply affected by crime; the "informal economy," which represents between 70 and 72 percent of the Salvadoran economy and where most people are employed due to the current situation in the country; and the "criminal economy," which is controlled by the gangs and organized crime syndicates, and has a direct impact on both the formal and informal economies. According to SCIS, El Salvador is becoming what they describe as a "survival economy," due to the instability of economic livelihoods.</p><p>Journalists practice self-censorship and are vulnerable to criminal organizations.<sup id="fn30-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn30"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>30</a></sup> The Association of Salvadoran Journalists (Asociación de Periodistas de El Salvador, APES) indicated that journalists are seen with suspicion by gangs who consider them to be police informants; they are subjected to intimidation, as well as the theft of cameras and forced erasure of filmed material. They are also threatened or killed for not giving broadcast access for gang members to appear in the media.<sup id="fn31-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn31"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>31</a></sup> Reporters Without Borders (RSF) reports the killing of radio host Nicolás García on 10 March 2016 in El Carrizal, department of Ahuachapán, by the Mara Salvatrucha gang after refusing to cooperate with that gang by providing them with information on police movements in the vicinity.<sup id="fn32-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn32"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>32</a></sup> APES also gave examples of journalists being forced by their employers to cover stories in conflict zones or face reprisal through dismissal.</p>
<a id="31"></a>
<h3>3.1 The 2012-2013 Truce</h3><p>The MS-13 and M-18 declared a truce with one another between 2012 and 2013 in order to establish a dialogue with the government. However, several sources indicated that during the truce, gangs became more powerful.<sup id="fn33-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn33"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>33</a></sup><span lang="es">El Faro</span> explained that the truce gave Salvadoran gangs a "new and visible political conscience, as well the notion of how to strategically administer violence in order to achieve their objectives."<sup id="fn34-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn34"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>34</a></sup> With the truce, gangs emerged as relevant national actors with the power to influence the outcome in elections<sup id="fn35-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn35"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>35</a></sup> and national security policy.<sup id="fn36-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn36"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>36</a></sup><span lang="es">El Faro</span> indicated that, with the truce, gangs came to understand the political importance of possessing territory, and they continue to use their territorial influence to negotiate with political candidates wishing to canvas for support inside territories controlled by the gangs.<sup id="fn37-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn37"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>37</a></sup><span lang="es">El Faro</span> gave the opinion that despite their political power, gangs are not interested, for the moment, in founding a political movement and are more interested in negotiating with their territorial influence to achieve their objectives. According to Dr. Gaborit, if the homicide rate decreases, it is not by the government's action, but that of the gangs decisions; and if extortions decrease, it is not by the government's actions, but because gangs have strategically determined to do so.<sup id="fn38-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn38"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>38</a></sup> InSight Crime, an organization that analyzes and reports on organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean,<sup id="fn39-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn39"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>39</a></sup> also reports that gangs in El Salvador possess political influence.<sup id="fn40-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn40"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>40</a></sup></p><p>Sources indicate that despite the lowering of homicides during the truce, the number of extortions, threats,<sup id="fn41-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn41"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>41</a></sup> and disappearances<sup id="fn42-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn42"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>42</a></sup> increased. For more information, see section 4.5.</p>
<a id="4gangs"></a>
<h2>4. Gangs</h2><p>
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> indicated that gangs are the natural expression of the absence of the state. Dr. Gaborit explained that in El Salvador, the state has not invested in the population or in communities by providing adequate access to education, health care, and infrastructure, leaving people highly vulnerable to crime, living in poverty, and lacking employment opportunities. This creates the conditions for crime organizations to develop and grow.<sup id="fn43-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn43"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>43</a></sup></p><p>The Deputy Director of Investigations (Subdirección de Investigaciones) of the PNC indicated that the objective of gangs is territorial control and the income derived from extortions, commonly called "rent" (<em>renta</em>). Dr. Gaborit indicated that the territory gives gangs their identity, security, income, a large network of collaborators and sympathizers, and "a community that will not say anything to authorities."<sup id="fn44-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn44"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>44</a></sup></p><p>Information about the number of gang members in El Salvador varies. According to
<em>La Nación</em>, a newspaper based in San José, Costa Rica, there are between 30,000 and 60,000 gang members in El Salvador.<sup id="fn45-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn45"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>45</a></sup> However,
<em>La Prensa Gráfica</em> reports that, according to a survey undertaken by the Ministry of Justice and Public Security (Ministerio de Justicia y Seguridad Pública) in 184 out of the 262 municipalities in the country between 2012 and 2013, there are about 29,325 gang members and 87,975 people with "affiliation" to gangs, for a total of 117,300 people associated with gangs.<sup id="fn46-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn46"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>46</a></sup></p>
<a id="41"></a>
<h3>4.1 Territorial Presence</h3><p>The territorial presence of gangs has increased significantly in recent years and the control they exert in communities has become stronger. The Office of the Ombudsperson for the Defence of Human Rights (<span lang="es">Procuraduría para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos</span>, PDDH) indicated that, even though the gang phenomenon was mostly urban in the 1990s and early 2000, currently gangs are also present throughout the country, including in rural areas where they recruit young people and carry out their activities. The Executive Director of Foundation Cristosal (<span lang="es">Fundación Cristosal</span>) explained that, based on information provided by the PNC, territorial presence of gangs is distinguishable by: "areas of influence," comprising places where the gang is not necessarily present but where they undertake activities in the interest of the gang; "areas of presence," where gang members are physically present and undertake their activities; and "areas of control," where gangs exercise full control of the daily life of its inhabitants.</p><p>Gangs exert their influence all over the country.<sup id="fn47-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn47"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>47</a></sup> Authorities have lost control over territory to gangs, as the latter decide who enters and who leaves from neighbourhoods.<sup id="fn48-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn48"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>48</a></sup> Gangs are very vigilant in controlling their territories and they question whoever enters these territories.<sup id="fn49-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn49"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>49</a></sup> According to
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>, people in El Salvador know which gang exerts its influence in the neighbourhood in which he or she lives.</p><p>During the mission, several sources pointed out that gangs are seen as the de facto authorities in many communities. Sources indicated that gang control has taken deep roots inside their communities<sup id="fn50-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn50"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>50</a></sup> to the point of changing the lifestyles of many Salvadorans.<sup id="fn51-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn51"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>51</a></sup><span lang="es">El Faro</span> indicated that there is no set of homogeneous norms inside communities, however. Some norms are unspoken, yet common. For example, people must advise gangs of any visit by someone from outside the neighbourhood to avoid problems, and the gang determines and controls the entry procedure a person must follow when entering the neighbourhood, such as turning off headlights or using high beams, lowering the windows, or honking. In some cases, a rumour about gangs can change the lifestyle of residents.
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> provided the example of a rumour that gangs indicated that all women who work in downtown San Salvador and who have their hair tinted blond would be killed because only the partners of gang members were permitted to have blond hair. The next day all women who were not gang partners and who had blond hair tinted it with another colour. "Nobody knew if the rumour was true or not, but a rumour is enough notice for people to change their behaviour."<sup id="fn52-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn52"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>52</a></sup> Other press agencies have reported on similar incidents in other parts of the country.<sup id="fn53-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn53"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>53</a></sup> The US Department of State's
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015</em> for El Salvador indicates that "[i]n many neighborhoods, armed groups and gangs targeted certain persons and interfered with privacy, family, and home life, and created a climate of fear that the authorities were not capable of restoring to normal."<sup id="fn54-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn54"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>54</a></sup></p><p>Gangs routinely impose curfews in neighbourhoods, especially when they want to take precautionary measures for an imminent attack or when they are going to execute an action.<sup id="fn55-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn55"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>55</a></sup> Also, according to Dr. Gaborit, curfews and other methods of curbing the free movement of people, such as giving orders to stop bus transit, thereby paralyzing public transportation, are also used by gangs to signal their strength to the government; displaying that they have the power to exert such control.<sup id="fn56-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn56"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>56</a></sup> Another way of controlling territory is by detaining people and asking for their identification documents (<span lang="es">Documento Único de Identidad</span>, DUI).<sup id="fn57-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn57"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>57</a></sup> For example, when teachers must travel to a school in another neighbourhood where they are employed, gangs detain them, ask them to produce their DUI, and interrogate them in order to obtain information about the neighbourhood where they live, who their family members are, and what is the purpose of their presence in the neighbourhood.<sup id="fn58-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn58"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>58</a></sup> Gangs also routinely ask visitors or strangers to produce their DUI to find out where that person comes from and which gang operates there.<sup id="fn59-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn59"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>59</a></sup> They also post closed circuit TV cameras outside neighbourhoods to monitor and control the movement of people.<sup id="fn60-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn60"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>60</a></sup></p><p>The gang leaders in the community also intervene to settle conflicts among residents in the neighbourhood.<sup id="fn61-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn61"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>61</a></sup> Sources indicated that when settling disputes with other members of their community, people usually go to the gang leader rather than to authorities.<sup id="fn62-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn62"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>62</a></sup><span lang="es">El Faro</span> provided the example of a woman who went to see the gang leader in her neighbourhood to complain about domestic violence and abuse by her husband. The gang leader reportedly threatened her husband and the violence against her ceased.<sup id="fn63-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn63"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>63</a></sup><span lang="es">El Faro</span> explained that the gangs do not want state authorities arriving in the neighbourhood and prefer to resolve conflicts themselves through threats of violence.</p>
<a id="411"></a>
<h4>4.1.1 Invisible Frontiers</h4><p>The fight for territorial control among gangs creates invisible lines that act as de facto borders and affect the freedom of movement of inhabitants.<sup id="fn64-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn64"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>64</a></sup> According to the Salvadoran Red Cross (<span lang="es">Cruz Roja Salvadoreña</span>), this phenomenon affects the entire population, especially impoverished people, women and young people. Sources indicated that when a person lives in a neighbourhood controlled by one gang, he or she cannot transit the territory of another gang without running the risk of being killed.<sup id="fn65-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn65"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>65</a></sup><span lang="es">El Faro</span> provided the example that if a person who lives in a territory controlled by one gang decides to visit a friend or a family member who lives in a neighbourhood controlled by the opposite gang, he or she could be killed by either gang because, on one hand, the gang in the neighbourhood the person is visiting considers it an offense that the person lives in a territory controlled by the other gang. On the other hand, the gang that controls the neighbourhood where the person lives might see him or her with suspicion for visiting the other gang's territory. Therefore, in order to go to work or school, people have to take alternative routes to avoid passing through opposite gangs' territory. If a school or educational institution is two blocks away but is controlled by the opposite gang, the student will not be able to go there. There have been cases of young people who have been killed for wearing the uniform of an institution which is located in opposing gangs' territories. Catholic churches change religious processions to avoid passing through opposing gangs' territories in order to avoid running the risk that parishioners will be hurt or killed.<sup id="fn66-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn66"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>66</a></sup></p>
<a id="42"></a>
<h3>4.2 Structure</h3><p>According to
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>, gangs in Central America operate as a franchise, meaning, although a gang may share the same name, their structures, founding myths, the way they perceive themselves, and their territorial presence is very different from country to country. In El Salvador and Honduras, for example, gangs are present and exert their influence throughout the territory. In Guatemala, however, the gang phenomenon is mostly urban and they have not been able to establish a strong presence in rural, indigenous areas. In Los Angeles, where there are about 700 Latino gangs, all of them are subordinated to the Mexican Mafia gang, or "<span lang="es">La Eme</span>," and gang phenomenon in that region is stratified by race. Gangs along the eastern coast of the US, particularly Maryland, Washington DC, Virginia, and New York, are growing due to the presence of Salvadoran MS through migration flows. The MS in this part of the US does not have communication with the one in Los Angeles, but does communicate with the one in El Salvador to carry out extortion of Salvadorans living in these Eastern US states.<sup id="fn67-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn67"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>67</a></sup></p><p>Gangs are described by interlocutors as very sophisticated structures<sup id="fn68-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn68"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>68</a></sup>. Gangs' internal structure is hierarchical.<sup id="fn69-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn69"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>69</a></sup><span lang="es">El Faro</span> explained that the Mara Salvatrucha's lowest organizational unit is the clique (<em><span lang="es">clica</span></em>). Cliques are organized into
<em>
<span lang="es">programas</span></em> of different sizes, and in El Salvador there are 54 programas. The
<span lang="es">Barrio 18</span>'s lowest organizational unit are the
<em>
<span lang="es">canchas</span></em>, and these are organized into
<em>
<span lang="es">tribus</span></em>. The top echelon of the gangs is called the
<em>
<span lang="es">ranfla</span></em>, who is usually in prison,<sup id="fn70-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn70"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>70</a></sup> as prisons are gangs' operations centres where the leadership is located.<sup id="fn71-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn71"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>71</a></sup> Each tribu and programa manages their own resources, which come mostly from extortion, and they use these resources for basic necessities for the gang such as lawyers for detained members, medical expenses for members injured or wounded, payments to family members of gang members who have been killed or imprisoned, and to buy weapons. They also spend the money on symbolic "luxury" goods that represent their status and gang membership, such as Nike Cortez sneakers, and marijuana, particularly in prisons. Gangs also invest money in buying drugs to resell.<sup id="fn72-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn72"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>72</a></sup></p><p>
<strong>Diagram: Gangs' structure</strong><sup id="fn73-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn73"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>73</a></sup></p><p>
<img src="/en/country-information/ndp/PublishingImages/SLV_Gangs.png" alt="" style="margin:5px;width:1045px;height:265px;" /> </p><div class="accordionDesc">
<span>[Alternate format]</span>
<div>The image illustrates a two-part graph depicting the gangs structure for Mara Salvatrucha and Barrio 18.<br><br>The support structure is a pyramid shape, showing Sympathizers at the base, Collaborators in the middle and Gang Members at the top.<br><br>Branching out from the Gang Members is the internal structure. For Mara Salvatrucha, the Clica are at the bottom, the Programa in middle and the Ranfla at the top. For Barrio 18, the Cancha are at the bottom, the Tribu in middle and the Ranfla at the top.</div></div>
<a id="43"></a>
<h3>4.3 Recruitment</h3><p>Recruitment into gangs usually starts as early as 11 years old,<sup id="fn74-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn74"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>74</a></sup> but gangs use children as young as 8 years old as look-outs (<em><span lang="es">postes</span></em>) to call the gangs on cellphones when the police or non-residents are entering the neighbourhood.<sup id="fn75-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn75"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>75</a></sup> They also use children to collect extortion payments,<sup id="fn76-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn76"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>76</a></sup> to eavesdrop on people, or to do other chores for the gang in exchange for a few dollars.<sup id="fn77-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn77"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>77</a></sup> The PDDH further indicated that gangs use children and young people to commit crimes such as drug dealing on the street, theft, threats, and murder. Gangs target children from poor and broken families, or who live with their grandparents, children who have relatives in the US, or, those who have psychological problems or mental disabilities.<sup id="fn78-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn78"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>78</a></sup> Recruitment takes place in local communities<sup id="fn79-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn79"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>79</a></sup> and schools.<sup id="fn80-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn80"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>80</a></sup></p><p>During the mission, sources provided different views on whether recruitment was forced or voluntary. Sources indicated that there are cases of people who are reportedly forced to collaborate with gangs under the penalty of being killed or having family members killed in reprisal.<sup id="fn81-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn81"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>81</a></sup> However, the Union of Public Education Teachers of El Salvador (<span lang="es">Sindicato de Maestras y Maestros de la Educación Pública de El Salvador</span>, SIMEDUCO) described recruitment as "half-forced and half-voluntary," as there are parents that perceive the gang as a "role model" for their children. For example, there are parents who feel privileged that a gang member "chooses" their daughter over others, because she will have social status and will have better living conditions. Also, children who avoid gang involvement are marginalized, humiliated and bullied, whereas a child who becomes involved with gang members becomes part of their circle of protection and will begin to build a reputation in the community. In this way, recruitment is "voluntary." However, as children spend time with gangs and become increasingly involved, later on, they will have no choice but to join, or feel obliged to join, hence, recruitment is also in a sense, "forced."<sup id="fn82-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn82"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>82</a></sup><span lang="es">El Faro</span> and the Foundation for the Study of Applied Law (<span lang="es">Fundación de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho</span>, FESPAD), indicated that recruitment is "voluntary" in the vast majority of cases. There are many children and youth who want to become part of a gang because involvement in such activity is perceived to bring access to the criminal economic benefits associated with it, as the gangs are both respected and feared inside their communities.<sup id="fn83-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn83"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>83</a></sup> Youth perceive the gangs as an opportunity to overcome poverty; they admire the gangs and their lifestyle<sup id="fn84-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn84"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>84</a></sup> to the point of giving their lives for the gang.<sup id="fn85-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn85"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>85</a></sup><span lang="es">El Faro</span> indicated that young males perceive that being a gang member brings social status and admiration.</p><p>To avoid being recruited by gangs, those parents who can afford it send their children to private schools. Those who cannot afford to do so are forced to remain indoors in their houses without the possibility to go to school, work, or play on the street, so as not to risk being harmed by gangs.<sup id="fn86-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn86"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>86</a></sup> Foundation Cristosal indicated that the same happens to displaced families with children who arrive in a new neighbourhood. According to SIMEDUCO, this is more prevalent for boys than girls.</p>
<a id="431"></a>
<h4>4.3.1 Women and Girls in Gangs</h4><p>
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> indicated that women are not accepted as full members of gangs due to the masculine-centric attitudes prevalent in Salvadoran society, which also permeate the gangs. Women used to be full, recognized members of the gangs until 2000 when the gangs decided not to recruit more women, as they were perceived as the "origin of too many conflicts."<sup id="fn87-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn87"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>87</a></sup> Women are considered to be a "property" by gangs,<sup id="fn88-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn88"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>88</a></sup> and they are used for different purposes such as collecting money from extortion on behalf of members, to deliver drugs into penitentiaries,<sup id="fn89-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn89"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>89</a></sup> and to be sex partners for imprisoned gang members.<sup id="fn90-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn90"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>90</a></sup> If a woman or a girl does not visit an imprisoned gang member as ordered, or, if she is seen accompanied by other men, she,<sup id="fn91-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn91"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>91</a></sup> or a member of her family<sup id="fn92-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn92"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>92</a></sup> would be killed.<sup id="fn93-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn93"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>93</a></sup> FESPAD indicated that gangs choose girls as early as 12 years old. Similarly, the Salvadoran Women's Organization for Peace (<span lang="es">Organización de Mujeres Salvadoreñas por la Paz</span>, ORMUSA) indicated that the gangs choose girls 15 years old or younger, and that girls as early as 12 years old are affected by sexual violence. Also, if a gang wants to kill another gang member and he cannot be found, the gang will kill his wife.<sup id="fn94-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn94"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>94</a></sup> For additional information on the situation of women in El Salvador, refer to Part 2 of the information gathering mission report.</p>
<a id="432"></a>
<h4>4.3.2 Leaving Gangs</h4><p>According to SIMEDUCO, a member of a gang may be permitted by the gangs to leave, if he is joining a religious congregation. However, if he is later found to be drinking alcohol or smoking, he could be killed.<sup id="fn95-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn95"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>95</a></sup> Sources indicated that the penalty for quitting the gang is death, regardless of the motive.<sup id="fn96-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn96"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>96</a></sup> Also, as
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> explained, it is "very hard for gang members to cut ties with the imprisoned leadership because sooner or later he will end up in prison and he will have to settle scores with the gang."</p>
<a id="44"></a>
<h3>4.4 Distinctive Traits</h3>
<a id="441"></a>
<h4>4.4.1 Tattoos</h4><p>
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> indicated that gangs have taken different decisions in this regard. In the past, it was sometimes obligatory to have a tattoo,<sup id="fn97-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn97"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>97</a></sup> while in other cases, gang members needed to earn a tattoo.<sup id="fn98-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn98"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>98</a></sup> Usually, gang members who are 30 years old or older are completely tattooed.<sup id="fn99-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn99"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>99</a></sup> Even though the use of tattoos has been decreasing in recent years to avoid being identified by authorities as gang members, gangs also use tattoos as a form of punishment for a mistake made by that member, or when his loyalty is questioned, for example, tattooing his face "to dissipate any doubt."<sup id="fn100-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn100"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>100</a></sup></p>
<a id="442"></a>
<h4>4.4.2 Style of Dress</h4><p>Sources indicated that, presently, gang members are more discrete in the way that they dress in order to avoid being detected by the PNC.<sup id="fn101-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn101"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>101</a></sup> Gang members tend not to wear loose clothes and Nike Cortez athletic shoes, as they had in the past, and rather, dress like any other person.<sup id="fn102-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn102"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>102</a></sup> According to
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>, "there is no distinctive trait to indicate who is a gang member." SCIS similarly indicated that some gang members "have the same appearance as middle class people."
<em>
<span lang="es">La Página</span></em>, a San Salvador-based newspaper, also indicates that, according to the PNC, there is a new generation of gang members that [translation] "dress 'normally' and represent the figure of the honest and correct citizen."<sup id="fn103-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn103"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>103</a></sup></p>
<a id="45"></a>
<h3>4.5 Activities</h3><p>The mission heard from sources that some of the crimes committed by gangs include homicide, extortion, forced recruitment, forced disappearances, street-level drug trafficking (<em><span lang="es">narcomenudeo</span></em>), threats, and carjacking.</p>
<a id="451"></a>
<h4>4.5.1 Extortion</h4><p>Extortion is a problem in El Salvador. All businesses, from the street vendor to transnational companies, pay extortion, or "rent," to the gangs.<sup id="fn104-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn104"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>104</a></sup> The mission heard examples of extortion of teachers, students, telecommunication companies, municipalities, judicial workers, bus drivers, and businesses. Gangs also extort residents who are receiving remittances from abroad, and people who are successful in obtaining employment with higher pay.<sup id="fn105-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn105"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>105</a></sup> According to SCIS, gangs calculate the "rent" to be paid by a business owner by sending a gang affiliate to surveil how many customers receive on average, in order to estimate the income taken by the business. The "rent" usually ranges between 20 and 30 percent of the target's income.<sup id="fn106-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn106"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>106</a></sup></p><p>InSight Crime also reports that small and medium-sized enterprises pay between US$30 million and US$60 million per month in extortions.<sup id="fn107-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn107"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>107</a></sup> Some companies and small businesses hire negotiators to arrange the rates they must pay for extortion.<sup id="fn108-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn108"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>108</a></sup> According to the Association of Salvadoran Bus Companies (<span lang="es">Asociación de Empresarios de Autobuses Salvadoreños</span>, AEAS), the concept of extortion is institutionalized in El Salvador in the sense that companies and businesses declare in income tax forms the amount they pay for extortion as business costs for "special collaboration," and that banks take into account the amount of extortion a client pays in order to calculate loans. In a 16 September 2016 correspondence with the Research Directorate,
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> similarly indicated that items such as "operational costs" and "special collaborations" are used by companies to incorporate, in their formal financial accounts and tax returns, amounts paid for extortion.</p><p>Methods used to extort people include sending a person, usually a minor, to hand over to the business owner or one of the employees, either a cellphone with a gang member on the line asking for the "rent," or a telephone number for the business owner to call, or a piece of paper with the extortion amount to be paid. The US Department of State's
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 for El Salvador</em> indicates that</p><blockquote dir="ltr" style="margin-right:0px;">[i]n some cases[,] the country's high crime rate negatively affected acceptable conditions of work, as well as workers' psychological and physical health. Some workers, such as bus drivers, bill collectors, messengers, and teachers in high-risk areas, reported being subject to extortion and death threats.<sup id="fn109-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn109"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>109</a></sup></blockquote><p>AEAS indicated that if someone does not pay the extortion, as a reprisal, gang members will kill the business owner, or an employee from that business, or shoot indiscriminately at the business.
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> gave the example of a telecommunications company that started to subcontract technicians to go into gang-controlled territory in order to avoid paying extortion. When gangs noticed the move, they threatened to kill subcontracted technicians if the company did not pay the extortion.<sup id="fn110-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn110"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>110</a></sup> Gangs also extort the following targets: government entities carrying out infrastructure projects, by threatening to kill workers on the project;<sup id="fn111-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn111"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>111</a></sup> residential gated communities by asking the security guard to relay the message that everybody in the community has to pay a "rent," otherwise they will kill the guard; a business that wants to set up a billboard in an area controlled by the gangs;<sup id="fn112-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn112"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>112</a></sup> and fishermen, by takng a portion of their catch, which the gangs then sell in the local market themselves.<sup id="fn113-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn113"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>113</a></sup></p><p>Bus companies are particularly affected by extortion. AEAS indicated that bus companies pay extortion amounts ranging between US$0.25 to US$1 per day, US$50 per month, or, in some cases, up to US$300 a month, per bus. The fare to ride a bus is US$0.20. A bus driver has to pay the extortion to each gang of the territory that the driver transits. If the extortion is not paid, the gangs shoot at the buses, burn buses, or kill bus drivers or bus company employees. Bus drivers are also subjected to robberies and assaults. For these reasons, some bus companies offer life insurance to their employees.<sup id="fn114-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn114"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>114</a></sup> AEAS indicated that in "recent years," gangs have killed around 1,000 employees and 125 business owners of bus companies. AEAS indicated that it is estimated that bus companies pay more than US$35 million per year in extortion.
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa</span></em>, a San Pedro Sula-based newspaper, reports that bus companies in El Salvador pay around US$34 million per year.<sup id="fn115-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn115"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>115</a></sup></p><p>Many companies and businesses have closed due to extortion. AEAS indicated that, out of the 40 bus companies that existed in the past, only 3 are currently operating and covering the neighbourhoods that other companies abandoned. According to SCIS, business people continue facing extortion and threats even after they closed their businesses. AEAS indicated that hiring bus drivers is "problematic" because the job is very dangerous.</p><p>Teachers also face extortion from gangs. Teachers are extorted by, for instance, receiving a phone call from a gang member in the prison to a student, who in turn passes the phone over to the teacher, who is then ordered to do such things as: reload funds onto the student's cellphone plan, give large sums of money for "emergencies," or give up his or her cellphone to the student.<sup id="fn116-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn116"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>116</a></sup></p>
<a id="452"></a>
<h4>4.5.2 Homicides and Forced Disappearances</h4><p>According to Dr. Gaborit, the homicide rate of children between 16 and 17 years of age is higher than other age groups in the country. The IML report on homicides in 2015 indicates that, out of the 6,656 homicides committed during that year, the highest age groups for minor children were children aged 17 (318 deaths), children aged 16 (191 deaths), and children aged 15 (123 deaths). The highest age groups among adults were people 20 year-olds (304 deaths), and 25 year-olds with (273 deaths).<sup id="fn117-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn117"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>117</a></sup></p><p>
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> indicated that gangs use violence as a means of communication. In some cases gangs want a particular killing to appear in news media in order for the public to know about the incident. However, if the target or victim does not have a high profile, the gang would prefer to "disappear" him or her. Reasons for "disappearing a person" include: infidelity of a female partner, being a family member of a gang member from an opposite gang, suspicion of being a PNC informant, and not paying extortion.<sup id="fn118-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn118"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>118</a></sup> Elsalvador.com, a San Salvador-based electronic newspaper, similarly reports that, according to the General Attorney Office (<span lang="es">Fiscalía General de la República</span>, FGR), some of the motives to disappear a male person include: being a member of another gang, or if he is not a gang member, filing a complaint with the police, having an affair with a woman who is the partner of a gang member, or [translation] "running into problems with gangs."<sup id="fn119-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn119"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>119</a></sup> The article also indicates that reasons to disappear a woman include: infidelity, speaking badly about gang members, not paying a visit to imprisoned gang members, not reporting all the money derived from the collection of the "rent" or from selling drugs on the street, or hanging out with members of the opposing gang.<sup id="fn120-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn120"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>120</a></sup></p><p>According to
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>, in gang culture, killing a woman does not confer "status" on the gang member, explaining why almost half of the victims who have been disappeared and subsequently found buried in clandestine graves are women. Elsalvador.com reports that, according to Salvadoran authorities, of the 172 disappearances that were reported between 1 January and 22 February 2015, 71 percent of the victims were males. The same authorities also indicated that disappearances are more committed against males than females.<sup id="fn121-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn121"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>121</a></sup> According to statistics provided by
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>, before the truce there were around 600 cases of disappearances, but in 2013 the number rose to around 1,100, in 2014 to 2,300, and in 2015 to 2,600. Elsalvador.com reports that, according to statistics provided by the PNC, as of 31 December 2014, 2,392 people were reported as disappeared, of which 456 were found alive and 93 were found dead.<sup id="fn122-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn122"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>122</a></sup></p>
<a id="453"></a>
<h4>4.5.3 Violence in Schools</h4><p>The level of violence at schools is serious and gangs intimidate teachers, administrative staff and students. According to SIMEDUCO, many youth at public schools have ties to gangs either directly or through a family member.<sup id="fn123-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn123"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>123</a></sup> School principals are ordered by the gangs which students must be admitted to school, and who is not to be admitted. Also, teachers have to consider carefully whether to discipline a student, as they often must consider whether that student is related to a gang member. SIMEDUCO stated that most of the teachers who have been killed were those who were perceived as "very strict."<sup id="fn124-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn124"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>124</a></sup></p><p>Teachers are also forced by students with gang connections to hide weapons inside their desks in case of police appearance at the school, and to give the student the grades that he or she demands. Without providing the specific details about perpetrators, the SIMEDUCO gave the following statistics regarding killings of students and teachers: in 2014, 38 students and 9 teachers were killed; in 2015, 75 students and 15 teachers were killed; and from 1 January to 20 April 2016, 20 students and 5 teachers were killed.</p>
<a id="454"></a>
<h4>4.5.4 Organized Crime</h4><p>In October 2012, the US Department of the Treasury designated the
<span lang="es">Mara Salvatrucha</span> as a "transnational criminal organization" for its "criminal activity, in the US and around the world," including human smuggling, drug trafficking, sex trafficking, extortions, and kidnapping.<sup id="fn125-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn125"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>125</a></sup> However,
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> gave the view that the gangs' connections are rather limited to aspects such as occasionally providing services as bodyguards for drug lords, storing drugs, and refueling vessels transporting drugs. They are also subcontracted as hired assassins by criminal organizations or individuals.<sup id="fn126-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn126"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>126</a></sup></p>
<a id="5legal"></a>
<h2>5. Legal Apparatus and Institutional Efficacy</h2><p>The National Council for Citizens' Safety and Coexistence (<span lang="es">Consejo Nacional de Seguridad Ciudadanía y Convivencia</span>, CNSCC) was created by the government in September 2014 to [translation] "improve policies and national plans in the areas of justice and public safety". It is comprised of state agencies, local governments, churches, the media, private enterprises, political parties, several civil society organizations and the international community. The CNSCC developed the Plan Safe Salvador (<span lang="es">Plan Salvador Seguro</span>) which is composed of five "axis" (i.e. violence prevention, penal prosecution and control, rehabilitation and reinsertion, assistance and protection to victims, and institutional strengthening) and 124 "priority actions" to deal with violence and criminality, guarantee access to justice, and provide protection to victims of crime. The Plan is focused on 50 out of 262 municipalities, and some of its actions include promoting employment for young people, increasing the state's presence in municipalities of concern, and expanding security plans for public transportation.<sup id="fn127-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn127"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>127</a></sup> The Vice-Minister of Justice and Public Security indicated that, under this Plan, the government has been providing training, employment opportunities, schooling, and the creation of "shared spaces for co-existence" in communities across the country. He also indicated that the government has created education, housing, and health committees.<sup id="fn128-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn128"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>128</a></sup></p><p>The Vice-Minister of Justice and Public Security indicated that the current government offers education, scholarships and employment to young people.<sup id="fn129-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn129"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>129</a></sup> The government also has the Plan Safe School (<span lang="es">Plan Escuela Segura</span>), renamed in 2013 to Prevention and Security Plan for Schools (<span lang="es">Plan de Prevención y Seguridad Escolar</span>),<sup id="fn130-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn130"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>130</a></sup> that provides security to Salvadoran schools by deploying the PNC and the military forces to schools<sup id="fn131-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn131"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>131</a></sup>. However, SIMEDUCO indicated that the presence of authorities in schools puts students and teachers at risk because gangs target them for considering that the school is assisting authorities.</p>
<a id="51"></a>
<h3>5.1 Police</h3><p>The National Civil Police (<span lang="es">Policía Nacional Civil</span>, PNC) has around 28,000 police officers,<sup id="fn132-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn132"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>132</a></sup> including 24,000 uniformed police officers and 3,600 who are part of the Division of Investigations of the PNC.<sup id="fn133-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn133"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>133</a></sup> AEAS indicated that the monthly salary of a police officer is about US$250.<sup id="fn134-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn134"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>134</a></sup> In 2015, news sources reported that on average, a police officer earns approximately US$400 per month,<sup id="fn135-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn135"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>135</a></sup> but the net pay ends up being around US$200 after deductions.<sup id="fn136-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn136"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>136</a></sup> Recruitment into the PNC is undertaken by the National Public Security Academy (<span lang="es">Academia Nacional de Seguridad Pública</span>, ANSP). Candidates must have between 18 and 28 years of age and a high school diploma, and go through screening that includes a criminal background check, and psychosocial, general culture, medical tests. Recruit training lasts eight months at the ANSP. They receive an additional three months training at the PNC where they receive training in weapons, ethics, human rights, philosophy of the communitarian police, criminology, and the law and the constitution. Without providing further detail, the PDDH gave the view that the quality of the training curriculum is "good." After enrollment, the Office of the Inspector General of Public Security (<span lang="es">Inspectoría General de Seguridad Pública</span>, IGSP) provides an 80-hour training session on police conduct through its human rights division.<sup id="fn137-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn137"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>137</a></sup></p><p>The Deputy Director of Investigations of the PNC indicated that around 500 non-uniformed officers are employed in the technical area of investigation, which includes collection of evidence, ballistics analysis, dactyloscopy, serology, chemical-physics analysis, and document analysis. Since 2007, the PNC has been acquiring specialized equipment, such as the Integrated Ballistics Identification System (IBIS) to create a formal registry of bullets and firearms used to commit crimes. In 2009, the PNC established the Automated Fingerprint Identification System (AFIS) which was provided in part by the US Federal Bureau of Investigation, to store the fingerprints of detained people. In 2012-2013, the system was strengthened with the assistance of the Government of Japan. All 19 branches of the PNC across the country have AFIS stations to collect, analyze, and cross-reference fingerprints.<sup id="fn138-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn138"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>138</a></sup></p><p>According to the IGSP, most of the investigations against PNC officers are related to disciplinary aspects such as not reporting for duty, and failing alcohol and drug tests. He also stated that people do not file many complaints against members of the PNC, and that out of those that are investigated, 38 percent end up with sanctions against implicated PNC officers. The IGSP has an office in every department with one employee, except in six departments which has "more than one employee." The IGSP has a budget of US$1.3 million per year and has 99 employees.<sup id="fn139-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn139"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>139</a></sup></p><p>According to the PDDH, PNC officers lack the necessary equipment to operate. Their weapons and vehicles are less powerful than those used by criminal organizations, and these resources are not enough to carry out their mandate.<sup id="fn140-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn140"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>140</a></sup> The Association of Salvadoran Bus Companies (<span lang="es">Asociación de Empresarios de Autobuses Salvadoreños</span>, AEAS) similarly indicated that AEAS has to pay for private investigators to investigate cases of extortion because the PNC lacks resources. The US Department of State's
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 for El Salvador</em> indicates that the lack of resources has "limited the PNC's effectiveness."<sup id="fn141-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn141"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>141</a></sup></p><p>Sources indicated that there are more private security guards than PNC officers.<sup id="fn142-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn142"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>142</a></sup><em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em> reports that, according to Miguel Gil, President of the National Association of Private Security Firms (<span lang="es">Unión Nacional de Agencias Privadas de Seguridad</span>, UNAPS), there are 23,546 licensed private security guards, in addition to about 5,000 who operate without permits.<sup id="fn143-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn143"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>143</a></sup> Dr. Gaborit indicated that there are many security firms whose hiring criteria are very lax and guards are poorly trained for "high stress situations." According to
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em>, private security guards receive a one-time 40-hour course provided by the National Academy of Public Security (<span lang="es">Academia Nacional de Seguridad Pública</span>, ANSP), where they receive tactical training on handcuffing, using verbal persuasion techniques, and firearms training.<sup id="fn144-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn144"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>144</a></sup> The ANSP training course also includes information about police labour rights, human rights issues, and mental health.<sup id="fn145-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn145"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>145</a></sup></p><p>Foundation Cristosal indicated that the Community Police (<span lang="es">Policía Comunitaria</span>) of the PNC is not effective, because "gangs have established a strong presence inside communities."</p><p>
<a id="511"></a> </p><h4>5.1.1 Arbitrary Detentions and Extrajudicial Executions</h4><p>During the mission, there were reports of arbitrary detentions.
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> indicated that the PNC routinely detains young people for 48 to 72 hours under the suspicion of being a gang member.
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> gave the view that, to authorities, the mere fact of being a young person is suspicion enough to consider him or her a gang member.
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> also provided the example of a young boy who was detained during a police raid in the neighbourhood and mistakenly detained. He has been in the prison for over two years without trial. FESPAD also indicated that authorities detain innocent people under the suspicion of being a gang member. IUDOP indicated that the PNC not only abuses gang members but also innocent members of communities that police perceive as connected to the gangs; they break down doors, beat people, and detain people, who are later set free due to lack of crime-related evidence. IUDOP gave the view that this has caused "indignation inside communities which translates into more support and legitimacy for the gangs."<sup id="fn146-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn146"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>146</a></sup></p><p>The IGSP indicated that his office does not receive "many" complaints against police officers for allegations of torture and that, as far as his office has investigated, there are no reports on extrajudicial executions committed by members of the PNC. The US
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015 for El Salvador</em> indicates, however, that local media has "reported on several allegations of extrajudicial killings that suggested police involvement."<sup id="fn147-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn147"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>147</a></sup> The report also indicates that, as of July 2015, the IGSP reported that "eight PNC officers faced charges of homicide during the year."<sup id="fn148-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn148"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>148</a></sup> Without specifying a time period, the PDDH indicated that approximately 60 percent of complaints it receives are against the PNC. The PDDH explained that most of the complaints relate to weak police procedures such as contamination of evidence, excessive use of force, and violations of human rights. The PDDH further indicated that in 2015, that office received complaints of the enforced disappearance of five persons by state security forces.</p>
<a id="52"></a>
<h3>5.2 Justice System</h3><p>The Vice-Minister of Justice and Public Security gave examples of actions that have been taken to counteract activity by gangs and criminal organizations. In penitentiaries, gang leaders have been "rotated" and isolated to prevent communication with connections outside the prisons and to prevent committing and coordinating crimes from inside the prisons. Their access to legal assistance is "virtual" and trials are done through videoconference. Also, there are more joint operations between the PNC and military forces to lower homicides, extortions and other crimes. The overcrowding of women's prisons, which was at 900 percent of prison capacity, has been reduced by creating prison farms for convicted women with children, with programs that include sewing and education for their children.<sup id="fn149-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn149"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>149</a></sup></p><p>Sources indicated that the justice system is inefficient, with high levels of impunity.<sup id="fn150-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn150"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>150</a></sup> The PDDH also indicated that the justice system is weak and investigations are not comprehensive. The National Coordinating Committee of Unions and Associations of Workers in the Judiciary (<span lang="es">Coordinadora Nacional de Sindicatos y Asociaciones del Órgano Judicial</span>, CONASOJ) indicated that there are 634 judges in El Salvador, including 12 "special tribunals" that hear cases related to gangs, but the workload is so high that it contributes to the inefficacy of the justice system.<sup id="fn151-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn151"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>151</a></sup> Also, the Chief Justice of the Criminal Chamber of Supreme Court of Justice (<span lang="es">Corte Suprema de Justicia, Sala de lo Penal</span>, CSJ-SP) indicated that prosecutors have around 400 to 500 cases each, which means that not all of them get investigated as [translation] "they need to prioritize." An annual report produced by the FGR indicates that, as of May 2016, prosecutors had an average of 358 cases each.<sup id="fn152-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn152"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>152</a></sup> The FGR report also indicates that the FGR has 1,031 judicial employees and 772 administrative staff.<sup id="fn153-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn153"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>153</a></sup> Despite the rise in homicides and crimes, resources to investigate all complaints and crimes continues to be limited.<sup id="fn154-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn154"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>154</a></sup> The CSJ-SP gave the view that efforts to address impunity are not sufficient.</p><p>Sources indicated that there have been accusations of judges and lawyers being bribed,<sup id="fn155-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn155"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>155</a></sup> and that some prosecutors and judges are co-opted by gangs.<sup id="fn156-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn156"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>156</a></sup> CONASOJ indicated that outside courthouses,
<em>
<span lang="es">sacadores</span></em> (lawyers who offer their services to get someone out of prison) charge between US$10,000 and $20,000, in apparent collusion with judges, to get a person out of prison. AEAS gave the example that when a gang member is detained, the clique extorts bus companies with amounts ranging between US$10,000 and US$15,000 to pay for a lawyer for his release.</p><p>The PDDH indicated that around 5 to 7 percent of complaints lodged with authorities lead to sentences. Foundation Cristosal indicated that, in the last five years, authorities received around 120,000 complaints. Of the 40,000 that went to trial, a verdict was reached in 6,000 cases, and in 2,000 of these cases, a sentence was reached.<sup id="fn157-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn157"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>157</a></sup> The FGR annual report indicates that, out of the complaints lodged with authorities between June 2015 and May 2016, 94,338 cases were opened by prosecutors involving 115,152 accused persons.<sup id="fn158-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn158"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>158</a></sup> During the same period, the justice system put 42,694 cases to trial, involving 65,292 accused persons, of which 8,997 were convicted and 2,423 were acquitted.<sup id="fn159-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn159"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>159</a></sup> FESPAD also indicated that some judges who have been threatened by gangs avoid them and leave these cases to be put to trial by a substitute judge. </p><p>Sources indicated that people prefer not to file complaints with authorities due to either fear of reprisals or retaliation,<sup id="fn160-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn160"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>160</a></sup> or due to lack of confidence in public institutions receiving complaints.<sup id="fn161-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn161"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>161</a></sup> The IGSP indicated that there have been isolated cases of collusion between members of the PNC with gangs. Other sources stated that if someone files a complaint against a gang or gang member, the person will likely face reprisals as gangs have infiltrated many state institutions, including the PNC.<sup id="fn162-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn162"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>162</a></sup> AEAS indicated that gangs also blackmail and threaten police officers into passing them information. Sources also indicated that gangs surveil police stations through cameras clandestinely posted in trees located at the front of these stations in order to monitor people going into the police station. For this reason, many people also decide not to file complaints with the police.<sup id="fn163-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn163"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>163</a></sup> Sources indicate that people who file complaints with authorities are stigmatized in their communities and are considered "traitors"<sup id="fn164-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn164"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>164</a></sup> or are killed.<sup id="fn165-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn165"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>165</a></sup></p><p>Investigations into extortion are also deficient. AEAS indicated that police officers often tell victims of extortion that "it is better to pay the extortion than to be killed." SIMEDUCO gave the view that when the union assists teachers who are victims of extortion in filing complaints with authorities, the response from authorities is inadequate. A high percentage of teachers are extorted, however many do not file complaints for fear of reprisals from the gangs. There were accounts that officials from the Ministry of Education tell teachers that "it is better to get along with gang members and pay extortion to avoid being killed."<sup id="fn166-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn166"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>166</a></sup></p><p>According to Dr. Gaborit, the majority of homicides are not investigated, nor go to trial, and of those that do go to trial, only a minority reach a verdict. APES indicated that the General Attorney Office (<span lang="es">Fiscalía General de la República</span>, FGR) does not conduct a thorough investigation, especially in gang-related cases where prosecutors often rule the case as "a gang-related crime" and the dossier is closed. The CSJ-SP similarly indicated that when authorities consider that a crime was committed by a gang, it "seems to be an informal practice that it should not be investigated." The CSJ-SP also explained that due to the high number of homicides committed in the country, "quantitatively and qualitatively," the capacity of the justice system to respond has been overwhelmed. The Salvadoran Red Cross indicated that authorities are not diligent in the investigation of a crime because they are overwhelmed and lack adequate resources to respond. According to the interlocutor, "it is quite unusual for a complaint to be fully investigated." The Red Cross provided the example of a woman who went to the PNC to report the disappearance of her 14 year-old daughter. Four police officers conducted the interview "in an environment [the complainant] considered unwelcoming" and when she later went to the PNC to inquire about the progress of the complaint, the police officers, annoyed with her visits, asked her, "why are you still looking for her; she is already dead."<sup id="fn167-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn167"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>167</a></sup></p><p>Working conditions of judicial workers in El Salvador are poor. Sources indicated that court officers responsible for delivering court summonses or notices to appear have been beaten and robbed in communities controlled by gangs. There are also cases were gangs prevent court officers from entering gang-controlled territory in which court officers have to pay a gang member in order to deliver the summons.<sup id="fn168-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn168"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>168</a></sup> According to the CSJ-SP, the court officer must seek permission or assistance from community centres in order to enter some neighbourhoods. CONASOJ indicated that due to this problem, around 26 percent of summonses cannot be delivered in person to the summoned party. When a summons must be delivered to a person living in an area where the court officer cannot enter, the courthouse uses other methods of delivery, including telephone calls, emails, or displaying public posters outside the city hall, containing the names of persons who have been issued summonses. Around 6 percent of cases are closed due to the inability to deliver a summons.<sup id="fn169-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn169"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>169</a></sup></p><p>Also, forensic technicians responsible for removal and collection of deceased victims occasionally pay a "rent" of around US$5, cigarettes or alcoholic beverages in order to enter a gang controlled territory to remove human remains. Coroners work up to 48 hours per week and when working until late at night, they must stay overnight at the IML, as it would be too dangerous to travel to their neighborhood at that time. Gangs also threaten psychologists, social workers, educators, and probation officers when they enter gang-controlled communities.<sup id="fn170-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn170"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>170</a></sup> According to CONASOJ, the reason why gang members do not allow judicial workers to enter their territory is because they are seen as agents of the PNC. According to the CSJ-SP, "these workers live in permanent danger."</p>
<a id="53"></a>
<h3>5.3 Witness Protection Program</h3><p>The witness protection program, which is run by the Executive Technical Unit (<span lang="es">Unidad Técnica Ejecutiva</span>, UTE), is available for victims and witnesses of crime only during the trial process, after which the person loses government protection.<sup id="fn171-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn171"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>171</a></sup> According to the PDDH, there are no program to assist witnesses once they leave the program. In order to access the program, the person has to be referred by the FGR.<sup id="fn172-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn172"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>172</a></sup> The Vice-Minister of Justice and Public Security indicated that the due to lack of resources, protection is only offered during trial. The Vice-Minister of Justice and Public Security indicated, and without providing further details, that, in some cases, the UTE facilitates exit from the country, but the economic resources to fund these initiatives are limited.<sup id="fn173-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn173"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>173</a></sup></p><p>Sources interviewed by the mission indicated that the program has many deficiencies. According to the Salvadoran Red Cross, the program does not guarantee the lives of witnesses. Sources indicated that some witnesses and victims of crime who were in the witness protection program continue receiving threats,<sup id="fn174-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn174"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>174</a></sup> and that some witnesses who are currently receiving protection have been the target of threats and attacks.<sup id="fn175-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn175"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>175</a></sup> There are many cases of protected witnesses that have been killed.<sup id="fn176-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn176"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>176</a></sup> Some of the protected witnesses are relocated to "safe houses" (<span lang="es">casas de seguridad</span> or
<span lang="es">casas seguras</span>) where there have been cases of abuse by guards.<sup id="fn177-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn177"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>177</a></sup> Government officials are not eligible to access any protection program, and their spouses and children are threatened.<sup id="fn178-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn178"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>178</a></sup> For additional information on the witness protection program, see Response to Information Request SLV105258 of 1 September 2015.</p>
<a id="6inter"></a>
<h2>6. Internal Displacement</h2><p>Internal forced displacement is a growing problem.<sup id="fn179-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn179"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>179</a></sup> Sources stated that internal forced displacement is not recognized by the state.<sup id="fn180-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn180"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>180</a></sup> According to APES, this phenomenon is only noticed when there is a large group of people being displaced, but not at the individual level. A report produced by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC) indicates that, as of the end of 2014, there were 288,900 people internally displaced in the country.<sup id="fn181-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn181"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>181</a></sup>,
<sup id="fn182-rf">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn182">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>182</a></sup> However, in contrast, according to Dr. Gaborit, internal displacement is a phenomenon that has not been studied in depth and its dimension is unknown. He also gave the opinion that internal displacement has been overstated and "it certainly does not amount to more than 100,000 people as some studies indicate." The Human Rights Institute of the Central American University "José Simeón Cañas" (<span lang="es">Instituto de Derechos Humanos de las Universidad Centramericana "José Simeón Cañas,"</span> IDHUCA) indicated that it has documented 30 cases of internal displacement between 1 January and 20 April 2016.</p><p>Internal displacement is due mainly to gangs.<sup id="fn183-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn183"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>183</a></sup> It is also caused by actions of the PNC and the army.<sup id="fn184-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn184"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>184</a></sup> Sources indicated that displacement is kept "secret" by victims as they want to avoid being re-victimized.<sup id="fn185-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn185"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>185</a></sup> Even though some churches provide shelter to internally displaced people, the situation was characterized by those affected as that of "confinement," as displaced people are responsible for their own protection and must not leave the church, in order to avoid detection by the agents of persecution.<sup id="fn186-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn186"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>186</a></sup></p><p>Some persons who are deported back to El Salvador face displacement upon their return to the country. Without providing further details, the PDDH indicated that young people who are deported back to El Salvador are at risk of being re-victimized. Foundation Cristosal indicated that upon their arrival to communities, they start to be questioned by the gangs. Dr. Gaborit indicated that many deportees enter in a situation of displacement, moving "two or three times just to get enough money to leave the country again."</p><p>Internal relocation is "difficult" in El Salvador due to the close-knit nature of its communities where everybody knows one another.<sup id="fn187-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn187"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>187</a></sup> The LGBTI Justice Clinic (<span lang="es">Asistencia Legal para la Diversidad Sexual-El Salvador</span>, ALDES) indicated that relocation for people fleeing the gangs is "very difficult" as the reach of these structures mean they are able to find a person anywhere in the country. Sources indicated that when a person moves from one community to another, he or she is investigated by the gang in the new location.<sup id="fn188-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn188"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>188</a></sup> When a person moves from a community dominated by one gang into a community dominated by the same gang, the clique in the new place will collect information about that person to cross-reference it with the clique that operates in the place of origin.<sup id="fn189-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn189"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>189</a></sup> Also, when the person moves to a territory controlled by another gang, he or she could be killed.<sup id="fn190-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn190"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>190</a></sup> According to Foundation Cristosal, this is a mechanism communities have to "protect themselves from strangers." Dr. Gaborit explained that gangs have a sophisticated communications network, with a comprehensive network for spying and sharing information.<sup id="fn191-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn191"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>191</a></sup> Sources indicated that gangs collect information in different ways, such as through their legal businesses, stores and car wash spots within the neighbourhood.<sup id="fn192-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn192"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>192</a></sup> They also infiltrate companies, call centres, and supermarkets.<sup id="fn193-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn193"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>193</a></sup> Gangs have the capability to find out, within a short time, where a displaced person has moved.<sup id="fn194-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn194"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>194</a></sup> According to the IGSP, internal relocation for victims and witnesses of crime is possible in El Salvador, but added that if the party in pursuit is committed to find the victim, it is "very probable that the person will be found."</p>
<a id="61"></a>
<h3>6.1 Access to Education, Health Care, and Employment</h3><p>The Salvadoran Red Cross explained that the organization offers psychological assistance to victims of crime as state institutions are lacking in this respect. They also offer legal assistance. However, it is difficult to follow up with displaced people as they are threatened or have to move. Some state institutions offer legal services and psychological assistance but only during the "crisis" period and do not follow up on cases. From 2013 to February 2016, the Red Cross provided assistance to 370 crime victims.<sup id="fn195-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn195"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>195</a></sup></p><p>School-age children from families who have been displaced do not go to school as gangs either control, do surveillance or are present in many of them, and reportedly collect information about new students.<sup id="fn196-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn196"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>196</a></sup> In many cases, parents prefer to keep their children inside their homes at all times to avoid being re-victimized.<sup id="fn197-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn197"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>197</a></sup> Access to health care is also difficult for displaced people due to the mobility problems moving from one neighbourhood to another.<sup id="fn198-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn198"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>198</a></sup></p><p>Sources indicated that there are employers and entrepreneurs who have policies not to hire people who come from troubled communities.<sup id="fn199-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn199"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>199</a></sup> According to the Vice-Minister of Justice and Public Security, "it is a tacit form of social exclusion." When seeking employment, some businesses require applicants coming from communities controlled by gangs, particularly young people, to pass a polygraph test and take off their clothes in order to show that they do not have tattoos or ties to the gangs.<sup id="fn200-rf"><a class="fn-lnk" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn200"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>200</a></sup></p>
<a id="notes"></a>
<h2>Notes on Interlocutors</h2><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Asistencia Legal para la Diversidad Sexual - El Salvador</span>, ALDES (LGBTI Justice Clinic)</strong></li><li>AALDES is an NGO based in San Salvador that promotes "the health, security, dignity and human rights of the LGBTI community in El Salvador through the legal empowerment of LGBTI individuals." On 18 April 2016, the Research Directorate conducted a telephone interview with Dr. Ana Montano, a lawyer with ALDES.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Asociación de Empresarios de Autobuses Salvadoreños</span>, AEAS (Association of Salvadoran Bus Companies)</strong></li><li>AEAS is an organization of bus companies that provide public transportation in 262 municipalities across the country. On 14 April 2016, the joint mission met with Genaro Ramírez, President, and Alfredo Villareal, Director of Relations of Public Transit Associations.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Asociación de Periodistas de El Salvador</span>, APES (Association of Salvadoran Journalists)</strong></li><li>APES is a not-for-profit, non-political organization that was founded in 1936 and represents journalists and academics who specialize in journalism. On 18 April 2016, the Research Directorate held a meeting with Serafín Valencia, President.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Coordinadora Nacional de Sindicatos y Asociaciones del Órgano Judicial</span>, CONASOJ (National Coordinating Committee of Unions and Associations of Workers in the Judiciary)</strong></li><li>CONASOJ is an umbrella organization of 10 organizations that advocates for the rights of workers in the judicial system. On 12 April 2016, the joint mission met with Roswal Solórzano, National Coordinator.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Corte Suprema de Justicia, Sala de lo Penal</span>, CSJ-SP (Supreme Court of Justice, Criminal Chamber)</strong></li><li>The CSJ-SP hears appeals on criminal cases sentenced on second instance by the District Criminal Court. Other functions include supporting the modernization of the judicial system, and presiding over the board of directors of the Legal Medicine Institute (<span lang="es">Instituto de Medicina Legal</span>, IML). On 14 April 2016, the joint mission met with Justice Doris Luz Rivas Galindo, Chief Justice of the CSJ-SP.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Cruz Roja Salvadoreña</span> (Salvadoran Red Cross)</strong></li><li>The Salvadoran Red Cross provides assistance to victims of natural disasters, national emergencies, and violations of human rights. Two years ago they launched a project to assist victims of violence with the support of the Spanish Red Cross and the European Union. It also provides assistance to victims of internal displacement and coordinates with other entities to provide assistance to victims of gender violence. On 19 April 2016, the Research Directorate conducted held a meeting with Amanda Castro, Coordinator of the Unit for the Assistance to Victims of Social Violence.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">El Faro</span></strong></li><li>
<span lang="es">El Faro</span> is an electronic newspaper based in La Libertad that does investigative journalism on issues such as corruption, organized crime, migration, culture, and human rights. Carlos Martínez, journalist and founder of
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>, has researched for the past five years the gangs in El Salvador and to some extent in Guatemala. On 14 April 2016, the joint mission conducted an interview with Carlos Martínez, Journalist and Founder; Daniel Valencia, Editor; and Fred Ramos, Photojournalist. On 16 September 2016, the Research Directorate received further correspondence from Carlos Martínez.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Fundación Cristosal</span> (Foundation Cristosal)</strong></li><li>Foundation Cristosal is an independent, Episcopal non-profit organization that works on issues related to forced displacement by violence and the protection of victims. On 11 April 2016, the joint mission held a meeting with Celia Medrano, Chief Program Officer.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Fundación de Estudios para la Aplicación del Derecho</span>, FESPAD (Foundation for the Study of Applied Law)</strong></li><li>FESPAD is an organization that promotes constitutional and democratic state building and the rule of law. It also promotes the protection of human rights on the basis of the dignity, freedom and equality of the human person, through the knowledge and application of the law and contributes to the development of just and democratic societies. It is dedicated to labour rights, criminal justice, and the prevention of violence against children, youth, women, and LGBTI people. On 19 April 2016, the Research Directorate held a meeting with Abraham Abrego, Executive Director.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Inspectoría General de Seguridad Pública</span>, IGSP (Office of the Inspector General of Public Security)</strong></li><li>The IGSP is the government agency responsible for overseeing the PNC and the National Academy of Public Security (<span lang="es">Academia Nacional de Seguridad Pública</span>, ANSP). The IGSP works under the authority of the Minister of Justice and Public Security. On 11 April 2016, the joint mission met with Tito Edmundo Zelada Mejía, Inspector General.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Instituto de Derechos Humanos de la Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas,"</span> IDHUCA (Human Rights Institute of the Central American University "José Simeón Cañas")</strong></li><li>IDHUCA was created in 1985 by priest Segundo Montes Mozo with the objective of undertaking research on the situation of Salvadoran refugees and to promote human rights in the country. IDHUCA researches and investigates serious human rights violations, and advocates for the efficacy in the justice system. On 11 April 2016, the joint mission met with Mirla Carvajal and Pedro Martínez, members of the Transitional Justice Working Team.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública</span>, IUDOP (Public Opinion University Institute),
<span lang="es">Universidad Centroamericana "José Simeón Cañas"</span> (Central American University "José Simeón Cañas")</strong></li><li>IUDOP is an institute that is part of the Central American University "José Simeón Cañas" that undertakes public opinion surveys and research on victimization, security, extrajudicial executions, institutional efficacy, and the justice system. On 20 April 2016, the Research Directorate met with Jeannette Aguilar Villamariona, Director.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>Dr. Mauricio Gaborit, Professor of Social Psychology, Central American University "José Simeón Cañas"</strong></li><li>Dr. Gaborit specializes in violence, social cognition, gender, and historical memory. He has published extensively on these areas as well as on migration in Central America. Among his publications are "<span lang="es">Recalibrando la mirada al pasado: reconciliación y perdón en el posconflicto</span>" [Reassessing A Look at the Past: Reconciliation and Forgiveness in the Post-conflict] in
<em>
<span lang="es">Estudios Centroamericanos</span></em> (2015), "Psychological Homelessness and Enculturative Stress among US-Deported Salvadorans: A Preliminary Study with a Novel Approach" in
<em>Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health</em> (2014), and the book
<em>
<span lang="es">La esperanza viaja sin visa: Jóvenes y migración indocumentada de El Salvador</span></em> which was published in 2012. The Research Directorate held a meeting with Dr. Gaborit on 21 April 2016.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de El Salvador, Viceministerio para los Salvadoreños en el Exterior, Dirección General de Vinculación con Salvadoreños en el Exterior</span> (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador, Vice-ministry for Salvadorans Abroad, General Directorate of Relations with Salvadorans Abroad)</strong></li><li>The Vice-ministry for Salvadorans Abroad is responsible for strengthening social, economic, cultural, and political linkages with Salvadorans abroad, and for promoting the protection of their human rights and their families. On 19 April 2016, the Research Directorate held a meeting with Daniel Enrique Ortiz, Director of Follow-up and Reinsertion of Returned Salvadorans; and Ana Irma Rodas, Director of Assistance and Human Rights Protection.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Organización de Mujeres Salvadoreñas Por la Paz</span>, ORMUSA (Salvadoran Women's Organization for Peace)</strong></li><li>ORMUSA is a feminist organization that promotes gender equality and the economic, social, and political empowerment of women. One of the areas that ORMUSA works is public safety and as such, it has a national observatory that collects information on violence against women. On 12 April 2016, the joint mission met with Janneth Urquilla, Director, and Silvia Juárez, Representative.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Policía Nacional Civil, Subdirección de Investigaciones</span> (National Civil Police, Office of the Deputy Director of Investigations)</strong></li><li>On 21 April 2016, the Research Directorate met with Juan Carlos Martínez, Deputy Director.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Procuraduría para la Defensa de los Derechos Humanos</span>, PDDH (Office of the Ombudsperson for the Defence of Human Rights)</strong></li><li>The PDDH is an independent institution that is part of the Public Ministry (<span lang="es">Ministerio Público</span>) and is responsible for human rights education, protection, and promotion. On 11 April 2016, the joint mission conducted an interview with Sandra Rivera, Deputy Ombudsperson for Civil and Political Rights.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Sindicato de Maestras y Maestros de la Educación Pública de El Salvador</span>, SIMEDUCO (Union of Public Education Teachers of El Salvador)</strong></li><li>SIMEDUCO is the teachers union in public education schools that advances the political, economic, social and cultural rights of its affiliates. On 20 April 2016, the Research Directorate met with Francisco Zelada, Secretary General; and Marisol Galdámez, Secretary of National and International Relations.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Sociedad de Comerciantes e Industriales Salvadoreños</span>, SCIS (Society of Salvadoran Businesses and Industries)</strong></li><li>SCIS represents businesses and industries in El Salvador. On 21 April 2016, the Research Directorate held a meeting with Víctor Rodríguez, President; José Ángel Reyes, Secretary; and William Pereira, Director.<br><br></li><li>
<strong>
<span lang="es">Viceministerio de Justicia y Seguridad Pública</span> (Vice- ministry of Justice and Public Security)</strong></li><li>On 20 April 2016, the Research Directorate held a meeting with Luis Roberto Flores, Vice-Minister.<br><br></li></ul>
<a id="refer"></a>
<h2>References for Printed Sources</h2><p>Aguilar Villamariona, Jeannette. 2006. "<span lang="es">Los efectos contraproducentes de los Planes de Mano Dura</span>."
<span lang="es">Quórum</span>. No. 16. 81-94.</p><p>Associated Press (AP). 22 June 2015. "<a href="http://www.prensalibre.com/internacional/pandillas-en-el-salvador-prohiben-pelo-rubio-en-mujeres" rel="external"><span lang="es">Pandillas en El Salvador prohíben pelo rubio a las mujeres</span></a>." [Accessed 20 July 2016]</p><p>
<span lang="es">ContraPunto</span>. 16 June 2015. Bryan Avelar. "<a href="http://www.contrapunto.com.sv/sociedad/sociedad-civil/policias-este-salario-obliga-a-vivir-cerca-de-pandilleros" rel="external"><span lang="es">Policías: Este salario obliga a vivir cerca de pandilleros</span></a>." [Accessed 14 July 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. 2016a.
<span lang="es">Instituto de Medicina Legal</span> (IML).
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.transparencia.oj.gob.sv/Filemaster/InformacionGeneral/documentacion/c-40/7065/HOMICIDIOS%20A%c3%91O%202015.pdf" rel="external">Homicidios año 2015</a></span>.</em> [Accessed 8 July 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. 2016b.
<span lang="es">Fiscalía General de la República</span> (FGR).
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.fiscalia.gob.sv/wp-content/uploads/memoria-2015-2016/files/assets/downloads/publication.pdf" rel="external">Memoria de labores 2015-2016</a></span>.</em> [Accessed 8 July 2016]</p><p>El Salvador. 15 January 2015.
<span lang="es">Consejo Nacional de Seguridad Ciudadana y Convivencia</span>.
<em>
<span lang="es">Plan El Salvador Seguro, Resumen ejecutivo</span>.</em> Provided to the Research Directorate during the meeting with the General Directorate of Relations with Salvadorans Abroad of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of El Salvador, 19 April 2016.</p><p>Elsalvador.com. 24 November 2015. Raymundo Solano. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.elsalvador.com/articulo/nacional/policias-piden-aumento-sueldo-94037" rel="external">Policías piden aumento de sueldo</a></span>." [Accessed 14 July 2016]</p><p>Elsalvador.com. 14 May 2015. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.elsalvador.com/articulo/sucesos/maras-imponen-reglas-maquillaje-villa-mariona-72508" rel="external">Maras imponen reglas de maquillaje en Villa Mariona</a></span>." [Accessed 20 July 2016]</p><p>Elsalvador.com. 1 April 2015. Jaime López. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.elsalvador.com/articulo/sucesos/2014-1843-desaparecidos-68966" rel="external">2014: 1.843 desaparecidos</a></span>." [Accessed 11 July 2016]</p><p>
<em>Foreign Policy.</em> 19 January 2016. Douglas Farah. "<a href="http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/19/central-americas-gangs-are-all-grown-up/" rel="external">Central America's Gangs are All Grown Up</a>." [Accessed 11 July 2016]</p><p>Gómez Hecht, Juan Ricardo. 2013. "<span lang="es">El Crimen Organizado en las cárceles: Las extorsiones desde los Centros Penales en El Salvador</span>."
<em>
<span lang="es">Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública</span>.</em> Year 3, Vol. 1.131-171.</p><p>Hume, Mo. 2007. "<span lang="es">Mano Dura</span>: El Salvador responds to Gangs."
<em>Development in Practice.</em> Vol. 17, No. 6. 739-751.</p><p>InSight Crime. 10 March 2016. Mimi Yaboub. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://es.insightcrime.org/analisis/comentarios-funcionario-el-salvador-dan-centro-dilema-seguridad-ciudadana" rel="external">Comentarios de funcionario de El Salvador dan en el centro del dilema de seguridad ciudadana</a></span>." [Accessed 11 July 2016]</p><p>InSight Crime. 27 January 2015. Elyssa Pachico. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://es.insightcrime.org/analisis/nueva-tregua-pandillas-anunciada-el-salvador" rel="external">'Nueva tregua entre pandillas' es anunciada en El Salvador</a></span>." [Accessed 14 July 2016]</p><p>InSight Crime. N.d. "<a href="http://www.insightcrime.org/about-us" rel="external">About Us</a>." [Accessed 13 July 2016]</p><p>
<span lang="es">Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública</span> (IUDOP). February 2015.
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.uca.edu.sv/iudop/wp-content/uploads/INFORME-137.pdf" rel="external">Evaluación del país a finales de 2014</a></span>.</em> No. 137. [Accessed 11 July 2016]</p><p>
<span lang="es">Instituto Universitario de Opinión Pública</span> (IUDOP). 2014.
<em>
<span lang="es">La situación de la seguridad y la justicia 2009-2014: Entre expectativas de cambio, mano dura militar y treguas pandilleras</span>.</em> Provided to the Research Directorate during the meeting with Dr. Jeannette Aguilar Villamariona, IUDOP, 20 April 2016.</p><p>International Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). May 2015.
<em>
<a href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/assets/library/Media/201505-Global-Overview-2015/20150506-global-overview-2015-en.pdf" rel="external">Global Overview 2015: People Internally Displaced by Conflict and Violence</a>.</em> [Accessed 8 July 2016]</p><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Nación</span>.</em> 8 August 2015. Gustavo Arias R. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.nacion.com/mundo/centroamerica/como-funcionan-pandillas-El_Salvador_0_1504449607.html" rel="external">Así funcionan las pandillas en El Salvador</a></span>." [Accessed 22 Sept. 2016]</p><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Página</span>.</em> 4 March 2012. Israel Serrano. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.lapagina.com.sv/ampliar.php?id=63372" rel="external">La nueva generación de pandilleros en El Salvador</a></span>." [Accessed 11 July 2016]</p><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa</span>.</em> 1 July 2015. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/854572-410/imperios-de-la-extorsi%c3%b3n-est%c3%a1n-en-honduras-y-el-salvador" rel="external">'Imperios de la extorsión' están en Honduras y El Salvador</a></span>." [Accessed 11 July 2016]</p><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span>.</em> 19 January 2016. Susana Peñate, Flor Lazo, and Marcos Salguero. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.laprensagrafica.com/2016/01/19/clases-inician-junto-a-plan-de-prevencion-y-seguridad-escolar" rel="external">Clases inician junto a plan de prevención y seguridad escolar</a></span>." [Accessed 22 July 2016]</p><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span>.</em> 3 January 2016. Edwin Segura. "<span lang="es"></span><a href="http://www.laprensagrafica.com/2016/01/03/el-salvador-con-mas-homicidios-en-c-a" rel="external">El Salvador con más homicidios en C.A.</a>" [Accessed 7 June 2016]</p><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span>.</em> 15 March 2015. Jessica Ávalos. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.laprensagrafica.com/2015/03/15/el-emporio-de-la-seguridad-privada" rel="external">El emporio de la seguridad privada</a></span>." [Accessed 11 July 2016]</p><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span>.</em> 25 September 2013. Ricardo Flores. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.laprensagrafica.com/2013/09/25/mined-reconoce-pocos-resultados-en-plan-escolar" rel="external">MINED reconoce pocos resultados en plan escolar</a></span>." [Accessed 22 July 2016]</p><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span>.</em> 25 May 2013. Jessel Santos. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.laprensagrafica.com/470-264-personas-afines-a-pandillas" rel="external">470,264 personas afines a pandillas</a></span>." [Accessed 14 July 2016]</p><p>López Ramírez, Augusto Rigoberto. 2015. "<span lang="es">Pandillas en escuelas públicas de El Salvador</span>."
<em>
<span lang="es">Revista Policía y Seguridad Pública</span>.</em> Year 5, Vol. 1.</p><p>Reporters Without Borders (RSF). "<a href="https://rsf.org/en/news/gang-members-kill-23-year-old-radio-journalist" rel="external">Gang Members Kill 23-year-old Radio Journalist</a>." [Accessed 2 Aug. 2016]</p><p>Sampó, Carolina and Mariano Bartolomé. 2014. "<span lang="es">Reflexiones sobre el cumplimiento de la tregua entre maras en El Salvador</span>."
<em>
<span lang="es">Estudios Internacionales</span>.</em> No. 177. 89-106.</p><p>Stratfor. 9 February 2016. "<a href="https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/el-salvador-bleak-prospects-face-criminal-violence" rel="external">El Salvador: Bleak Prospects in the Face of Criminal Violence</a>." [Accessed 7 June 2016]</p><p>United Nations (UN). 1992-1993.
<span lang="es">Comisión de la Verdad para el Salvador</span>.
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.pddh.gob.sv/memo/verdad" rel="external">De la locura a la esperanza: La guerra de 12 años en El Salvador</a></span>.</em> [Accessed 7 June 2016]</p><p>United Nations (UN). N.d. Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).
<em>
<a href="https://data.unodc.org/" rel="external">Intentional Homicide, Counts and Rates per 100,000 Population</a>.</em> [Accessed 7 June 2016]</p><p>United States (US). 23 May 2016. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "<a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/es.html" rel="external">El Salvador</a>."
<em>The World Factbook.</em> [Accessed 6 june 2016]</p><p>United States (US). 15 April 2016. Department of State. "<a href="http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/253225.pdf" rel="external">El Salvador</a>."
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2015.</em> [Accessed 7 June 2016]</p><p>United States (US). 5 June 2013. Department of the Treasury. "<a href="https://www.treasury.gov/press-center/press-releases/Pages/jl1971.aspx" rel="external">Treasury Sanctions Significant Members of MS-13</a>." [Accessed 22 Sept. 2016]</p><p>Wilkinson, Michael. 2008. "Security and Democracy in El Salvador: An Undeniable Connection."
<em>Stanford Journal of International Relations.</em> Vol. X, No. 1.</p>
<a id="appen"></a>
<h2>Appendix</h2><p>
<strong>Terms of Reference</strong></p><ol><li>Witnesses to crime and corruption
<ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Current extent of individuals who report police corruption or witness a crime by a criminal gang especially with regard to drug-trafficking, kidnapping, and public sector malfeasance:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Statistics: national, state, and local;</li><li>Legislative framework: national and state level.</li></ol></li><li>Government and police effectiveness in assisting individuals who witness police wrongdoing or a criminal activity:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Police protection measures; whether a special police unit exists to investigate these types of crimes; availability and effectiveness of protection at the national, state and local levels;</li><li>Accessibility to justice system: complaints procedure, whether protection for witnesses/whistleblowers is addressed; police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints (e.g. are witness protection orders available and to what extent are they enforced);</li><li>Whether special training of police and judiciary in dealing with witness protection cases exists;</li><li>Whether police response to witnesses is measured or evaluated, including results;</li><li>Existence, scope and effectiveness of any witness protection programs.</li></ol></li><li>Ability of victims to seek relocation:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Capability to flee from aggressor without being found (e.g., the level of risk & socio-economic factors);</li><li>Accessibility to databases to find a victim (e.g., school registries, etc.); what are the main national registries and identity cards that are issued by the government? Which authorities and at what level are able to access these registries? Level of security used to protect these databases; surveillance systems in place at the state and national levels;</li><li>Level of communication among law enforcement agencies at the local, state, and federal levels;</li><li>Known cases of victims being found by agents of persecution.</li></ol></li></ol></li><li class="refinfo-quote">Gangs
<ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Structure of main gangs
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Hierarchical division of main gangs as a whole and as cliques; scope of communication between leadership and cliques and within cliques; how are orders transmitted and executed;</li><li>The role of women in the maras;</li><li>Number of cliques and members.</li></ol></li><li>Recruitment
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Methods of recruitment; have they changed after the
<em>
<span lang="es">mano dura</span></em> policies? Target population (i.e. age, gender, social class, etc.);</li><li>Initiation process and processes practiced for promotion within;</li><li>Information on how to leave a gang; treatment of former gang members or people who try to leave; information about former gang members (also known as
<em>
<span lang="es">calmados</span></em>); whether they are still active or collaborate with gangs.</li></ol></li><li>Areas of operation
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Territorial division of gangs and cliques; how are territorial divisions established (<em><span lang="es">rifa del barrio</span></em>);</li><li>Conflicts and disputes between cliques and gangs for territorial presence;</li><li>Presence in rural areas.</li></ol></li><li>National/transnational activities
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Local criminal activities: kidnapping, extortion, homicides; statistics;</li><li>International activities: drug trafficking, killings for hire; statistics;</li><li>Whether gangs can be considered transnational crime syndicates; relationship with drug cartels and other organized criminal organizations.</li><li>Capability to flee from gangs without being found; scope of their reach at the national and transnational levels.</li></ol></li><li>State efforts
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Legislative framework;</li><li>Anti-gang units: whether a special police unit exists to combat gangs and investigate crimes committed by them; information on effectiveness, training, and resources; instances of corruption or excessive use of force; whether their effectiveness is measured or evaluated; statistics on arrests.</li><li>Accessibility to justice system: complaints procedure; police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints; statistics on charges, convictions, and jail terms;</li><li>State protection programs: existence, scope and effectiveness of any witness protection program; whether the protection for victims, witnesses, and former gang members is addressed; accessibility to databases to find a victim; level of security used by authorities to protect these databases; known cases of victims being found.</li></ol></li></ol></li><li>Violence against Women
<ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Current extent of gender-based violence, including: domestic violence, sexual harassment and violence (including rape), and stalking:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Statistics: national, state-level, and local;</li><li>Legislative framework; whether there have been any new developments nationally; or at the state-level.</li></ol></li><li>Effectiveness of the police and judiciary in addressing gender-based violence:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Police records; arrests and complaints; numbers of persons charged/arrested for committing gender-based crimes (as outlined in section a); numbers of those convicted; length of jail term (if found guilty); numbers of those released;</li><li>Police protection measures; whether special police units exist to investigate these types of crimes; protection orders and enforcement;</li><li>Accessibility to justice system: Complaints procedure, police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints (e.g. are protection orders available);</li><li>Whether special training of police and judiciary in dealing with gender-based cases exists;</li><li>Whether police response to gender-based violence is measured or evaluated by government agencies.</li></ol></li><li>Status of emergency shelter system:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Number of government-run shelters in operation and the capacity of each of these shelters (e.g., number of beds per shelter, trained staff);</li><li>Accessibility and length of stay allowed;</li><li>Options available after individual leaves shelter; whether social services follows-up with victim.</li></ol></li><li>Ability of victims to seek relocation:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Capability to flee from aggressor without being found (e.g., the level of risk & socio-economic factors);</li><li>Accessibility to databases to find a victim (e.g., school registries, etc.); what are the main national registries and identity cards that are issued by the government? Which authorities and at what level are able to access these registries? Level of security used to protect these databases; surveillance systems in place at the national and state level;</li><li>Known cases of victims being found by their ex-partners.</li></ol></li></ol></li><li>Sexual Orientation
<ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Treatment by society; current extent of homophobia, discrimination, and harassment against members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgendered (LGBT) community:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Statistics on homophobic violence/hate crimes: national, state-level, and local;</li><li>Incidents of homophobic violence against LGBT members (widespread, minimal, under-reported, etc.);</li><li>Types of violations sustained by LGBT members (e.g., insults, harassment, discrimination, physical violence, homicide);</li><li>Legislative framework; whether there have been any new developments nationally; or at the state-level.</li></ol></li><li>Police effectiveness in addressing wrongdoing/violence against LGBT individuals:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Police records; arrests and complaints; numbers of those charged for committing homophobic crimes (as outlined in section a); numbers of those convicted; length of jail term (if found guilty); numbers of those released (without conviction);</li><li>Police protection measures; whether a special police unit exist to investigate these types of crimes;</li><li>Accessibility to justice system: Complaints procedure, police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints (e.g. are protection orders available);</li><li>Whether special training of police and judiciary in dealing with LGBT cases exists;</li><li>Whether police response to LGBT violence is measured or evaluated.</li></ol></li><li>Ability of victims to seek relocation:
<ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Capability to flee from aggressor without being found (e.g., the level of risk & socio-economic factors);</li><li>Accessibility to databases to find a victim (e.g., school registries, etc.); what are the main national registries and identity cards that are issued by the government? Which authorities and at what level are able to access these registries? Level of security used to protect these databases; surveillance systems in place at the national and state level;</li><li>Known cases of victims being found.</li></ol></li></ol></li></ol>
<a id="endno"></a>
<aside class="wb-fnote" role="note">
<h2 id="fn">Endnotes</h2>
<dl><dt>Footnote 1</dt><dd id="fn1"><p>US 23 May 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn1-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>1<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 2</dt><dd id="fn2"><p>UN 1992-1993, 1, 19, 21.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn2-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>2<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 3</dt><dd id="fn3"><p>Ibid. 189, 191-192.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn3-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>3<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 4</dt><dd id="fn4"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; Wilkerson 2008, 39.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn4-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>4<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 5</dt><dd id="fn5"><p>Wilkerson 2008, 39.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn5-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>5<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 6</dt><dd id="fn6"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn6-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>6<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 7</dt><dd id="fn7"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; meeting with PDDH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn7-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>7<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 8</dt><dd id="fn8"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; IUDOP 2014, x.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn8-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>8<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 9</dt><dd id="fn9"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; IUDOP 2014, xi.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn9-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>9<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 10</dt><dd id="fn10"><p>Meeting with the Vice-minister of Justice and Public Security.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn10-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>10<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 11</dt><dd id="fn11"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit; meeting with SIMEDUCO; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn11-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>11<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 12</dt><dd id="fn12"><p>Stratfor 9 Feb. 2016; Aguilar Villamariona 2006, 81.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn12-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>12<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 13</dt><dd id="fn13"><p>Hume 2007, 739, 745; Aguilar Villamariona 2006, 81.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn13-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>13<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 14</dt><dd id="fn14"><p>Aguilar Villamariona 2006, 81-82.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn14-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>14<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 15</dt><dd id="fn15"><p>Hume 2007, 745; Stratfor 9 Feb. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn15-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>15<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 16</dt><dd id="fn16"><p>Stratfor 9 Feb. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn16-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>16<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 17</dt><dd id="fn17"><p>IUDOP 2014, 113.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn17-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>17<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 18</dt><dd id="fn18"><p>Stratfor 9 Feb. 2016; Aguilar Villamariona 2006, 85.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn18-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>18<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 19</dt><dd id="fn19"><p>IUDOP 2014, xi.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn19-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>19<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 20</dt><dd id="fn20"><p>Meeting with SCIS; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn20-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>20<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 21</dt><dd id="fn21"><p>El Salvador 2016a, 14.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn21-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>21<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 22</dt><dd id="fn22"><p>Meeting with IUDOP; meeting with APES.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn22-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>22<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 23</dt><dd id="fn23"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em> 3 Jan. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn23-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>23<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 24</dt><dd id="fn24"><p>UN n.d.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn24-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>24<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 25</dt><dd id="fn25"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em> 3 Jan. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn25-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>25<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 26</dt><dd id="fn26"><p>2All information originates from the meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn26-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>26<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 27</dt><dd id="fn27"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn27-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>27<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 28</dt><dd id="fn28"><p>Meeting with IDHUCA; meeting with Foundation Cristosal.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn28-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>28<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 29</dt><dd id="fn29"><p>US 13 Apr. 2016, 15.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn29-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>29<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 30</dt><dd id="fn30"><p>Meeting with APES; meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn30-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>30<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 31</dt><dd id="fn31"><p>Meeting with APES.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn31-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>31<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 32</dt><dd id="fn32"><p>RSF 23 Mar. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn32-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>32<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 33</dt><dd id="fn33"><p>33Meeting with SIMEDUCO; meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn33-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>33<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 34</dt><dd id="fn34"><p>See also Sampó and Bartolomé 2014, 100-103.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn34-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>34<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 35</dt><dd id="fn35"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; Sampó and Bartolomé 2014, 101.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn35-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>35<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 36</dt><dd id="fn36"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn36-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>36<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 37</dt><dd id="fn37"><p>See also Sampó and Bartolomé 2014, 100-103.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn37-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>37<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 38</dt><dd id="fn38"><p>All information originates from the meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn38-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>38<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 39</dt><dd id="fn39"><p>InSight Crime n.d.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn39-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>39<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 40</dt><dd id="fn40"><p>InSight Crime 27 Jan. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn40-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>40<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 41</dt><dd id="fn41"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn41-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>41<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 42</dt><dd id="fn42"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn42-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>42<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 43</dt><dd id="fn43"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn43-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>43<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 44</dt><dd id="fn44"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit; see also López Ramírez 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn44-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>44<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 45</dt><dd id="fn45"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Nación</span></em> 8 Aug. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn45-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>45<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 46</dt><dd id="fn46"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em> 25 May 2013.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn46-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>46<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 47</dt><dd id="fn47"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn47-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>47<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 48</dt><dd id="fn48"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO; meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn48-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>48<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 49</dt><dd id="fn49"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; meeting with FESPAD</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn49-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>49<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 50</dt><dd id="fn50"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn50-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>50<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 51</dt><dd id="fn51"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn51-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>51<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 52</dt><dd id="fn52"><p>All information originates from the meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn52-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>52<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 53</dt><dd id="fn53"><p>Elsalvador.com 14 May 2015; AP 22 June 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn53-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>53<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 54</dt><dd id="fn54"><p>US 15 Apr. 2016, 10.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn54-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>54<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 55</dt><dd id="fn55"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn55-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>55<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 56</dt><dd id="fn56"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn56-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>56<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 57</dt><dd id="fn57"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO; meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn57-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>57<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 58</dt><dd id="fn58"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn58-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>58<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 59</dt><dd id="fn59"><p>Meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn59-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>59<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 60</dt><dd id="fn60"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO; meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn60-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>60<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 61</dt><dd id="fn61"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn61-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>61<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 62</dt><dd id="fn62"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn62-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>62<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 63</dt><dd id="fn63"><p>All information originates from the meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn63-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>63<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 64</dt><dd id="fn64"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit; meeting with the Salvadoran Red Cross.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn64-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>64<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 65</dt><dd id="fn65"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn65-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>65<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 66</dt><dd id="fn66"><p>All information originates from the meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn66-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>66<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 67</dt><dd id="fn67"><p>All information originates from the meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn67-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>67<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 68</dt><dd id="fn68"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn68-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>68<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 69</dt><dd id="fn69"><p>Meeting with the Deputy Director of Investigations of the PNC; Gómez Hecht 2013, 138.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn69-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>69<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 70</dt><dd id="fn70"><p>All information originates from the meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; see also Gómez Hecht 2013.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn70-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>70<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 71</dt><dd id="fn71"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit; meeting with PDDH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn71-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>71<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 72</dt><dd id="fn72"><p>All information originates from the meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn72-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>72<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 73</dt><dd id="fn73"><p>The diagram was developed by the Research Directorate based on information provided by interlocutors.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn73-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>73<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 74</dt><dd id="fn74"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn74-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>74<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 75</dt><dd id="fn75"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO; meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn75-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>75<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 76</dt><dd id="fn76"><p>Meeting with AEAS; meeting with SIMEDUCO; meeting with PDDH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn76-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>76<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 77</dt><dd id="fn77"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn77-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>77<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 78</dt><dd id="fn78"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn78-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>78<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 79</dt><dd id="fn79"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn79-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>79<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 80</dt><dd id="fn80"><p>López Ramírez 2015, 259; meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn80-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>80<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 81</dt><dd id="fn81"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; meeting with PDDH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn81-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>81<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 82</dt><dd id="fn82"><p>All information originates from the meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn82-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>82<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 83</dt><dd id="fn83"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn83-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>83<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 84</dt><dd id="fn84"><p>Meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn84-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>84<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 85</dt><dd id="fn85"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn85-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>85<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 86</dt><dd id="fn86"><p>All information originates from the meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn86-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>86<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 87</dt><dd id="fn87"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn87-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>87<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 88</dt><dd id="fn88"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn88-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>88<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 89</dt><dd id="fn89"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn89-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>89<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 90</dt><dd id="fn90"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn90-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>90<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 91</dt><dd id="fn91"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn91-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>91<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 92</dt><dd id="fn92"><p>Meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn92-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>92<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 93</dt><dd id="fn93"><p>Meeting with ORMUSA; meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn93-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>93<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 94</dt><dd id="fn94"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn94-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>94<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 95</dt><dd id="fn95"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn95-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>95<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 96</dt><dd id="fn96"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO; meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn96-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>96<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 97</dt><dd id="fn97"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; Foreign Policy 19 Jan. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn97-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>97<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 98</dt><dd id="fn98"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn98-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>98<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 99</dt><dd id="fn99"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn99-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>99<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 100</dt><dd id="fn100"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn100-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>100<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 101</dt><dd id="fn101"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>;
<em>
<span lang="es">La Página</span></em> 4 Mar. 2012.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn101-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>101<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 102</dt><dd id="fn102"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn102-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>102<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 103</dt><dd id="fn103"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Página</span></em> 4 Mar. 2012.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn103-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>103<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 104</dt><dd id="fn104"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn104-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>104<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 105</dt><dd id="fn105"><p>Meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn105-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>105<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 106</dt><dd id="fn106"><p>Meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn106-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>106<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 107</dt><dd id="fn107"><p>InSightCrime 10 Mar. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn107-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>107<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 108</dt><dd id="fn108"><p>Meeting with AEAS; meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn108-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>108<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 109</dt><dd id="fn109"><p>US 15 Apr. 2016, </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn109-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>109<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 110</dt><dd id="fn110"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn110-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>110<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 111</dt><dd id="fn111"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>; meeting with SCIS; meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn111-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>111<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 112</dt><dd id="fn112"><p>Meeting with AEAS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn112-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>112<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 113</dt><dd id="fn113"><p>Meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn113-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>113<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 114</dt><dd id="fn114"><p>All information originates from the meeting with AEAS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn114-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>114<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 115</dt><dd id="fn115"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa</span></em> 1 July 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn115-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>115<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 116</dt><dd id="fn116"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn116-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>116<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 117</dt><dd id="fn117"><p>All information originates from El Salvador 2016a, 2.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn117-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>117<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 118</dt><dd id="fn118"><p>All information originates from the meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn118-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>118<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 119</dt><dd id="fn119"><p>Elsalvador.com 1 Apr. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn119-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>119<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 120</dt><dd id="fn120"><p>Elsalvador.com 1 Apr. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn120-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>120<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 121</dt><dd id="fn121"><p>Elsalvador.com 1 Apr. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn121-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>121<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 122</dt><dd id="fn122"><p>Elsalvador.com 1 Apr. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn122-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>122<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 123</dt><dd id="fn123"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn123-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>123<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 124</dt><dd id="fn124"><p>All information originates from the meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn124-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>124<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 125</dt><dd id="fn125"><p>US 5 June 2013.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn125-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>125<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 126</dt><dd id="fn126"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit; meeting with APES.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn126-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>126<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 127</dt><dd id="fn127"><p>All information originates from El Salvador 15 Jan. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn127-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>127<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 128</dt><dd id="fn128"><p>Meeting with the Vice-minister of Justice and Public Security.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn128-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>128<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 129</dt><dd id="fn129"><p>Meeting with the Vice-minister of Justice and Public Security.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn129-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>129<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 130</dt><dd id="fn130"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em> 25 Sept. 2013.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn130-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>130<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 131</dt><dd id="fn131"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em> 19 Jan. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn131-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>131<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 132</dt><dd id="fn132"><p>Meeting with the IGSP; meeting with PDDH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn132-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>132<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 133</dt><dd id="fn133"><p>3Meeting with the Deputy Director of Investigations of the PNC.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn133-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>133<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 134</dt><dd id="fn134"><p>Meeting with AEAS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn134-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>134<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 135</dt><dd id="fn135"><p>
<span lang="es">ContraPunto</span> 16 June 2015; Elsalvador.com 24 Nov. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn135-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>135<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 136</dt><dd id="fn136"><p>Elsalvador.com 24 Nov. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn136-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>136<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 137</dt><dd id="fn137"><p>All information originates from the meeting with the IGSP.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn137-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>137<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 138</dt><dd id="fn138"><p>All information originates from the meeting with the Deputy Director of Investigations of the PNC.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn138-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>138<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 139</dt><dd id="fn139"><p>All information originates from the meeting with the IGSP.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn139-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>139<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 140</dt><dd id="fn140"><p>Meeting with PDDH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn140-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>140<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 141</dt><dd id="fn141"><p>US 15 Apr. 2016, 6.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn141-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>141<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 142</dt><dd id="fn142"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit;
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em> 15 Mar. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn142-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>142<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 143</dt><dd id="fn143"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em> 15 Mar. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn143-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>143<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 144</dt><dd id="fn144"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em> 15 Mar. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn144-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>144<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 145</dt><dd id="fn145"><p>
<em>
<span lang="es">La Prensa Gráfica</span></em> 15 Mar. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn145-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>145<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 146</dt><dd id="fn146"><p>Meeting with IUDOP.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn146-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>146<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 147</dt><dd id="fn147"><p>US 15 Apr. 2016, 2.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn147-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>147<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 148</dt><dd id="fn148"><p>US 15 Apr. 2016, 2.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn148-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>148<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 149</dt><dd id="fn149"><p>All information originates from the meeting with the Vice-minister of Justice and Public Security.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn149-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>149<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 150</dt><dd id="fn150"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; meeting with FESPAD; US 15 Apr. 2016, 1.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn150-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>150<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 151</dt><dd id="fn151"><p>Meeting with CONASOJ.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn151-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>151<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 152</dt><dd id="fn152"><p>El Salvador 2016b, 124.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn152-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>152<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 153</dt><dd id="fn153"><p>El Salvador 2016b, 18.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn153-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>153<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 154</dt><dd id="fn154"><p>Meeting with the Deputy Director of the PNC; meeting with PDDH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn154-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>154<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 155</dt><dd id="fn155"><p>Meeting with CONASOJ; meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn155-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>155<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 156</dt><dd id="fn156"><p>Meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn156-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>156<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 157</dt><dd id="fn157"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn157-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>157<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 158</dt><dd id="fn158"><p>El Salvador 2016b, 125-126.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn158-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>158<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 159</dt><dd id="fn159"><p>El Salvador 2016b, 129-130.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn159-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>159<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 160</dt><dd id="fn160"><p>Meeting with the Salvadoran Red Cross; meeting with PDDH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn160-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>160<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 161</dt><dd id="fn161"><p>Meeting with AEAS; meeting with the Salvadoran Red Cross.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn161-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>161<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 162</dt><dd id="fn162"><p>Meeting with APES; meeting with the Salvadoran Red Cross; meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn162-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>162<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 163</dt><dd id="fn163"><p>All information originates from the meeting with SIMEDUCO and the meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn163-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>163<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 164</dt><dd id="fn164"><p>Meeting with the Salvadoran Red Cross.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn164-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>164<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 165</dt><dd id="fn165"><p>Meeting with SCIS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn165-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>165<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 166</dt><dd id="fn166"><p>Meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn166-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>166<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 167</dt><dd id="fn167"><p>All information originates from the meeting with the Salvadoran Red Cross.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn167-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>167<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 168</dt><dd id="fn168"><p>All information originates from meetings with the CSJ-SP and CONASOJ.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn168-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>168<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 169</dt><dd id="fn169"><p>All information originates from the meeting with CONASOJ.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn169-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>169<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 170</dt><dd id="fn170"><p>All information originates from the meeting with CONASOJ.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn170-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>170<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 171</dt><dd id="fn171"><p>Meeting with PDDH; meeting with the Vice-minister of Justice and Public Security.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn171-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>171<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 172</dt><dd id="fn172"><p>Meeting with IDHUCA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn172-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>172<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 173</dt><dd id="fn173"><p>Meeting with the Vice-minister of Justice and Public Security.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn173-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>173<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 174</dt><dd id="fn174"><p>Meeting with IDHUCA; meeting with PDDH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn174-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>174<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 175</dt><dd id="fn175"><p>Meeting with the Vice-minister of Justice and Public Security.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn175-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>175<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 176</dt><dd id="fn176"><p>Meeting with IDHUCA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn176-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>176<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 177</dt><dd id="fn177"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn177-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>177<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 178</dt><dd id="fn178"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn178-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>178<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 179</dt><dd id="fn179"><p>Meeting with the Salvadoran Red Cross; meeting with IDHUCA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn179-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>179<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 180</dt><dd id="fn180"><p>Meeting with APES; meeting with the Salvadoran Red Cross; meeting with IDHUCA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn180-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>180<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 181</dt><dd id="fn181"><p>IDMC May 2015, 16.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn181-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>181<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 182</dt><dd id="fn182"><p>IDMC calculated the number of displaced people in El Salvador based on a survey report produced by IUDOP which was conducted in November 2014 (Norway May 2015, 83). The sample of the IUDOP survey consisted of 1,246 interviews in 89 municipalities in the 14 departments of the country. The margin of error is 2.77 percent (IUDOP Feb. 2015, 5).</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn182-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>182<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 183</dt><dd id="fn183"><p>Meeting with APES; meeting with Foundation Cristosal.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn183-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>183<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 184</dt><dd id="fn184"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn184-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>184<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 185</dt><dd id="fn185"><p>Meeting with APES; meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn185-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>185<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 186</dt><dd id="fn186"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn186-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>186<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 187</dt><dd id="fn187"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; meeting with FESPAD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn187-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>187<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 188</dt><dd id="fn188"><p>Meeting with APES; meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn188-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>188<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 189</dt><dd id="fn189"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn189-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>189<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 190</dt><dd id="fn190"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; Meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn190-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>190<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 191</dt><dd id="fn191"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn191-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>191<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 192</dt><dd id="fn192"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn192-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>192<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 193</dt><dd id="fn193"><p>Meeting with AEAS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn193-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>193<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 194</dt><dd id="fn194"><p>Meeting with Dr. Gaborit.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn194-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>194<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 195</dt><dd id="fn195"><p>All information originates from meeting with the Salvadoran Red Cross.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn195-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>195<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 196</dt><dd id="fn196"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn196-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>196<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 197</dt><dd id="fn197"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal; meeting with SIMEDUCO.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn197-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>197<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 198</dt><dd id="fn198"><p>Meeting with Foundation Cristosal.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn198-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>198<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 199</dt><dd id="fn199"><p>Meeting with the Salvadoran Red Cross; meeting with the Vice-Minister of Justice and Public Security.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn199-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>199<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 200</dt><dd id="fn200"><p>Meeting with
<span lang="es">El Faro</span>.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a class="ui-link" href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx#fn200-rf">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>200<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd></dl></aside>2018-07-06T13:08:01Z2018-07-06T13:08:01ZGovernment of Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canadahttp://www.irb-cisr.gc.caurn:uuid:0c0bfda7-ce5f-42a8-82ce-405c8896d318Honduras: Information Gathering Mission Report<p class="text-right small">
<strong>Published: February 2018</strong></p><p>
<strong>Prepared by: The Research Directorate, Immigration & Refugee Board of Canada</strong></p><p>This Report was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) of Canada based on approved notes from meetings with oral sources, publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This Report is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee protection. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate.</p><h2>Table of Contents</h2><ul class="list-unstyled"><li>
<a href="#h-map">Map</a></li><li>
<a href="#h-gloss">Glossary</a></li><li>
<a href="#h-intro">Introduction</a></li><li>
<a href="#h-method">Methodology</a></li><li>
<a href="#h-overview">Overview</a></li><li>
<a href="#h-chap1">
<strong>Chapter I. Crime in Honduras and the Situation of Witnesses of Crime and Corruption</strong></a>
<ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium">
<a href="#h11">1. Territorial Presence</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h111">1.1 Invisible Borders</a></li><li>
<a href="#h112">1.2 Recruitment</a></li><li>
<a href="#h113">1.3 Activities</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h1131">1.3.1 Extortion</a></li></ul></li></ul></ul><ul class="lst-none">
<a href="#h12">2. Legal Apparatus and Institutional Efficacy</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h121">2.1 Justice System</a></li><li>
<a href="#h122">2.2 National Police</a></li><li>
<a href="#h123">2.3 Protection Programs</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h1231">2.3.1 Witness Protection Program</a></li><li>
<a href="#h1232">2.3.2 Protection Program for Human Rights Defenders, Journalists, Media Workers, and Justice Operators</a></li><li>
<a href="#h1233">2.3.3 Precautionary Measures</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="#h124">2.4 Violence Prevention Programs</a></li><li>
<a href="#h125">2.5 Complaints Mechanism</a></li></ul></ul><ul class="lst-none">
<a href="#h13">3. Displacement</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h131">3.1 Assistance for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)</a></li></ul></ul><ul class="lst-none">
<a href="#h14">4. Returnees</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h141">4.1 Assistance for Returnees</a></li></ul></ul></li><li>
<a href="#h-chap2">
<strong>Chapter II - Violence against Women and Girls</strong></a>
<ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium"><li>
<a href="#h21">1. Situation</a></li></ul><ul class="lst-none">
<a href="#h22">2. Forms of Violence against Women and Girls</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h221">2.1 Domestic Violence versus Intrafamily Violence</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h2211">2.1.1 Domestic Violence</a></li><li>
<a href="#h2212">2.1.2 Intrafamily Violence</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="#h222">2.2 Femicide</a></li><li>
<a href="#h223">2.3 Sexual Violence</a></li><li>
<a href="#h224">2.4 Gang Violence against Women and Girlse</a></li><li>
<a href="#h225">2.5 Violence by Authorities against Women and Girls</a></li><li>
<a href="#h226">2.6 Violence Experienced by Women's Rights Defenders</a></li></ul></ul><ul class="lst-none">
<a href="#h23">3. State Protection</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h231">3.1 Agencies Where Victims Can File Complaints</a></li><li>
<a href="#h232">3.2 Reporting Rate and Lack of Trust</a></li><li>
<a href="#h233">3.3 Protection Measures</a></li><li>
<a href="#h234">3.4 Effectiveness of the Police and Judicial System</a></li><li>
<a href="#h235">3.5 Awareness-Raising Campaigns and Activities</a></li></ul></ul><ul class="lst-none">
<a href="#h24">4. Support Services</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h241">4.1 Helplines</a></li><li>
<a href="#h242">4.2 Shelters</a></li></ul></ul><ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h25">5. Possibility of Relocation and Traceability of Women Fleeing Violent Situations</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="#h-chap3">
<strong>Chapter III - Situation of Sexual Minorities</strong></a>
<ul class="lst-none margin-top-medium"><li>
<a href="#h31">1. Situation</a></li></ul><ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h32">2. Statistics</a></li></ul><ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h33">3. Legislation</a></li></ul><ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h34">4. State Protection</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h341">4.1 Filing Complaints</a></li><li>
<a href="#h342">4.2 Protection Measures</a></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h35">5. Support Services</a>
<ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h351">5.1 Shelters</a></li><li>
<a href="#h352">5.2 Helplines</a></li></ul></li></ul><ul class="lst-none"><li>
<a href="#h36">6. Possibility of Relocation and Traceability of Sexual Minorities Fleeing Violence</a></li></ul></li><li>
<a href="#h-notes">Notes on Interlocutors</a></li><li>
<a href="#h-references">Additional References</a></li><li>
<a href="#h-attachments">Attachments</a></li><li>
<a href="#h-appendix">Appendix 1 - Terms of Reference</a></li></ul><h2 id="h-map">Map</h2>
<img alt="United Nations (UN). May 2004. Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Cartographic Section. Honduras." src="/en/country-information/ndp/PublishingImages/honduras.png" style="width:500px;height:500px;" />
<p>Source: United Nations (UN). May 2004. Department of Peacekeeping Operations, Cartographic Section. "<a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/honduras.pdf">Honduras</a>." [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]</p><h2 id="h-gloss">Glossary</h2><ul class="lst-spcd list-unstyled"><li>
<strong>ACAP</strong><br> Asylum Cooperation Action Plan</li><li>
<strong>ACV</strong><br><span lang="es">Asociación Calidad de Vida</span> (Quality of Life Association)</li><li>
<strong>APUVIMEH</strong><br><span lang="es">Asociación Para Una Vida Mejor de Personas Infectadas y Afectadas por el VIH/SIDA en Honduras</span> (Association for a Better Life for Persons Infected and Affected by HIV/AIDS in Honduras)</li><li>
<strong>ATIC</strong><br><span lang="es">Agencia Técnica de Investigación Criminal</span> (Technical Agency of Criminal Investigation)</li><li>
<strong>CAMR</strong><br><span lang="es">Centro de Atención a los Migrantes Retornados</span> (Centre for the Assistance of Returned Migrants)</li><li>
<strong>CAPRODEM</strong><br><span lang="es">Centro de Atención y Protección de los Derechos de las Mujeres</span> (Centre for Care and Protection of Women's Rights)</li><li>
<strong>CdA</strong><br><span lang="es">Centros de Alcance</span> (Outreach Centres)</li><li>
<strong>CDH</strong><br><span lang="es">Centro de Desarrollo Humano</span> (Centre for Human Development)</li><li>
<strong>CDM</strong><br><span lang="es">Centro de Derechos de Mujeres</span> (Centre for Women’s Rights)</li><li>
<strong>CEM-H</strong><br><span lang="es">Centro de Estudios de la Mujer</span> (Centre for Women’s Studies)</li><li>
<strong>CENISS</strong><br><span lang="es">Centro Nacional de Información del Sector Social</span> (National Centre for Information on the Social Sector)</li><li>
<strong>COBRA</strong><br><span lang="es">Comando de Operaciones Especiales</span> (Special Operations Command)</li><li>
<strong>COI</strong><br> Country of Origin Information</li><li>
<strong>COMAR</strong><br><span lang="es">Comisión Mexicana de Ayuda a Refugiados</span> (Mexican Commission for Refugee Assistance)</li><li>
<strong>CONADEH</strong><br><span lang="es">Comisionado Nacional de los Derechos Humanos</span> (National Commissioner for Human Rights)</li><li>
<strong>CPTRT</strong><br><span lang="es">Centro de Prevención, Tratamiento y Rehabilitación de Victimas de la Tortura</span> (Centre for the Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation for Victims of Torture)</li><li>
<strong>DINAF</strong><br><span lang="es">Dirección de Niñez, Adolescencia y Familia</span> (Directorate for Children, Adolescents and Family)</li><li>
<strong>DNII</strong><br><span lang="es">Dirección Nacional de Investigación e Inteligencia</span> (National Directorate of Investigation and Intelligence)</li><li>
<strong>DESA</strong><br><span lang="es">Desarrollos Energéticos S.A.</span> (Energy Developments S.A.)</li><li>
<strong>DPI</strong><br><span lang="es">Dirección Policial de Investigaciones</span> (Police Directorate of Investigations)</li><li>
<strong>ECLAC</strong><br> Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean</li><li>
<strong>ERIC-SJ</strong><br><span lang="es">Equipo de Reflexión, Investigación y Comunicación – Compañia de Jesús</span> (Critical Thinking, Research and Communication Team – Society of Jesus)</li><li>
<strong>FUNDEVI</strong><br><span lang="es">Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Vivienda Social, Urbana y Rural</span> (Foundation for the Development of Urban and Rural Social Living)</li><li>
<strong>GSC</strong><br><span lang="es">Grupo Sociedad Civil</span> (Civil Society Association)</li><li>
<strong>IACHR</strong><br> Inter-American Court of Human Rights</li><li>
<strong>ICRC</strong><br> International Committee of the Red Cross</li><li>
<strong>IDMC</strong><br> International Displacement Monitoring Centre</li><li>
<strong>IDPs</strong><br> Internally Displaced Persons</li><li>
<strong>ILGA</strong><br> International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association</li><li>
<strong>NAM</strong><br> Instituto Nacional de la Mujer (National Institute for Women)</li><li>
<strong>INM</strong><br> Instituto Nacional de Migración de Honduras (Honduran National Institute of Migration)</li><li>
<strong>IOM</strong><br> International Organization for Migration</li><li>
<strong>IRB</strong><br> Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada</li><li>
<strong>IRCC</strong><br> Immigration, Refugees, and Citizenship Canada</li><li>
<strong>M-18</strong><br> Barrio 18</li><li>
<strong>MACCIH</strong><br><span lang="es">Misión de Apoyo contra la Corrupción y la Impunidad en Honduras</span> (Mission to Support the Fight against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras)</li><li>
<strong>MAU</strong><br><span lang="es">Movimiento Amplio Universitario</span> (Broad University Movement)</li><li>
<strong>MS-13</strong><br><span lang="es">Mara Salvatrucha</span></li><li>
<strong>NGO</strong><br> Non-governmental organization</li><li>
<strong>NHL</strong><br> Lempiras</li><li>
<strong>NRC</strong><br> Norwegian Refugee Council</li><li>
<strong>OAS</strong><br> Organization of American States</li><li>
<strong>PLAN</strong><br><span lang="es">Programa Nacional de Prevención, Rehabilitación y Reinserción Social</span> (National Program for Prevention, Rehabilitation and Social Reintegration)</li><li>
<strong>PMH</strong><br><span lang="es">Pastoral de Movilidad Humana</span> (Human Mobility Pastoral)</li><li>
<strong>PLCSC</strong><br><span lang="es">Plan Local de Convivencia y Seguridad</span> Ciudadana (National Plan for Citizens' Coexistence and Security)</li><li>
<strong>PPT</strong><br><span lang="es">Programa de Protección a Testigos</span> (Witness Protection Program) </li><li>
<strong>RAD</strong><br> Refugee Appeal Division</li><li>
<strong>RPD</strong><br> Refugee Protection Division</li><li>
<strong>SDHJGD</strong><br><span lang="es">Secretaría de Derechos Humanos, Justicia, Gobernación y Descentralización</span> (Ministry of Human Rights, Justice, Governance and Decentralization)</li><li>
<strong>SRE</strong><br><span lang="es">Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores</span> (Ministry of Foreign Affairs)</li><li>
<strong>SOGI</strong><br> Sexual orientation and gender identity</li><li>
<strong>UMAR</strong><br><span lang="es">Unidades Municipales de Atención a Migrantes Retornados</span> (Municipal Units for Assistance to Returned Migrants)</li><li>
<strong>UN</strong><br> United Nations</li><li>
<strong>UNAH</strong><br><span lang="es">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras</span> (National Autonomous University of Honduras)</li><li>
<strong>UNHCR</strong><br> United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</li><li>
<strong>USAID</strong><br> United States Agency for International Development</li><li>
<strong>USCIS</strong><br> United States Citizenship and Immigration Services</li><li>
<strong>WHO</strong><br> World Health Organization</li></ul><h2 id="h-intro">Introduction</h2><p>In 2013, Canada and the United States of America (US) began working together to identify opportunities to establish new modes of cooperation in the areas of asylum and immigration; this collaboration is known as the Asylum Cooperation Action Plan (ACAP). The ACAP, through the department of Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC), approached the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB) of Canada to seek the IRB's support for capacity-building activities to be undertaken in the Americas with the objective of improving asylum systems in the region. In May 2015, the Deputy Chairperson of the IRB's Refugee Protection Division (RPD) participated in a meeting between Canada, Mexico and the United States, where it was agreed that the IRB would undertake a number of activities to support the development of quality refugee status determination in Mexico. One such activity was IRB participation in a series of joint country of origin information (COI) gathering missions to El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala; key source countries in Mexico's asylum case load. </p><p>Under the auspices of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in Mexico and El Salvador, a joint information gathering mission was conducted in April 2016 to El Salvador by researchers from the IRB and participants from the Mexican government's Commission for Refugee Aid (<span lang="es">Comisión Mexicana de Ayuda a Refugiados, COMAR</span>), the Mexican Ministry of Foreign Affairs (<span lang="es">Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, SRE</span>), and the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The mission resulted in two research reports produced by the IRB:
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P1.aspx">
<em>Gangs in El Salvador and the Situation of Witnesses of Crime and Corruption</em></a> and
<a href="/en/country-information/ndp/Pages/Salvador-2016P2.aspx">
<em>The Situation of Women Victims of Violence and of Sexual Minorities in El Salvador</em></a>.</p><p>A second joint mission was conducted in Honduras in April 2017, including a researcher from the IRB, participants from COMAR and the SRE, and the UNHCR. Representatives of the Mexican Embassy in Honduras also participated. The joint mission was carried out from 3 to 7 April 2017. The purpose of the mission to Honduras was to gather COI as it relates to: state efforts to combat crime; criminal gangs, including their areas of operation, activities, and recruitment practices; the situation of violence against women and girls; the situation of sexual minorities, including LGBTI (lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, and/or intersex) persons; and the ability and efficacy of the state, police and judiciary to provide recourse to victims of crime, as well as to investigate and prosecute crimes.</p><p>The IRB would like to thank the Embassy of Canada in Honduras and the UNHCR for providing logistical support and assistance during the mission.</p><h2 id="h-method">Methodology</h2><p>The mission to Honduras consisted of a series of meetings with community representatives, experts, and officials from relevant governmental, non-governmental, academic, and research-focused organizations. For details on the organizations and individuals consulted during this mission, please refer to the section entitled "Notes on Interlocutors" at the end of this Report. The interlocutors chosen to be interviewed were identified by the delegation based on their occupation and their expertise. However, given the time constraints in which the delegation had to undertake the mission, the list of sources should not be considered exhaustive in terms of the scope and complexity of human rights issues in Honduras. Meetings with interlocutors were coordinated by the office of the UNHCR in Honduras and took place in the interlocutors' offices, or at the UNHCR offices in Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula. All interviews were conducted in Spanish.</p><p>Interview questions posed to interlocutors were formulated in line with the Terms of Reference for the mission (see
<a href="#h-appendix">Appendix 1</a>). Interviews were conducted using a semi-structured approach so as to adapt to the expertise of the particular interlocutor(s) being interviewed. The Terms of Reference were developed in consultation with joint mission participants and the IRB’s decision-makers from the RPD and the Refugee Appeals Division (RAD). Interlocutors' responses to these questions varied depending on their willingness and ability to address them, and the length of time granted for the interview.</p><p>In accordance with the Research Directorate's methodology, which relies on publicly available information, interlocutors were advised that the information they provided would be used to produce a report on country conditions in Honduras. In this regard, interview notes were sent to interlocutors for their approval. Furthermore, interlocutors were asked to consent to being cited by a professional title or by their institution for the information they provided. They were informed that this report is publicly accessible and may be used by decision-makers adjudicating refugee claims in Canada. </p><p>This Report is divided into three chapters and is based on the information gathered by the IRB during the mission to Honduras, as well as publicly available documentary sources. The first chapter examines the situation of crime, gangs, internal relocation, and state protection mechanisms available for victims of crime, including state programs to assist returnees. The second chapter provides information about violence against women and girls, as well as the recourse available to them. The third chapter provides information about the situation of sexual minorities and recourse available to them.</p><p>This Report may be read in conjunction with several IRB publications, including the following Responses to Information Requests:</p><ul><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456244&pls=1">HND105348</a> of 2 December 2015;</li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456246&pls=1">HND105350</a> of 1 December 2015;</li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456245&pls=1">HND105349</a> of 30 November 2015; </li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=455635&pls=1">HND104993</a> of 10 December 2014;</li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=455634&pls=1">HND104994</a> of 9 December 2014;</li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=455002&pls=1">HND104660</a> of 10 December 2013; and</li><li>
<a href="/en/country-information/rir/Pages/index.aspx?doc=454954&pls=1">HND104661</a> of 28 November 2013.</li></ul><h2 id="h-overview">Overview</h2><p>Honduras has an estimated population of 8,576,532 people and a land area of approximately 112,492 square kilometers.<sup id="fnb1-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb1"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>1</a></sup> Honduras has 18 departments and 298 municipalities.<sup id="fnb2-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb2"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>2</a></sup> The government consists of three branches, namely a legislative, an executive, and a judicial branch.<sup id="fnb3-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb3"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>3</a></sup> Legislation is established through codified law, special laws and written administrative regulations.
<sup id="fnb4-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb4">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>4</a></sup> Laws are “only valid once the enactment procedure is completed and [laws] come into force once they are published in the Official Gazette.”<sup id="fnb5-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb5"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>5</a></sup> In December 2017, Juan Orlando Hernández of the Partido Nacional de Honduras [National Party of Honduras] was re-elected as the President of Honduras.<sup id="fnb6-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb6"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>6</a></sup> </p><p>Honduras is considered one of the poorest countries in the world
<sup id="fnb7-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb7">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>7</a></sup> and the second poorest country in Central America.
<sup id="fnb8-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb8">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>8</a></sup> It is estimated that more than 60 percent of its population lives in poverty.<sup id="fnb9-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb9"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>9</a></sup> Its economy depends mostly on trade with the US, and remittances sent from the Honduran diaspora in the US, with its main exports being bananas and coffee.
<sup id="fnb10-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb10">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>10</a></sup> Other exports include shrimp and tilapia.<sup id="fnb11-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb11"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>11</a></sup></p><p>Honduras is also considered one of the most violent countries that is not at war.<sup id="fnb12-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb12"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>12</a></sup> A significant amount of violence occurs in some of the poorest communities in the country.<sup id="fnb13-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb13"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>13</a></sup> The US Department of State's
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016</em> indicates that, in Honduras, "[o]rganized criminal elements, including local and transnational gangs and narcotics traffickers, were significant perpetrators of violent crimes and committed acts of murder, extortion, kidnapping, torture, human trafficking, and intimidation of journalists, women, and human rights defenders."<sup id="fnb14-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb14"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>14</a></sup> Criminal groups operating in Honduras include transnational drug trafficking organizations, street gangs, and local smuggling organizations.<sup id="fnb15-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb15"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>15</a></sup> Honduras is a transit country for drugs being transported from South America to North America.<sup id="fnb16-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb16"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>16</a></sup> As such, Colombian and Mexican drug trafficking organizations have a presence in the country,<sup id="fnb17-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb17"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>17</a></sup> including the Sinaloa Cartel,
<sup id="fnb18-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb18">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>18</a></sup> Gulf Cartel and Los Zetas.<sup id="fnb19-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb19"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>19</a></sup> The mission learned that street gangs, especially the Barrio 18 (M-18) and Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13), are engaged in killings, extortion, street-level drug trafficking, forced displacement, disappearances, threats and intimidation. Local smuggling organizations are engaged in the legal and illegal movement of goods throughout the country and have international connections.<sup id="fnb20-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb20"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>20</a></sup></p><p>According to sources, the root causes of violence in Honduras are unemployment,<sup id="fnb21-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb21"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>21</a></sup> lack of access to education,<sup id="fnb22-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb22"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>22</a></sup> family disintegration,<sup id="fnb23-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb23"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>23</a></sup> economic inequality,<sup id="fnb24-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb24"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>24</a></sup> easy access to firearms,<sup id="fnb25-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb25"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>25</a></sup> corruption,<sup id="fnb26-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb26"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>26</a></sup> and a lack of effective long term policies to address these problems.<sup id="fnb27-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb27"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>27</a></sup> It was indicated to the mission that violence is "normalized" in the sense that it is seen as a typical occurrence by Honduran citizens.<sup id="fnb28-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb28"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>28</a></sup> That is, to be a witness to violence, but remain silent, is a common method of survival.<sup id="fnb29-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb29"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>29</a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, the Honduran government instituted a security tax to fund the state's national security projects.<sup id="fnb30-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb30"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>30</a></sup> For background information on the security tax, see Response to Information Request HND104993 of 10 December 2014. The website of the Honduran government indicates that between 2012 and 28 February 2017, the government collected approximately 14.1 billion lempiras (NHL) [approximately C$768.7 million] through the security tax initiative.<sup id="fnb31-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb31"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>31</a></sup> Between 2012 and 28 February 2017, 38 percent of the tax was distributed to the Ministry of Public Safety (<span lang="es">Secretaría de Seguridad</span>), 32 percent to the Ministry of Defense (<span lang="es">Secretaría de Defensa</span>), 17 percent to the National Directorate of Investigation and Intelligence (<span lang="es">Dirección Nacional de Investigación e Inteligencia, DNII</span>), 5 percent to the Public Ministry (<span lang="es">Ministerio Público</span>), and 2 percent to the Supreme Court (<span lang="es">Corte Suprema</span>), while funding for prevention programs amounted to 5 percent.<sup id="fnb32-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb32"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>32</a></sup> Claudia Flores indicated that the population has not benefited from the ways that the income from the security tax has been spent.<sup id="fnb33-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb33"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>33</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that social leaders, student activists and journalists are subject to intimidation by state agents and criminal organizations. According to the Ministry of Human Rights, Justice, Governance and Decentralization (<span lang="es">Secretaría de Derechos Humanos, Justicia, Gobernación y Descentralización, SDHJGD</span>), human rights advocates are routinely criminalized and threatened by criminal organizations and state security forces.<sup id="fnb34-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb34"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>34</a></sup> US
<em>Country Reports 2016</em> similarly states that "[h]uman rights defenders, including indigenous and environmental rights activists, political activists, labour activists, and representatives of civil society working to combat corruption, reported threats and acts of violence."<sup id="fnb35-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb35"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>35</a></sup> Student activists have been pressured by police officers to stop their advocacy work inside universities and they are also coerced by gangs to join them.<sup id="fnb36-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb36"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>36</a></sup> According to Radio Progreso, independent journalists are frequently barred from press conferences by state officials.<sup id="fnb37-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb37"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>37</a></sup> Journalists also practice self-censorship on issues such as drug trafficking.<sup id="fnb38-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb38"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>38</a></sup> Police officers and prosecutors suggest to journalists that they refrain from publishing information related to violence or corruption in order to avoid retaliation from criminal groups.<sup id="fnb39-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb39"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>39</a></sup> </p><p>According to the Honduran government, the homicide rate in 2016 was 57.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.
<sup id="fnb40-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb40">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>40</a></sup> However, interlocutors indicated that the homicide statistics presented by the government tend to be lower than the actual number, and as a result, do not reflect the real situation.<sup id="fnb41-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb41"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>41</a></sup> According to the National Observatory on Violence (<span lang="es">Observatorio Nacional de la Violencia</span>) of the Autonomous National University of Honduras (<span lang="es">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, UNAH</span>), there were 5,150 homicides in 2016, representing a rate of 59.1 per 100,000 inhabitants.
<sup id="fnb42-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb42">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>42</a></sup> The departments with the highest homicide rates in 2016 were Atlántida (414 homicides - a rate of 90.6 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants), Cortés (1,469 homicides - a rate of 88.8 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants), Francisco Morazán (1,129 homicides - a rate of 71.6 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants), and Yoro (420 homicides - a rate of 70.5 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants).
<sup id="fnb43-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb43">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>43</a></sup> The municipalities with the highest homicide rates in 2016 were La Ceiba (120.8 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants), San Pedro Sula (107.3 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants), and the Central District, which includes Comayagüela and Tegucigalpa (82.3 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants).<sup id="fnb44-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb44"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>44</a></sup> The Pastoral de Movilidad Humana (PMH) has documented cases of homicides that are not reported to authorities as criminal organizations kill people and then order family members to bury the victim without telling authorities.<sup id="fnb45-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb45"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>45</a></sup> In such cases, families are not able to obtain death certificates,<sup id="fnb46-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb46"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>46</a></sup> nor are such deaths captured in official homicide statistics.<sup id="fnb47-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb47"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>47</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that firearms proliferation is a serious problem in Honduras. Estimates on the number of legal and illegal weapons in Honduras vary.<sup id="fnb48-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb48"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>48</a></sup> In 2014, a commission established by the Honduran Congress estimated that there are approximately 400,000 registered weapons and 700,000 weapons that circulate illegally in the country.<sup id="fnb49-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb49"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>49</a></sup> In a 2016 interview with the Small Arms Survey, officials of the National Arms Registry (<span lang="es">Registro Nacional de Armas</span>) in Tegucigalpa reported that between 450,000 and 500,000 firearms were registered to private citizens.
<sup id="fnb50-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb50">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>50</a></sup> According to the law, a citizen is allowed to legally possess up to five firearms.<sup id="fnb51-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb51"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>51</a></sup></p><h2 id="h-chap1">Chapter I. Crime in Honduras and the Situation of Witnesses of Crime and Corruption</h2><h3 id="h11">1. Territorial Presence</h3><p>The mission learned that gangs have a presence in the majority of communities throughout Honduras. The mission also learned that gangs exert territorial control over their areas of influence.<sup id="fnb52-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb52"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>52</a></sup> Territorial control is important for gangs.<sup id="fnb53-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb53"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>53</a></sup> Gangs consider residences in their territory as their property and as such, control the lives of the inhabitants.<sup id="fnb54-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb54"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>54</a></sup> One way of exerting territorial control is through curfews, which are "normalized" inside communities, and a violation of a curfew can be fatal.<sup id="fnb55-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb55"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>55</a></sup> While the gang phenomenon used to be mainly urban,<sup id="fnb56-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb56"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>56</a></sup> it has been expanding into rural areas.<sup id="fnb57-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb57"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>57</a></sup> </p><h3 id="h111">1.1 Invisible Borders</h3><p>The mission learned that gang territories are defined by invisible lines or invisible borders and that gangs are well-informed about the people crossing into their territories. Crossing these borders, on purpose or inadvertently, can lead to the person being killed.<sup id="fnb58-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb58"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>58</a></sup> Even in the presence of police patrols alongside these invisible borders, people who cross without permission are at risk of being killed.<sup id="fnb59-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb59"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>59</a></sup></p><p>Several interlocutors indicated that students are at risk of being killed for crossing the invisible borders that separate schools from their homes.<sup id="fnb60-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb60"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>60</a></sup> The Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) indicated that during a weekend in 2016, approximately 40 children from a local school had to be transferred to another school as the invisible border that was present in that area had shifted.<sup id="fnb61-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb61"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>61</a></sup> The new local gang warned that they would kill any "non-resident" student who attended school the following Monday.<sup id="fnb62-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb62"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>62</a></sup> According to NRC, situations like these not only put a strain on other schools' resources, but transferred children are accused by other students for exposing their school to gang violence.<sup id="fnb63-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb63"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>63</a></sup></p><p>In general, non-residents seeking to enter neighbourhoods controlled by gangs need to request permission from the gangs.<sup id="fnb64-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb64"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>64</a></sup> Permission can be obtained through community organizations,<sup id="fnb65-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb65"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>65</a></sup> the local priest or a religious leader.<sup id="fnb66-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb66"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>66</a></sup> One of the protocols established by gangs for non-residents entering their territory is to lower the windows of vehicles while in the neighbourhood, in order to identify the individuals inside of the vehicle.<sup id="fnb67-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb67"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>67</a></sup> </p><p>Social workers and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) who go to schools to deliver programs must receive authorization from gangs to do so,<sup id="fnb68-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb68"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>68</a></sup> as well as receive gang approval of the content of the educational program.<sup id="fnb69-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb69"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>69</a></sup> Asociación Calidad de Vida (ACV) provided the example that students who are part of gangs routinely ask visiting social workers and advocates, in front of teachers and school administration officials, to identify themselves and to provide a debrief on the content to be presented in the classes.<sup id="fnb70-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb70"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>70</a></sup> The Directorate of Social Services (<span lang="es">Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales</span>) of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula indicated that in three of San Pedro Sula's neighbourhoods, it is difficult to send an educator to cover a shift at a school in an area where he or she does not live, because he or she will be at risk.<sup id="fnb71-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb71"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>71</a></sup> As a result, the Municipality of San Pedro Sula struggles to recruit educators who live in the same area as the school.<sup id="fnb72-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb72"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>72</a></sup> The mission also learned that there have been cases of school closures due to gang violence.<sup id="fnb73-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb73"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>73</a></sup></p><h3 id="h112">1.2 Recruitment</h3><p>Criminal groups are persistent in their recruitment efforts.<sup id="fnb74-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb74"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>74</a></sup> Interlocutors indicated that youth in Honduras usually have two options: join the gangs or leave the neighbourhood to other parts of the country or outside the country.<sup id="fnb75-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb75"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>75</a></sup> One of the reasons why youth join gangs is to be part of a group that can protect them.<sup id="fnb76-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb76"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>76</a></sup> They are led to believe that these entities are organizations to which they can belong, that they can trust, and where they can find protection.
<sup id="fnb77-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb77">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>77</a></sup> Others join as a strategy to avoid being killed by gangs.<sup id="fnb78-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb78"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>78</a></sup></p><p>In addition, many families have been forced to give away their children to the gangs.<sup id="fnb79-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb79"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>79</a></sup> Interlocutors indicated that forced recruitment of children causes families to leave their communities.<sup id="fnb80-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb80"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>80</a></sup> In many other cases, parents confine their children to their house and do not let them attend school so they do not get recruited and/or killed.<sup id="fnb81-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb81"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>81</a></sup> According to NRC, there are cases where parents and family members lie about their child having a serious medical condition in order to dissuade gangs from forcibly recruiting that child.<sup id="fnb82-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb82"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>82</a></sup> PMH indicated that family members caring for children eventually send them on the migratory route (<span lang="es"><em>ruta migratoria</em></span>)<sup id="fnb83-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb83"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>83</a></sup> to prevent gangs from recruiting them.<sup id="fnb84-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb84"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>84</a></sup> One of the ways girls try to avoid recruitment is through early pregnancies, hoping that this will deter interest from gang members.<sup id="fnb85-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb85"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>85</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that gangs recruit children as young as 10 years old.<sup id="fnb86-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb86"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>86</a></sup> PMH has documented recruits as young as five and seven years old who are being trained to commit crimes.<sup id="fnb87-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb87"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>87</a></sup> In some cases, gangs drug children in order to train them to use weapons and to kill people.<sup id="fnb88-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb88"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>88</a></sup> They start out with "easy" targets to kill, but by the time they are 16 or 17 years of age, they are fully trained to assassinate for the gang.<sup id="fnb89-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb89"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>89</a></sup> Gangs also use minors, as young as six years old,<sup id="fnb90-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb90"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>90</a></sup> as look-outs (<em>banderas</em>) to let them know when non-residents are entering the neighbourhood.
<sup id="fnb91-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb91">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>91</a></sup></p><p>Gangs also use women as
<em>banderas</em> and as bait to kill targeted persons.<sup id="fnb92-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb92"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>92</a></sup> In addition, gangs use children to transport drugs between areas<sup id="fnb93-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb93"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>93</a></sup> or to sell drugs<sup id="fnb94-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb94"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>94</a></sup> in schools, for example.<sup id="fnb95-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb95"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>95</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that the number of gang members in Honduras varies from source to source. A research report by Public Safety Canada indicates that the numbers range between 6,000 and 36,000, depending on the source consulted.<sup id="fnb96-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb96"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>96</a></sup> Dr. Ayestas indicated to the mission that the number of gang members is actually hard to determine, although it is estimated that the number of gang members is 30,000.<sup id="fnb97-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb97"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>97</a></sup> According to InSight Crime, it is difficult to establish who is a gang member and who is a collaborator, as the line that divides both roles is not clear.<sup id="fnb98-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb98"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>98</a></sup> InSight Crime explained that "collaborators" are those who provide assistance to gangs, but are not part of the gangs themselves.<sup id="fnb99-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb99"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>99</a></sup> Collaborators include street drug dealers, lawyers, taxi drivers and mechanics who provide services to the gangs, as well as intelligence.<sup id="fnb100-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb100"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>100</a></sup> </p><p>The National Program for Prevention, Rehabilitation and Social Reintegration (<span lang="es">Programa Nacional de Prevención, Rehabilitación y Reinserción Social, PLAN</span>) indicated that gangs usually respect the lives of members who quit the gang to join religious organizations.<sup id="fnb101-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb101"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>101</a></sup> However, according to the Directorate of Children, Women and Family (<span lang="es">Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia</span>) of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula, people who leave the gang are persecuted throughout the country.
<sup id="fnb102-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb102">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>102</a></sup> Other interlocutors similarly indicated that gangs have the ability to locate targets throughout the country.<sup id="fnb103-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb103"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>103</a></sup> The mission learned that people fleeing extortion, recruitment, and people who they suspect have filed a complaint with authorities, are common targets of gangs. The mission learned that gangs have communication networks with other cliques (<em>clicas</em>),
<sup id="fnb104-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb104">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>104</a></sup> not only throughout the country, but also with cliques of the same gang in other countries in the Northern Triangle. Casa Alianza gave the example of Honduran asylum seekers kept in Mexican detention centres who felt unprotected, since their persecutors were able to find them due to the presence of gang members in those same detention centres.<sup id="fnb105-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb105"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>105</a></sup> The mission also learned that gangs have communication networks inside state institutions.</p><h3 id="h113">1.3 Activities</h3><p>The mission learned that gangs are involved in killings, extortion, street-level drug trafficking, forced displacement, disappearances, threats and intimidation. Gangs also invest in legal enterprises such as taxis, gas stations and hotels.<sup id="fnb106-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb106"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>106</a></sup> Contract killing has become a lifestyle and another form of income for many gang members,<sup id="fnb107-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb107"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>107</a></sup> and they can reportedly be carried out for as low as 200 HNL [approximately C$10.80].<sup id="fnb108-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb108"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>108</a></sup> The mission learned that gangs displace entire families in order to occupy their houses.<sup id="fnb109-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb109"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>109</a></sup> These houses, which are called "crazy houses" (<span lang="es">casas locas</span>), are used by gangs to kill people and to dismember their bodies.<sup id="fnb110-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb110"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>110</a></sup> The mission learned that dismembered bodies are discarded in sacks in public areas.<sup id="fnb111-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb111"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>111</a></sup></p><h4 id="h1131">1.3.1 Extortion</h4><p>Extortion is one of the main drivers for both internal and external displacement.
<sup id="fnb112-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb112">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>112</a></sup> Many families are forced to leave their home because they are not able to pay the extortion fee, which is known as the "war tax" (<span lang="es"><em>impuesto de guerra</em></span>).<sup id="fnb113-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb113"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>113</a></sup> Casa Alianza has heard cases of persons being extorted for 200,000 HNL [approximately C$10,800], to be paid within 24 hours.<sup id="fnb114-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb114"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>114</a></sup></p><p>Students and teachers are regularly threatened and extorted.<sup id="fnb115-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb115"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>115</a></sup> Public transportation drivers, commonly known as
<em>transportistas</em>,
<sup id="fnb116-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb116">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>116</a></sup> are specifically targeted for extortion.<sup id="fnb117-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb117"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>117</a></sup> Extortion is the root cause of most attacks and killings of public transportation drivers in the country.<sup id="fnb118-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb118"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>118</a></sup> Public transportation drivers are often required to pay up to three extortion amounts to different gangs.<sup id="fnb119-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb119"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>119</a></sup> Amounts extorted typically range between 200 HNL [approximately C$10.80] and 300 HNL [approximately C$16.20].<sup id="fnb120-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb120"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>120</a></sup></p><p>When the National Commissioner for Human Rights (<span lang="es">Comisionado Nacional de los Derechos Humanos, CONADEH</span>) handles cases concerning victims of extortion and threats, it requests that security measures be taken by the State Secretary of Security (<span lang="es">Secretaría de Estado en el Despacho de Seguridad</span>).<sup id="fnb121-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb121"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>121</a></sup> In recent years, security measures have consisted of random patrols sent to the victim's residence.<sup id="fnb122-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb122"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>122</a></sup> According to CONADEH, however, these measures are not comprehensive and are delayed.<sup id="fnb123-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb123"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>123</a></sup></p><h3 id="h12">2. Legal Apparatus and Institutional Efficacy</h3><h3 id="h121">2.1 Justice System</h3><p>The mission learned that mistrust in the justice system is widespread among the population.<sup id="fnb124-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb124"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>124</a></sup> Honduras has high levels of impunity<sup id="fnb125-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb125"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>125</a></sup> and investigation into crimes is inefficient.<sup id="fnb126-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb126"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>126</a></sup> US
<em>Country Reports 2016</em> indicates that "[c]orruption and impunity remained serious problems within the security forces. Some members of police committed crimes, including crimes linked to local and international criminal organizations."<sup id="fnb127-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb127"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>127</a></sup> Radio Progreso indicated that 95 percent of assassinations go unpunished.<sup id="fnb128-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb128"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>128</a></sup> Other sources indicate that in Honduras, 80 percent of crimes go unsolved.<sup id="fnb129-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb129"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>129</a></sup> The Organization of American States' (OAS) Mission to Support the Fight Against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras (MACCIH), which started its operations in Honduras in April 2016, works to combat corruption and impunity by, for example, assisting and strengthening Honduran state institutions, to prevent, investigate and punish acts of corruption.<sup id="fnb130-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb130"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>130</a></sup> One of MACCIH's areas of work is [translation] "enhancing the criminal justice system and reducing high levels of impunity," including by improving access to justice, reducing judicial delays, improving criminal investigation mechanisms, effectively administrating the penal process and optimizing the quality of sentences.<sup id="fnb131-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb131"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>131</a></sup></p><h3 id="h122">2.2 National Police</h3><p>The mission observed a lack of police presence on the streets in San Pedro Sula and Tegucigalpa. The BBC reports that Honduras has 13,500 police officers and 15,000 soldiers.<sup id="fnb132-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb132"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>132</a></sup> Radio Progreso estimated that there are approximately 14,000 police officers and 13,000 soldiers.<sup id="fnb133-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb133"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>133</a></sup> The National Police in San Pedro Sula is divided into four metropolitan units and each metropolitan unit has 200 police officers, including those employed in administrative functions.<sup id="fnb134-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb134"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>134</a></sup></p><p>Dr. Ayestas indicated that private security companies have a greater capacity to provide security than the National Police and the armed forces.<sup id="fnb135-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb135"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>135</a></sup> Radio Progreso indicated that private security firms have more than 75,000 guards.<sup id="fnb136-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb136"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>136</a></sup> Other sources indicate that there are approximately 750 security firms<sup id="fnb137-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb137"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>137</a></sup> employing around 120,000 people.<sup id="fnb138-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb138"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>138</a></sup> </p><p>According to sources, there are police officers who have been accused of committing extortion.<sup id="fnb139-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb139"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>139</a></sup> Interlocutors indicated that the National Police has being going through an internal purge to dismiss corrupt officers from the force.<sup id="fnb140-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb140"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>140</a></sup> Following revelations concerning the involvement of police officials in the killing of antidrug officials, the Special Commission for the Purging and Transformation Process of the National Police (<span lang="es">Comisión Especial para el Proceso de Depuración y Transformación de la Policía Nacional</span>) was set up in April 2016 to lead the police purge.<sup id="fnb141-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb141"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>141</a></sup> According to Dr. Ayestas, almost 50 percent of police officers have been dismissed during this process.<sup id="fnb142-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb142"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>142</a></sup> News sources report that 4,934 police authorities were evaluated, of which 2,581 have been dismissed, including high ranking officials (28 percent), support staff (4 percent), and low ranking officials (68 percent).<sup id="fnb143-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb143"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>143</a></sup> The Centro de Prevención, Tratamiento y Rehabilitación de Victimas de la Tortura (CPTRT) indicated that the purge has not been effective as it has focused on lower ranking officials, rather than those in higher ranks.<sup id="fnb144-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb144"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>144</a></sup></p><h3 id="h123">2.3 Protection Programs</h3><h4 id="h1231">2.3.1 Witness Protection Program</h4><p>Honduras has a witness protection program, Programa de Protección a Testigos (PPT), which is run by the Public Ministry.<sup id="fnb145-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb145"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>145</a></sup> Sources indicate that witness protection provided by the Public Ministry is inefficient,<sup id="fnb146-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb146"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>146</a></sup> due to the lack of resources, for example.<sup id="fnb147-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb147"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>147</a></sup> CONADEH indicated that the number of protection requests is "out of proportion" compared to the limited financial and human resources available, which hinders the ability of the state to provide effective protection.<sup id="fnb148-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb148"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>148</a></sup> CONADEH indicated that it provides, in coordination with the Public Ministry, economic assistance to protected witnesses, including assistance to relocate witnesses to other parts of the country, depending on the particular situation of the person.
<sup id="fnb149-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb149">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>149</a></sup> In some cases, CONADEH coordinates with NGOs to relocate protected witnesses abroad.<sup id="fnb150-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb150"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>150</a></sup> PMH has documented cases of persons in the witness protection program who were turned over to their aggressors by the officials that were in charge of protecting them.<sup id="fnb151-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb151"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>151</a></sup> CPTRT indicated that witnesses face risks, including death, as protection offered to them is limited to six months on average, while a trial can last up to two and a half years.<sup id="fnb152-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb152"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>152</a></sup> For additional information about PPT, see Response to Information Request HND105348 of December 2015.</p><h4 id="h1232">2.3.2 Protection Program for Human Rights Defenders, Journalists, Media Workers, and Justice Operators</h4><p>Honduras has a protection program available for human rights defenders, journalists, media workers, and justice operators.
<sup id="fnb153-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb153">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>153</a></sup> The protection program, which was created under the 2015
<em>Law for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, Journalists, Media Workers, and Justice Operators (<span lang="es">Ley de Protección para las y los Defensores de Derechos Humanos, Periodistas, Comunicadores Sociales y Operadores de Justicia</span>)</em>, is administered through the National System for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders (<span lang="es">Sistema Nacional de Protección para Personas Defensoras de Derechos Humanos</span>).<sup id="fnb154-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb154"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>154</a></sup> For 2017, the National System had a budget of 25 million HNL [approximately C$1,350,259].<sup id="fnb155-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb155"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>155</a></sup> It has issued protection measures to 85 persons, including 56 human rights defenders, 16 journalists, 4 media workers, and 9 justice operators.
<sup id="fnb156-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb156">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>156</a></sup> Title III of the Law, which includes information about protection measures and the process to request such protection, is attached to this Report (<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/honduras-attach.aspx#attach1">Attachment 1</a>). </p><p>SDHJGD indicated that evaluations of applications for protection originating from outside Tegucigalpa are conducted over the phone, as the SDHJGD does not have the necessary infrastructure in other parts of the country to handle these protection requests.<sup id="fnb157-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb157"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>157</a></sup> In some cases, and depending on the nature of the case, the SDHJGD requests the assistance of CONADEH to conduct interviews in its offices outside of Tegucigalpa.<sup id="fnb158-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb158"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>158</a></sup> A notification letter is provided to those who are admitted for protection under this program.<sup id="fnb159-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb159"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>159</a></sup> </p><p>SDHJGD indicated that, although the protection program is only available for specific groups, some employees at the SDHJGD have assisted other victims of violence by providing them with information and advice on how to deal with their personal circumstances.
<sup id="fnb160-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb160">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>160</a></sup> </p><p>Radio Progreso indicated that the protection mechanism established by the 2015
<em>Law for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, Journalists, Media Workers, and Justice Operators</em> does not work in practice.<sup id="fnb161-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb161"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>161</a></sup> The Movimiento Amplio Universitario (MAU) indicated that the government's witness protection measures for human rights advocates is inefficient and that student activists, who have been threatened, prefer seeking support from NGOs to relocate to other parts of the country or abroad.
<sup id="fnb162-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb162">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>162</a></sup> MAU explained that student activists have been criminalized and subjected to arbitrary detention and irregular judicial proceedings, adding that between 2015 and 2017, around 120 criminal processes were launched against student activists for crimes, including sedition, misappropriation, and damage to public property.
<sup id="fnb163-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb163">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>163</a></sup> The mission learned that journalists and human rights advocates do not trust the police for protection.
<sup id="fnb164-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb164">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>164</a></sup> Radio Progreso explained that members of the National Police and armed forces have been accused of assaulting journalists who cover protests.
<sup id="fnb165-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb165">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>165</a></sup></p><h4 id="h1233">2.3.3 Precautionary Measures</h4><p>According to Article 25 of the Rules of Procedure of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) of the OAS, the IACHR may, "on its own initiative or at the request of a party, request that a State adopt precautionary measures."<sup id="fnb166-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb166"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>166</a></sup> According to the IACHR, Precautionary Measures "may be of a collective nature to prevent irreparable harm to persons due to their association with an organization, a group, or a community with identified or identifiable members."<sup id="fnb167-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb167"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>167</a></sup> In order to carry out IACHR’s requests for Precautionary Measures, OAS States have issued protection measures for beneficiaries, which can include “bodyguards, security at office buildings, direct lines of communication with the authorities, protection of ancestral territory, and others.”<sup id="fnb168-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb168"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>168</a></sup> The mission learned, however, that activists in Honduras with Precautionary Measures issued by IACHR are regularly threatened, while some have been killed. Berta Cáceres, a highly recognized land rights advocate and indigenous leader, was killed on 3 March 2016 in La Esperanza, in the Department of Intibucá.<sup id="fnb169-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb169"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>169</a></sup> Cáceres had Precautionary Measures ordered by the IACHR since 2009; however, prior to her killing, she had indicated that she was constantly being harassed and intimidated.<sup id="fnb170-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb170"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>170</a></sup> Cáceres had reported that she received 33 death threats for her campaign against the construction of a hydroelectric dam by a company with "extensive military and government links."
<sup id="fnb171-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb171">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>171</a></sup> </p><h3 id="h124">2.4 Violence Prevention Programs</h3><p>The mission learned of the existence of several social programs to prevent violence and to assist victims, including youth. For example, according to PLAN, there are schools that offer education centres with alternative programs for youth, including violence prevention programs and extracurricular activities.<sup id="fnb172-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb172"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>172</a></sup> The Municipality of San Pedro Sula offers vocational training courses to disadvantaged youth, such as carpentry, computer training, appliance repair, and esthetics, so they can obtain employment and become economically self-sufficient.<sup id="fnb173-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb173"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>173</a></sup> These programs, which range between six months and two years, are offered at three technical institutes located in Chamelecón, Villas Mackay and Las Palmas.<sup id="fnb174-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb174"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>174</a></sup> Around 500 students graduate each year and 80 percent of those who carry out the cooperative portion of their study program at Honduran companies are retained by these companies.<sup id="fnb175-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb175"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>175</a></sup></p><p>As a result of increasing gang activity and the existence of invisible borders, attendance levels have dropped in recent years for the school in Chamelecón.
<sup id="fnb176-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb176">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>176</a></sup> In addition to requesting police assistance, the Municipality of San Pedro Sula is working with military forces, which patrol the invisible borders in order to ensure that the area of the technical school is more secure.
<sup id="fnb177-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb177">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>177</a></sup> Nonetheless, the Directorate of Social Services of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula noted the difficulty in recruiting and retaining school instructors for the school in Chamelecón.
<sup id="fnb178-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb178">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>178</a></sup> According to the same source, the majority of youth who attend the education centres are youth who have been affected by internal displacement, as a result of the security issues in the areas where they used to reside.<sup id="fnb179-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb179"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>179</a></sup></p><p>The Local Plan for Citizens' Coexistence and Security (<span lang="es">Plan Local de Convivencia y Seguridad Ciudadana, PLCSC</span>) is a government plan that seeks to coordinate municipal efforts to prevent violence.<sup id="fnb180-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb180"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>180</a></sup> The PLCSC incorporates municipal agencies, the private sector, civil society, and academia.<sup id="fnb181-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb181"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>181</a></sup> Through the PLCSC, the municipality of San Pedro Sula has been accessing high-risk communities to deliver social programs and provide protection.<sup id="fnb182-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb182"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>182</a></sup> However, the Municipality of San Pedro Sula indicated that the PLCSC has not been effective in reducing internal displacement.
<sup id="fnb183-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb183">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>183</a></sup></p><p>Another program is the creation of Outreach Centres (<span lang="es">Centros de Alcance</span>), a government initiative, in collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), to provide social programs to prevent violence inside conflict-affected communities.
<sup id="fnb184-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb184">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>184</a></sup> There are approximately 40 Outreach Centres across the most conflict-affected neighbourhoods of the country,
<sup id="fnb185-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb185">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>185</a></sup> including in Tegucigalpa, Comayagüela, San Pedro Sula, Choloma, La Ceiba and Puerto Lempira.<sup id="fnb186-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb186"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>186</a></sup> More than 30,000 youth have benefited from the Outreach Centres.<sup id="fnb187-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb187"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>187</a></sup></p><p>The Honduran government initiated PLAN, a program created by the Office of the President, to provide assistance in Tegucigalpa to at-risk youth and persons who were former gang members.<sup id="fnb188-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb188"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>188</a></sup> PLAN consists of community workers who are sent to areas with a high prevalence of violence to provide programs, including psychological assistance, legal advice, the removal of gang-related tattoos, as well as individual and group therapies.<sup id="fnb189-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb189"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>189</a></sup> PLAN helps youth who were former gang members to change their appearance, so that they are able to move from their neighbourhoods and find work or study elsewhere.<sup id="fnb190-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb190"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>190</a></sup> Approximately 60 youth who were internally displaced, and have been assisted by PLAN, have been able to relocate to other neighbourhoods, changing their lifestyles completely.<sup id="fnb191-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb191"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>191</a></sup> PLAN enters communities without being accompanied by the army or the police, so as not to be perceived as a threat to the community.<sup id="fnb192-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb192"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>192</a></sup> While PLAN does not have a shelter for its clients, it does have agreements with shelters, including for persons with addictions and for persons who have problems with gangs.<sup id="fnb193-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb193"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>193</a></sup> In addition, PLAN offers support to individual shelters, as needed, including operational support.<sup id="fnb194-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb194"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>194</a></sup> </p><p>The mission learned that various NGOs have support and development programs in place, including violence prevention programs, to serve the needs of children and youth, such as the NGOs that are part of the UNHCR-led Protection Working Group (<span lang="es">Grupo de Protección</span>) in San Pedro Sula and Tegucigalpa. The mission learned that the Protection Working Group includes nine UN agencies and 17 NGOs who work together in order to: strengthen national protection mechanisms on forced displacement; ensure the safety of humanitarian personnel; share information on protection-related issues and; carry out advocacy on protection-related issues. World Vision, which is part of the Protection Working Group, carries out various programs and projects directly affecting children in communities with high levels of violence.<sup id="fnb195-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb195"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>195</a></sup> For example, in the district of San Miguel in Tegucigalpa, World Vision serves 19 communities. One of its development programs is called
<em>Cerro de Plata</em>, which assists 2500 girls and boys.<sup id="fnb196-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb196"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>196</a></sup> In addition, World Vision carries out projects focused on the prevention of violence and the promotion of a culture of peace, as well as a technical project for the development of the life skills of children and adolescents.
<sup id="fnb197-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb197">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>197</a></sup> World Vision expressed that it is difficult to retain children in their programs, as children are constantly targeted by gangs.
<sup id="fnb198-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb198">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>198</a></sup> Children have had to drop out of World Vision's programmes as a result of being forced to flee their community.
<sup id="fnb199-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb199">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>199</a></sup> Despite this, the work of World Vision is widely respected within communities, given its religious affiliation and that its work is carried out alongside the church and religious leaders.<sup id="fnb200-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb200"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>200</a></sup> Claudia Flores indicated that church groups also carry out development programs for children in neighbourhoods and communities and that such programs are appreciated, even among gang members and organized crime members, due to the level of respect that exists for the church.<sup id="fnb201-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb201"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>201</a></sup></p><h3 id="h125">2.5 Complaints Mechanism</h3><p>Rather than filing their complaint with the police, victims of crime carried out by criminal groups prefer filing their complaint with civil society organizations
<sup id="fnb202-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb202">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>202</a></sup> or CONADEH.<sup id="fnb203-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb203"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>203</a></sup> CONADEH receives 3 to 5 complaints per day from victims of crime, mainly regarding extortion and threats from gangs.<sup id="fnb204-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb204"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>204</a></sup> The mission learned that people mistrust state institutions, as there are reports of collusion between government authorities and criminal organizations, including gangs.
<sup id="fnb205-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb205">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>205</a></sup> Government authorities are threatened by criminals, who do so in order convince the authorities to act against their victims who file complaints.<sup id="fnb206-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb206"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>206</a></sup> </p><p>Several interlocutors indicated that people regard complaints mechanisms as inefficient.<sup id="fnb207-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb207"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>207</a></sup> If a victim of crime does file a report, it is out of "formality" and not because the victim expects authorities to do something about it.<sup id="fnb208-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb208"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>208</a></sup> The mission learned that, oftentimes, when victims of crime file a complaint, police officers indicate that the case is not under their jurisdiction or that the IT system is down.</p><p>PMH indicated that officers receiving the complaints are not adequately trained to do so.
<sup id="fnb209-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb209">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>209</a></sup> Oftentimes, they warn victims about the risk that they are taking by filing a complaint.<sup id="fnb210-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb210"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>210</a></sup> The mission learned that criminal groups have banderas outside police stations and Public Ministry offices monitoring who is filing complaints. The mission learned that there have been cases of victims who have been killed shortly after filing a complaint. </p><h3 id="h13">3. Displacement</h3><p>In addition to learning that displacement is prevalent in Honduras, the mission learned that causes of displacement include generalized violence, threats, extortion, forced recruitment of minors by gangs, poverty, especially in rural areas, and land/house-grabbing. People are also displaced by violence caused by criminal organizations, particularly gangs.<sup id="fnb211-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb211"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>211</a></sup> State agents are also accused of causing displacement, often acting in collusion with criminal organizations and enterprises.<sup id="fnb212-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb212"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>212</a></sup> The mission learned that internal displacement also occurs due to family feuds,<sup id="fnb213-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb213"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>213</a></sup> the construction of megaprojects,<sup id="fnb214-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb214"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>214</a></sup> and the exploitation of natural resources.<sup id="fnb215-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb215"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>215</a></sup> PMH has documented cases of people being threatened so that they leave their area of residence and megaprojects can be built.<sup id="fnb216-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb216"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>216</a></sup></p><p>Most cases of displacement begin as internal in nature; however, it is common that IDPs eventually seek to leave the country.<sup id="fnb217-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb217"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>217</a></sup> Usually, parents migrate first and leave their children behind with other relatives who will, in turn, eventually send the children on the migratory route to be reunited with their parents.
<sup id="fnb218-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb218">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>218</a></sup> The majority of IDPs across Honduras, however, consist of entire families.<sup id="fnb219-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb219"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>219</a></sup> It is very common that entire families leave their homes in order to protect their children from forced recruitment.<sup id="fnb220-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb220"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>220</a></sup> The family unit is an important element in Honduran society.<sup id="fnb221-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb221"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>221</a></sup> When family members stay behind, gangs pressure remaining relatives to provide information on the whereabouts of the targeted person.<sup id="fnb222-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb222"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>222</a></sup> It is also feared that remaining family members will be targeted by gangs as a form of retaliation.<sup id="fnb223-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb223"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>223</a></sup></p><p>On 31 March 2014, the Honduran government officially swore in the Interinstitutional Commission for the Protection of Displaced People Due to Violence (<span lang="es">Comisión Interinstitucional para la Protección de Personas Desplazadas por la Violencia</span>),<sup id="fnb224-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb224"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>224</a></sup> which was created by Executive Decree Number (<span lang="es">Decreto Ejecutivo Número</span>) PCM-053-2013,<sup id="fnb225-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb225"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>225</a></sup> with the mandate to [translation] "formulate policies and adopt measures to prevent forced displacement, as well as to assist, protect and provide solutions to displaced people and their families."<sup id="fnb226-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb226"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>226</a></sup> The Commission is comprised of 10 government institutions and 5 civil society organizations.<sup id="fnb227-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb227"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>227</a></sup></p><p>One of the Commission's main achievements is its ability to provide information on the number of displaced persons, their areas of resettlement, their needs, and the root causes of their displacement.<sup id="fnb228-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb228"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>228</a></sup> In 2015, the Commission published a study with statistical information on the number of displaced persons between 2004 and 2014.<sup id="fnb229-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb229"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>229</a></sup> The study, titled Characterizing Internal Displacement in Honduras (<span lang="es"><em>Caracterización del Desplazamiento Interno en Honduras</em></span>), provides an analysis on internal displacement in the country based on a survey of displaced and non-displaced persons in 20 municipalities in 11 departments.<sup id="fnb230-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb230"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>230</a></sup> The report indicates that approximately 174,000 people, divided into approximately 41,000 households, have been displaced between 2004 and 2014, and that 7.5 percent of these people were in their second displacement, and 2.1 percent in their third displacement.<sup id="fnb231-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb231"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>231</a></sup> According to the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), as of 31 December 2016, there were 190,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Honduras.<sup id="fnb232-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb232"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>232</a></sup></p><p>In 2016, CONADEH received 694 complaints of forced displacement, out of which 345 petitioners were at risk of displacement, and 349 were already displaced.<sup id="fnb233-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb233"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>233</a></sup> CONADEH indicated that it is very difficult to determine how many people are in a situation of internal displacement due to violence, as many of them do not file complaints.<sup id="fnb234-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb234"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>234</a></sup> PLAN indicated that filing a complaint due to displacement can expose complainants to retaliation by aggressors.<sup id="fnb235-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb235"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>235</a></sup> PLAN indicated that, for example, when students are threatened or face forced recruitment by gangs, they prefer internal displacement over filing a complaint, because submitting a complaint could lead to their death.<sup id="fnb236-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb236"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>236</a></sup></p><p>Radio Progreso indicated that, according to Casa Alianza, there are 1 million youth in Honduras and that, while they are able to study or work, they neither study nor work.<sup id="fnb237-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb237"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>237</a></sup> While youth flee internally as a first step, they opt for the migratory route, in part due to the lack of access to education and work.<sup id="fnb238-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb238"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>238</a></sup></p><p>IDPs arriving in San Pedro Sula usually inhabit areas near the river banks (<span lang="es"><em>bordos</em></span>), which are not suitable living environments due to a lack of access to potable water, electricity and basic sanitary conditions, and where flooding is also frequent.<sup id="fnb239-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb239"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>239</a></sup> Radio Progreso indicated that people living in bordos are discriminated against in the job market, because employers refuse to hire people living in these areas.<sup id="fnb240-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb240"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>240</a></sup> The mission learned that people living in high-risk communities, including in Rivera Hernandez and Chamelecón in San Pedro Sula, face similar employment discrimination. People migrate to the cities in search of stable economic livelihoods; however, since there are not enough opportunities available in the larger cities, nor are there options in agricultural development in rural areas, many of them end up taking the migratory route.<sup id="fnb241-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb241"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>241</a></sup> </p><h3 id="h131">3.1 Assistance for Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)</h3><p>The Interinstitutional Commission for the Protection of Displaced People Due to Violence has a budget of 12 million HNL [approximately C$637,440], which, according to a SDHJGD representative, is not enough to assist displaced persons in Honduras.<sup id="fnb242-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb242"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>242</a></sup> According to SDHJGD, so far, the Commission has only developed draft action plans, without implementation.<sup id="fnb243-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb243"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>243</a></sup> Even though the state has recognized the problem of internal displacement, it has not been able to address this problem<sup id="fnb244-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb244"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>244</a></sup> and no clear protection mechanism exists.<sup id="fnb245-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb245"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>245</a></sup> Interlocutors also indicate that the state is not prepared to deal with internal displacement and victims are sent from one state institution to another in order to find a solution for their displacement, to no avail.<sup id="fnb246-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb246"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>246</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that, in practice, NGOs,<sup id="fnb247-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb247"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>247</a></sup> international organizations and churches are the entities that have been addressing internal displacement.<sup id="fnb248-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb248"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>248</a></sup> The Honduran government refers cases of internal displacement to organizations such as UNHCR, the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), and NRC.<sup id="fnb249-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb249"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>249</a></sup></p><p>NRC, which has been operating in Honduras since 2015, carries out two main programs: an educational programme and the ICLA programme.
<sup id="fnb250-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb250">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>250</a></sup> The ICLA programme provides guidance, information and legal assistance to families and individuals who have been displaced as a result of violence.<sup id="fnb251-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb251"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>251</a></sup> Additional services include the provision of temporary shelter, food, support to relocate in Honduras, and, with help from Doctors Without Borders psychological care.<sup id="fnb252-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb252"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>252</a></sup> The educational programme works with children who fall outside of the official school system as a result of displacement, or, as a result of being returned to Honduras after attempting to take the migratory route.<sup id="fnb253-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb253"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>253</a></sup> NRC indicated that the children it serves through its educational programme are often fleeing gang recruitment.<sup id="fnb254-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb254"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>254</a></sup> NRC is able to identify which children have fallen outside of the school system by means of a census that its volunteers carry out in violent and vulnerable communities in Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula and through organizations like Centro Belén.<sup id="fnb255-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb255"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>255</a></sup> NRC indicated that there are families who, once displaced, choose not to register their children in the educational system, fearing that the family's relocation will be known.<sup id="fnb256-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb256"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>256</a></sup> NRC further indicated that when there are no government or NGO programs or shelters to protect children who face violence or recruitment from gangs, parents choose to keep their children locked up within their house.<sup id="fnb257-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb257"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>257</a></sup> Alternatively, children are sent to live with relatives in rural areas.<sup id="fnb258-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb258"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>258</a></sup></p><p>Casa Alianza has been providing assistance to people in 31 cases of forced displacement due to violence, including 12 cases of internal displacement and 19 cases involving migrants.<sup id="fnb259-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb259"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>259</a></sup> In 60 percent of these cases, victims have suffered the loss of a relative due to violence.<sup id="fnb260-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb260"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>260</a></sup> Casa Alianza works with: children who receive death threats from organized crime groups or gangs; children that have been or can be recruited by organized crime groups or gangs; children whose relatives are directly connected to organized crime groups or gangs; children experiencing sexual violence; children who were witnesses of a crime; and children affected by internal displacement or migration.<sup id="fnb261-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb261"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>261</a></sup> At its office in Tegucigalpa, Casa Alianza offers a residential programme with comprehensive care for children between 12 to 18 years old in the areas of academics, psychology and physical health.<sup id="fnb262-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb262"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>262</a></sup> Admission to Casa Alianza's residential programme is voluntary, and the permission of the child's mother, father or guardians is required.<sup id="fnb263-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb263"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>263</a></sup> With its residential programme, Casa Alianza is able to host up to 120 children every night.<sup id="fnb264-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb264"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>264</a></sup></p><p>Casa Alianza also offers another residential programme in Tegucigalpa, called Querubines, for children between the ages of 12 and 17 years old who are victims of human trafficking.<sup id="fnb265-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb265"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>265</a></sup> The only requirement for the Querubines programme is the need for protection, because admission to the programme is voluntary.<sup id="fnb266-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb266"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>266</a></sup> Casa Alianza indicates on its website that the “majority of the victims arrive at Querubines via a judicial order from a judge or prosecutor.”<sup id="fnb267-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb267"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>267</a></sup> Through the Querubines programme, Casa Alianza is able to house 25 girls at once, providing care “for an average of 30 to 50 girls per year, who stay for varying amounts of time.”<sup id="fnb268-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb268"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>268</a></sup> Through its presence in San Pedro Sula, Casa Alianza also offers comprehensive care to children who are not able to attend Casa Alianza's residential programme and who remain with their families.<sup id="fnb269-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb269"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>269</a></sup> Consequently, Casa Alianza provides them with comprehensive care in the areas of physical health, dentistry, ophthalmology, psychiatry and food.<sup id="fnb270-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb270"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>270</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that UNHCR provided four protection alternatives in 2016: 1) internal relocation; 2) humanitarian evacuation; 3) Protection Transfer Arrangements; and 4) guidance on international protection. In addition, the mission learned that these alternatives are implemented with UNHCR resources in coordination with the NGOs PMH, Casa Alianza, NRC, Caritas de Honduras, and the Mennonite Social Action Committee (<span lang="es">Comisión de Acción Social Menonita</span>). UNHCR indicated that 2,230 IDPs were assisted in 2016, while 1,930 IDPs were assisted between January and June 2017.<sup id="fnb271-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb271"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>271</a></sup></p><p>While the state does not have protection homes available for children, the Directorate of Children, Women and Family of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula indicated that it does support protection homes for children that are provided by NGOs.<sup id="fnb272-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb272"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>272</a></sup> SDHJGD indicated that while there are shelters for children, there are no shelters for families as a whole.<sup id="fnb273-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb273"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>273</a></sup> If a child is threatened by a gang, admission to a shelter might be denied, because the child may pose a threat to the rest of the children in the shelter.<sup id="fnb274-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb274"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>274</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that there have been cases of NGO workers being threatened or attacked by criminal organizations.<sup id="fnb275-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb275"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>275</a></sup> World Vision indicated that it is common that organizations, including UNHCR, Casa Alianza, World Vision, and the Directorate for Children, Adolescents and Family (<span lang="es">Dirección de Niñez, Adolescencia y Familia, DINAF</span>), are unable to assist victims of gang violence, as it could endanger someone in their organization.<sup id="fnb276-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb276"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>276</a></sup></p><h3 id="h14">4. Returnees</h3><p>A report produced by the National Centre for Information on the Social Sector
<span lang="es">(Centro Nacional de Información del Sector Social, CENISS</span>), the government agency responsible for providing information to the Presidential Office (<span lang="es">Despacho Presidencial</span>), including on the creation of programs, projects and social policies,<sup id="fnb277-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb277"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>277</a></sup> indicates that between 1 January and 31 July 2016, 27,137 people were repatriated/returned to the country,<sup id="fnb278-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb278"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>278</a></sup> of which 5,284 were minors.<sup id="fnb279-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb279"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>279</a></sup> The same report indicates that between January 2014 and July 2016, 95,250 people were returned to the country, of which 11,884, or 12.48 percent, had been returned more than once before.<sup id="fnb280-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb280"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>280</a></sup> NRC similarly indicated that there are many cases of returnees retaking the migratory route.<sup id="fnb281-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb281"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>281</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that there are a significant number of cases where returnees were killed shortly after they returned to Honduras.<sup id="fnb282-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb282"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>282</a></sup> According to PMH, there are cases of people who left Honduras, due to gang or organized crime-related violence, who were killed shortly after returning to San Pedro Sula.<sup id="fnb283-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb283"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>283</a></sup> PMH indicated that some press reports attribute these crimes to theft or robbery, even though, in many cases, deportees arrive without any belongings.<sup id="fnb284-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb284"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>284</a></sup></p><h3 id="h141">4.1 Assistance for Returnees</h3><p>The mission learned that there are three Centres of Assistance for Returned Migrants (<span lang="es">Centros de Atención a los Migrantes Retornados, CAMRs</span>), namely in Omoa, La Lima, and San Pedro Sula. The mission learned that the CAMR in Omoa is administered by the Red Cross and receives adults deported from Mexico. It assists returnees upon their arrival in Omoa with their registration, the provision of food, health services, clothing, transportation to the bus terminal, and accommodation for a maximum of 100 persons.<sup id="fnb285-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb285"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>285</a></sup> The mission learned that the CAMR in La Lima is administered by the Congregación de las Hermanas Scalabrinianas [Congregation of Scalabriniana Sisters] and that it receives adults deported from the US. The mission further learned that the CAMR in San Pedro Sula, which is known as CAMR Belén, is administered by DINAF and receives children and families who are deported from Mexico and the US.</p><p>In March 2017, Municipal Units for Assistance to Returned Migrants (<span lang="es">Unidades Municipales de Atención a Migrantes Retornados, UMAR</span>), were opened in San Pedro Sula<sup id="fnb286-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb286"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>286</a></sup> and the Central District, to help [translation] "reduce the number of cases of returnees retaking the migratory route."<sup id="fnb287-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb287"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>287</a></sup> In August 2017, an UMAR was opened in Choloma, in the neighbourhood El Centro.<sup id="fnb288-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb288"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>288</a></sup> UMARs assist families who are returned from the US and Mexico with community reintegration<sup id="fnb289-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb289"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>289</a></sup> and provide returnees with psychological, educational and employment support.<sup id="fnb290-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb290"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>290</a></sup></p><p>DINAF is a state institution that provides policies and regulations for the comprehensive protection of the rights and well-being of children, youth and families in Honduras.<sup id="fnb291-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb291"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>291</a></sup> According to the Directorate of Children, Women and Family of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula, DINAF attends to cases involving children in gangs and assists them with their relocation.<sup id="fnb292-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb292"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>292</a></sup> The Directorate of Children, Women and Family of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula indicated that it supports returned children through DINAF in various aspects such as social assistance, including helping with their registration and paperwork, and legal assistance.<sup id="fnb293-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb293"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>293</a></sup> The Municipality of San Pedro Sula also follows up on the reinsertion of children in the school system, as well as with the relatives of returned children so that they can attend the municipal training centres where free vocational training is provided for women, including mothers.<sup id="fnb294-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb294"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>294</a></sup></p><p>Interlocutors indicated, however, that social programs available for returnees are limited<sup id="fnb295-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb295"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>295</a></sup> and only a fraction of returnees benefit from them.<sup id="fnb296-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb296"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>296</a></sup> NRC indicated that there are no school integration programs for children returnees provided by the Ministry of Education.<sup id="fnb297-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb297"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>297</a></sup> NRC added that it has heard of cases where children returnees experienced bullying at school, because they are returnees.<sup id="fnb298-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb298"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>298</a></sup> NRC itself offers assistance programs for returnees, including school enrollment for children, food, and a temporary shelter for those wishing to relocate internally.<sup id="fnb299-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb299"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>299</a></sup></p><h2 id="h-chap2">Chapter II - Violence against Women and Girls</h2><h3 id="h21">1. Situation</h3><p>The mission learned that women and girls face various forms of violence and that violence against women and girls continues to be widespread across Honduras. Grupo Sociedad Civil (GSC) indicated that there is a "war against women" in Honduras and that women face various levels of violence, including domestic violence (<span lang="es"><em>violencia doméstica</em></span>) and violence carried out by organized criminal groups.<sup id="fnb300-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb300"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>300</a></sup> The same source indicated that these acts of violence can ultimately lead to femicide,<sup id="fnb301-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb301"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>301</a></sup> which the World Health Organization (WHO) describes as the "intentional murder of women because they are women."<sup id="fnb302-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb302"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>302</a></sup></p><p>The Observatorio de Violencias Contra Las Mujeres (Observatory of Violence against Women) of the NGO Centro de Derechos de Mujeres (CDM) (Centre for Women's Rights), which has offices in Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula, provides the following statistics on 752 cases of violence against women that occurred between January 2016 and December 2016, according to data collected through the monitoring of written media reports at the national level:<sup id="fnb303-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb303"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>303</a></sup></p><table class=" table table-bordered table-hover"><thead class="strong"><tr><th class="info text-center">Types of Violence</th><th class="info text-center">Victims</th><th class="info text-center">Percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="text-left">Sexual harassment</td><td class="text-center">2</td><td class="text-center">0.3</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Acts of lust</td><td class="text-center">45</td><td class="text-center">6</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Commercial sexual exploitation</td><td class="text-center">113</td><td class="text-center">15</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Multiple homicides and massacre</td><td class="text-center">44</td><td class="text-center">5.9</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Attempted homicide</td><td class="text-center">14</td><td class="text-center">1.9</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Attempted sexual violence or statutory rape</td><td class="text-center">4</td><td class="text-center">0.5</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Injury</td><td class="text-center">51</td><td class="text-center">6.8</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Violent death</td><td class="text-center">276</td><td class="text-center">36.7</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Violent death and sexual violence</td><td class="text-center">11</td><td class="text-center">1.5</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Rape</td><td class="text-center">4</td><td class="text-center">0.5</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Sexual violence or rape</td><td class="text-center">142</td><td class="text-center">18.9</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Domestic violence</td><td class="text-center">21</td><td class="text-center">2.8</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Intrafamily violence (<span lang="es"><em>violencia intrafamiliar</em></span>)</td><td class="text-center">25</td><td class="text-center">3.3</td></tr></tbody></table><p>In 2016, CONADEH received 1,786 complaints from women related to the right to life and personal integrity, including on the basis of death threats, maltreatment, intimidation, and duress.<sup id="fnb304-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb304"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>304</a></sup> 346 of these complaints were related to domestic violence, while 48 complaints were related to intrafamily violence.<sup id="fnb305-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb305"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>305</a></sup></p><p>The Observatorio de Violencias Contra Las Mujeres of CDM provides the following statistics on 306 cases of violence against women that occurred between January 2017 and June 2017, according to data collected through the monitoring of written media reports at a national level:<sup id="fnb306-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb306"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>306</a></sup> </p><table class=" table table-bordered table-hover"><thead class="strong"><tr><th class="info text-center">Types of Violence</th><th class="info text-center">Victims</th><th class="info text-center">Percentage</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="text-left">Sexual harassment</td><td class="text-center">3</td><td class="text-center">1.0</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Acts of lust</td><td class="text-center">18</td><td class="text-center">5.9</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Commercial sexual exploitation</td><td class="text-center">8</td><td class="text-center">2.6</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Multiple homicides and massacre</td><td class="text-center">15</td><td class="text-center">4.9</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Attempted homicide</td><td class="text-center">2</td><td class="text-center">0.7</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Attempted sexual violence or statutory rape</td><td class="text-center">16</td><td class="text-center">5.2</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Injury</td><td class="text-center">36</td><td class="text-center">11.8</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Violent death</td><td class="text-center">99</td><td class="text-center">32.4</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Violent death and sexual violence</td><td class="text-center">6</td><td class="text-center">2.0</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Rape</td><td class="text-center">2</td><td class="text-center">0.7</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Sexual violence or rape</td><td class="text-center">96</td><td class="text-center">31.4</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Domestic violence</td><td class="text-center">3</td><td class="text-center">1.0</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Intrafamily violence (<span lang="es"><em>violencia intrafamiliar</em></span>)</td><td class="text-center">2</td><td class="text-center">0.7</td></tr></tbody></table><h3 id="h22">2. Forms of Violence against Women and Girls</h3><h3 id="h221">2.1 Domestic Violence versus Intrafamily Violence</h3><p>Dr. Ayestas indicated that in Honduras, domestic violence and intrafamily violence are problems.<sup id="fnb307-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb307"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>307</a></sup> In Honduras, however, there is a difference between the concepts of domestic violence and intrafamily violence.<sup id="fnb308-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb308"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>308</a></sup> While domestic violence concerns violence between partners, intrafamily violence concerns violence involving members of the traditional nuclear family, including fathers who assault their daughters.<sup id="fnb309-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb309"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>309</a></sup> Dr. Ayestas indicated that a culture of violence exists within households and that, according to information from the National Observatory of Violence of UNAH, the primary perpetrators of violence against women and girls are parents, uncles, and cousins.<sup id="fnb310-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb310"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>310</a></sup> Domestic violence is not criminalized and is addressed in domestic violence courts (<span lang="es">juzgados de violencia doméstica</span>), whereas intrafamily violence is addressed in criminal courts,<sup id="fnb311-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb311"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>311</a></sup> as intrafamily violence is considered a crime.<sup id="fnb312-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb312"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>312</a></sup> According to the Directorate of Children, Women and Family of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula, if a domestic violence case is recurrent, it could be considered to be intrafamily violence, but this does not mean that a woman must exhaust the domestic violence complaints process before filing a criminal complaint.<sup id="fnb313-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb313"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>313</a></sup> Nonetheless, the majority of complaints are treated as cases of domestic violence.<sup id="fnb314-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb314"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>314</a></sup></p><h4 id="h2211">2.1.1 Domestic Violence</h4><p>Sources indicated that domestic violence is an issue in Honduras<sup id="fnb315-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb315"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>315</a></sup> and has been a reason why women leave the country.<sup id="fnb316-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb316"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>316</a></sup> Article 5 of the 2006
<em>Law against Domestic Violence and its Reforms (<span lang="es">Ley Contra la Violencia Doméstica con sus Reformas</span>)</em> provides the following:</p><blockquote><p>
<strong>Article 5.</strong></p><p>The following meanings shall apply for the purposes of this Law:</p><ol><li>
<strong>Domestic Violence</strong>: All patterns of conduct associated with a situation of unequal exercise of power that is manifested in the use of physical, psychological, patrimonial and/or economic and sexual violence; and</li><li>
<strong>Unequal Exercise of Power</strong>: All behaviour aimed at affecting, compromising or limiting free development of the personality of the woman for reasons of gender.</li></ol><p>The following are considered forms of domestic violence:</p><ol><li>
<strong>Physical Violence</strong>: Any action or omission that damages or impairs the bodily integrity of a woman that is not criminalized in the Criminal Code;</li><li>
<strong>Psychological Violence</strong>: Any action or omission whose purpose is to degrade or control the actions, behaviours, beliefs and decisions of a woman through intimidation, manipulation, direct or indirect threat, humiliation, isolation, confinement or any other conduct or omission involving injury to her integral development or self-determination, or that causes emotional harm to a woman, lowers her self-esteem, impairs or disturbs her healthful development, through the exercise of acts of discrediting a woman, contempt for personal value or dignity, humiliating or debasing treatment, monitoring, isolation, insults, blackmail, degradation, ridicule, manipulation, exploitation or threats to take children away, among others;</li><li>
<strong>Sexual Violence</strong>: Any conduct involving threat or intimidation that affects the integrity or sexual self-determination of women, such as unwanted sexual relations, denial of contraception and protection, among others, provided that such actions are not classified as a crime in the Criminal Code; and,</li><li>
<strong>Patrimonial and/or Economic Violence</strong>: Any act or omission involving the loss, transformation, negation, removal, destruction or retention of objects, personal documents, movable property and/or real estate, securities, rights or economic resources used to meet the needs of a woman or family group, including impairment, reduction or negation affecting a woman's income or non-compliance with support obligations.<sup id="fnb317-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb317"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>317</a></sup></li></ol></blockquote><p>The 2006
<em>Law against Domestic Violence and its Reforms</em>, which is based on the OAS
<em>Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women</em><sup id="fnb318-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb318"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>318</a></sup> (also known as the
<span lang="es">Bélem do Para Convention</span>), is attached to this Report (<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/honduras-attach.aspx#attach2">Attachment 2</a>)</p><h4 id="h2212">2.1.2 Intrafamily Violence</h4><p>Intrafamily violence is addressed in Chapter V of Title IV of Book II of the
<em>Penal Code (<span lang="es">Código Penal</span>)</em>, which is attached to this Report (<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/honduras-attach.aspx#attach3">Attachment 3</a>). GSC indicated that the penalty for intrafamily violence is "very low" and that civil society is fighting for a new penal code to increase the penalty for intrafamily violence.<sup id="fnb319-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb319"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>319</a></sup> GSC further stated that it is also advocating for a comprehensive law on violence against women.<sup id="fnb320-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb320"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>320</a></sup></p><h3 id="h222">2.2 Femicide</h3><p>The mission learned that there is a high prevalence of femicide in Honduras, with a rate of one woman killed every 16 hours,<sup id="fnb321-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb321"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>321</a></sup> just for being a woman.<sup id="fnb322-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb322"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>322</a></sup> In July 2017, women's rights defenders and organizations declared a “red alert” (<span lang="es"><em>alerta roja</em></span>) for the high rate of femicides in Honduras.<sup id="fnb323-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb323"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>323</a></sup></p><p>According to the UN Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 531 women were killed in Honduras in 2014, which represents a femicide rate of 13.3 per 100,000 women.<sup id="fnb324-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb324"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>324</a></sup> The Observatory for Violent Deaths of Women and Femicides (<span lang="es">Observatorio de Muertes Violentas de Mujeres y Femicidios) of UNAH reported that 478 women were subjected to violent death or femicide in 2015,<sup id="fnb325-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb325"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>325</a></sup> which represents an average of 40 women per month.<sup id="fnb326-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb326"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>326</a></sup> Sixty-nine percent of these deaths occurred in urban areas, while 31 percent occurred in rural areas.<sup id="fnb327-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb327"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>327</a></sup> The departments with the highest number of women subject to violent death or femicide are Cortés (31.2 percent) and Francisco Morazán (26.6 percent), followed by Yoro (6.7 percent), Atlántida (4.8 percent), and Olancho (4.6 percent).<sup id="fnb328-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb328"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>328</a></sup> The data collected by the Observatorio de Violencias Contra Las Mujeres of CDM indicates that the violent deaths of women that happened between January 2016 and June 2017 occurred in the following departments:</span></p><table class=" table table-bordered table-hover"><thead class="strong"><tr><th class="info text-center">Department</th><th class="info text-center">Victims in 2016<sup id="fnb329-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb329"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>329</a></sup></th><th class="info text-center">Victims in 2017<sup id="fnb330-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb330"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>330</a></sup></th><th class="info text-center">Victims January 2016 - June 2017</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="text-left">Atlántida</td><td class="text-center">15</td><td class="text-center">10</td><td class="text-center">25</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Choluteca</td><td class="text-center">5</td><td class="text-center">2</td><td class="text-center">7</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Colón</td><td class="text-center">6</td><td class="text-center">3</td><td class="text-center">9</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Comayagua</td><td class="text-center">6</td><td class="text-center">4</td><td class="text-center">10</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Copán</td><td class="text-center">10</td><td class="text-center">1</td><td class="text-center">11</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Cortés</td><td class="text-center">112</td><td class="text-center">47</td><td class="text-center">159</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">El Paraíso</td><td class="text-center">7</td><td class="text-center">3</td><td class="text-center">10</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Francisco Morazán</td><td class="text-center">116</td><td class="text-center">45</td><td class="text-center">161</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Gracias a Dios</td><td class="text-center">2</td><td class="text-center"></td><td class="text-center">2</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Intibucá</td><td class="text-center">3</td><td class="text-center">2</td><td class="text-center">5</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Isla de la Bahía</td><td class="text-center">1</td><td class="text-center">1</td><td class="text-center">2</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">La Paz</td><td class="text-center">3</td><td class="text-center">1</td><td class="text-center">4</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Lempira</td><td class="text-center">3</td><td class="text-center">1</td><td class="text-center">4</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Octepeque</td><td class="text-center">1</td><td class="text-center">4</td><td class="text-center">5</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Olancho</td><td class="text-center">11</td><td class="text-center">1</td><td class="text-center">12</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Santa Bárbara</td><td class="text-center">8</td><td class="text-center">6</td><td class="text-center">14</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Valle</td><td class="text-center">2</td><td class="text-center">2</td><td class="text-center">4</td></tr><tr><td class="text-left">Yoro</td><td class="text-center">20</td><td class="text-center">8</td><td class="text-center">28</td></tr></tbody></table><p>The mission learned that the existing homicide rates issued by state officials in Honduras are not conclusive and the actual rate may be higher, as not all homicides are recorded. PMH explained that homicides are not always recorded because state officials, like the police and the forensic unit of the Public Ministry, do not always have access to gang-controlled neighbourhoods where homicides take place, and because family members of the victims are threatened by gangs so they do not report the homicide or bury bodies in an official manner.<sup id="fnb331-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb331"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>331</a></sup> PMH provided the example of a 16-year-old girl who refused to be recruited by a gang to perform sexual acts, and was subsequently raped by eight gang members and then killed.<sup id="fnb332-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb332"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>332</a></sup> The gang members demanded that an 11-year-old child bury the body of the 16-year-old girl in secret, and threatened to kill the remaining children of the family if the family members spoke out.<sup id="fnb333-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb333"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>333</a></sup></p><p>The
<em>Penal Code</em>, which was reformed in 2013 with
<em>Decree No. 23-2013
<span lang="es">(Decreto No. 23-2013</span>)</em>, adding Article 118-A, provides the following:</p><blockquote><p>
<strong>Article 118-A</strong>. The crime of femicide is committed by a man or men who kill(s) a woman for reasons of gender, with hatred and contempt over the fact that she is a woman, and is punishable with thirty (30) to forty (40) years in prison when one or more of the following circumstances is in effect: </p><ol><li>When the perpetrator of the offence has or has had a couple’s relationship with the victim—whether involving marriage, a domestic partnership, a common-law union or any other similar relationship, whether or not there is or has been cohabitation, and including when there is or has been a sentimental relationship; </li><li>When the offence is preceded by acts of intra-family domestic violence, whether or not a complaint has been filed; </li><li>When the offence is preceded by a situation of sexual violence, harassment, intimidation or persecution of any nature; and,</li><li>When the offence is committed with cruelty or when deprecating or degrading injuries or mutilations have been inflicted prior to or following the taking of life.<sup id="fnb334-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb334"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>334</a></sup></li></ol></blockquote><p>Radio Progreso explained that it is common for the media to justify acts of femicide by reporting that the murdered women had been unfaithful to their partner.<sup id="fnb335-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb335"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>335</a></sup> Radio Progreso indicated that perpetrators of femicide often remain unidentified and that many of them do not appear in police reports or in forensic reports, especially in rural areas.<sup id="fnb336-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb336"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>336</a></sup></p><h3 id="h223">2.3 Sexual Violence</h3><p>Sources indicated that adolescent women, in particular, are vulnerable to sexual attacks and sexual violence.<sup id="fnb337-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb337"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>337</a></sup> According to Asociación Calidad de Vida (ACV), there has been an increase in the sexual abuse of girls in rural areas.<sup id="fnb338-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb338"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>338</a></sup> PLAN indicated that girls between the ages of 12 and 15 living in rural areas are vulnerable to being targeted by drug lords who wait for them outside of schools.<sup id="fnb339-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb339"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>339</a></sup> ACV provided the example of a group of girls who were raped while traveling to school in a rural area.<sup id="fnb340-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb340"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>340</a></sup> One girl had consequently become pregnant, but was accused of abortion when she lost the baby.<sup id="fnb341-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb341"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>341</a></sup> Given that abortion is criminalized in Honduras,<sup id="fnb342-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb342"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>342</a></sup> she was sent to jail.<sup id="fnb343-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb343"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>343</a></sup> GSC indicated that women are also vulnerable to human trafficking and sexual exploitation.<sup id="fnb344-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb344"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>344</a></sup> The same source provided the example of a case where church pastors were involved in the trafficking of girls.<sup id="fnb345-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb345"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>345</a></sup></p><p>Out of the 1,786 complaints in 2016 by women related to the right of life and personal integrity, CONADEH registered 17 complaints of sexual violence from women.<sup id="fnb346-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb346"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>346</a></sup> The mission learned that survivors of sexual violence often do not file a report as a result of fear of the aggressor, shame, or due to a lack of confidence in the justice system, for example.<sup id="fnb347-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb347"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>347</a></sup> </p><p>Forms of sexual violence, including rape and sexual harassment, are addressed in Chapter I of Title II of Book II of the
<em>Penal Code</em>, which is attached to this Report (<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/honduras-attach.aspx#attach4">Attachment 4</a>).</p><h3 id="h224">2.4 Gang Violence against Women and Girls</h3><p>The mission learned that gangs subject women to various forms of violence and that they seek to exert control over women, including their bodies. GSC provided the example that gangs establish rules on how women should dress and what their hair colour should be, including prohibiting them from dyeing their hair, unless they belong to a certain gang or criminal organization, as well as prohibiting them from wearing purses that show crosses, as this is regarded to have a symbolic meaning.<sup id="fnb348-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb348"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>348</a></sup> GSC also explained that women's bodies are used for revenge; gang members may seek to kill the wife or children of an adversary as a form of retribution.<sup id="fnb349-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb349"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>349</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that girls have been forced to carry out gang-related activities.<sup id="fnb350-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb350"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>350</a></sup> GSC provided the example of a neighbourhood where youth, including girls, were killed for not wanting to sell drugs.<sup id="fnb351-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb351"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>351</a></sup> Girls have also been subject to extortion.<sup id="fnb352-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb352"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>352</a></sup> GSC provided an example of an incident that occurred in 2016, where girls between the ages of 13 and 15 years old were found dead (dismembered in bags) because they had refused to pay a gang's war tax.<sup id="fnb353-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb353"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>353</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that gangs subject girls to forced recruitment,<sup id="fnb354-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb354"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>354</a></sup> for example, as the girlfriends of gang leaders.<sup id="fnb355-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb355"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>355</a></sup> PMH explained that grandmothers, aunts and guardians of children often send minors on the migratory route to prevent them from being forcibly recruited by gangs.<sup id="fnb356-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb356"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>356</a></sup> The Directorate of Social Services of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula explained that when a girl refuses to submit herself to the gang, after a member expresses interest in her, the rest of her family is put in danger and is threatened by the gang.<sup id="fnb357-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb357"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>357</a></sup> As a result, there have been families that have been coerced to surrender their daughters to gangs, subjecting the girls to early pregnancies.<sup id="fnb358-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb358"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>358</a></sup> In order to protect their daughter, there have also been families who choose to leave the country instead.<sup id="fnb359-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb359"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>359</a></sup></p><h3 id="h225">2.5 Violence by Authorities against Women and Girls</h3><p>In addition to violence perpetrated by gangs, the mission learned that women face violence from state authorities as well, including the police and the military.<sup id="fnb360-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb360"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>360</a></sup> According to GSC, there are cases where women experienced gang rape by the police and members of the military.<sup id="fnb361-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb361"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>361</a></sup> The same source explained that in these cases, there is usually no DNA evidence to prove that rape had occurred, because the perpetrators had used condoms.<sup id="fnb362-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb362"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>362</a></sup></p><h3 id="h226">2.6 Violence Experienced by Women's Rights Defenders</h3><p>Sources indicated that human rights defenders in Honduras are very vulnerable.<sup id="fnb363-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb363"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>363</a></sup> Human rights defenders and journalists suffer a high level of aggression and rights violations, and face threats, harassment, persecution and criminalization.<sup id="fnb364-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb364"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>364</a></sup> Human rights defenders have received threats via social media and telephone calls, sometimes by members of the police or the military.<sup id="fnb365-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb365"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>365</a></sup> The mission learned that human rights defenders generally do not trust the police or the military.<sup id="fnb366-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb366"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>366</a></sup> Despite the existence of the
<em>Law for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, Journalists, Media Contributors, and Justice Workers</em>, the mission learned that there is no true protection mechanism in Honduras for human rights defenders<sup id="fnb367-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb367"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>367</a></sup> and that the protection mechanisms for women’s rights defenders are ineffective.<sup id="fnb368-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb368"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>368</a></sup></p><p>Radio Progreso indicated that many women's rights defenders receive threats for their work from perpetrators of violence against women.<sup id="fnb369-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb369"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>369</a></sup> There have also been various women's rights defenders who were criminalized for their work to advance women's rights in Honduras.<sup id="fnb370-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb370"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>370</a></sup> An example is the case of women's rights defender Gladys Lanza Ochoa.<sup id="fnb371-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb371"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>371</a></sup> Gladys Lanza Ochoa was the coordinator of the women's rights collective Visitación Padilla.<sup id="fnb372-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb372"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>372</a></sup> In 2015, she was convicted of defamation against the Director of the Foundation for the Development of Urban and Rural Social Living (<span lang="es">Fundación para el Desarrollo de la Vivienda Social Urbana y Rural, FUNDEVI</span>), after she supported the case of a FUNDEVI employee who reported that the Director had sexually harassed her in 2011.<sup id="fnb373-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb373"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>373</a></sup> Another example is the case of women's rights defender Suyapa Martínez,<sup id="fnb374-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb374"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>374</a></sup> who is the co-director of the Women Research Centre - Honduras (<span lang="es">Centro de Estudios de la Mujer - Honduras, CEM-H</span>).<sup id="fnb375-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb375"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>375</a></sup> In February 2017, the company Desarrollo Energético S.A. (DESA) filed a lawsuit against CEM-H for alleged false declarations linking DESA and the murder of land rights defender Berta Cáceres.<sup id="fnb376-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb376"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>376</a></sup> The lawsuit was dismissed in March 2017 by the Civil Court of the district of Francisco Morazán.<sup id="fnb377-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb377"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>377</a></sup></p><h3 id="h23">3. State Protection</h3><h3 id="h231">3.1 Agencies Where Victims Can File Complaints</h3><p>Sources indicate that women experiencing violence can file complaints with: the police; the Public Ministry, and domestic violence courts.<sup id="fnb378-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb378"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>378</a></sup> According to GSC, the police no longer has a unit specializing in gender-related issues.<sup id="fnb379-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb379"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>379</a></sup> </p><p>In terms of reporting cases of domestic violence, Article 16 of the
<em>Law Against Domestic Violence and its Reforms</em> provides the following:</p><blockquote><p>
<strong>Article 16.</strong></p><p>A complaint of domestic violence may be submitted by:</p><ol><li>The woman directly affected;</li><li>Any household member;</li><li>Any official, public employee or professional who, for reasons of his/her duties, is in contact with the woman directly affected or with members of her family group;</li><li>State institutions and non-governmental organizations that defend the fundamental rights of women and that in general address family matters and human rights; and</li><li>Any person who is aware of the case.</li></ol></blockquote><p>The complaint shall be presented in verbal or written form.<sup id="fnb380-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb380"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>380</a></sup></p><p>According to the US Embassy in Tegucigalpa, when a police report is filed for domestic violence, the aggressor is detained "for a few hours and a protection/restraining order may be issued."<sup id="fnb381-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb381"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>381</a></sup> The mission learned that the aggressor can be detained for up to 24 hours, but if the victim does not ratify the complaint at a court, the aggressor is set free, without a protection/restraining order. In a case of intrafamily violence, the aggressor is detained, trial procedures are initiated, and a protection/restraining order may be issued.<sup id="fnb382-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb382"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>382</a></sup> Once the complaint is received and security measures are imposed, the police forwards the proceedings to the Public Ministry, or the competent judicial authority (in case there is no local Public Ministry office), within the following 24 hours.<sup id="fnb383-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb383"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>383</a></sup> When a complaint is filed at the Public Ministry, a decision needs to be made, within 24 hours, whether to forward the complaint to the competent judicial authority.<sup id="fnb384-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb384"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>384</a></sup> Consequently, any entity that receives domestic violence complaints must forward the complaints within 24 hours to a domestic violence court, a local court that addresses minor cases (<span lang="es"><em>juzgado de paz</em></span>) or a family court (<span lang="es"><em>juzgado de letras de familia</em></span>).<sup id="fnb385-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb385"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>385</a></sup> If a judge determines that the complaint involves an act of domestic violence, a writ of admission is issued and a date and time of the hearing is provided.<sup id="fnb386-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb386"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>386</a></sup></p><p>The moment that a woman presents a complaint of domestic violence, protection measures, as established within the
<em>Law against Domestic Violence and its Reforms</em>, can be applied by the police, the Public Ministry and the competent courts, including prohibiting the accused from visiting places that the complainant visits, removing the accused from the house of the complainant, confiscating any weapons, and placing the accused in prison for 24 hours.<sup id="fnb387-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb387"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>387</a></sup> If the accused is indeed determined to have committed domestic violence, several sanctions can be applied, including community service.<sup id="fnb388-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb388"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>388</a></sup> GSC explained that the
<em>Law against Domestic Violence and its Reforms</em> is a preventive measure and that there is “pressure” from authorities on the perpetrator of domestic violence for only 24 hours.<sup id="fnb389-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb389"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>389</a></sup></p><p>A diagram providing the steps for filing a complaint, which is featured in the 2013 report of the Judicial Authority (<span lang="es">Poder Judicial</span>) titled
<em>Protocolo de Atención Integral a Víctimas de la Violencia Contra la Mujer en Supuestos de Violencia Doméstica y de Violencia Intrafamiliar</em> [Comprehensive Care Protocol for Victims of Violence against Women in Cases of Domestic Violence and Intrafamily Violence], is attached to this report (<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/honduras-attach.aspx#attach5">Attachment 5</a>).</p><p>A complaint can also be filed at CONADEH<sup id="fnb390-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb390"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>390</a></sup> and at a Municipal Office for Women (<span lang="es">Oficina Municipal de la Mujer</span>).<sup id="fnb391-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb391"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>391</a></sup> CONADEH is a state organ that works to promote and protect human dignity, human rights and fundamental freedoms.<sup id="fnb392-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb392"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>392</a></sup> Complaints can be filed in person at one of the 19 CONADEH offices,<sup id="fnb393-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb393"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>393</a></sup> by phone or electronically, by inhabitants of Honduras and migrants.<sup id="fnb394-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb394"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>394</a></sup> When a complaint is filed, an acknowledgement of receipt is provided and the complaint is subsequently processed.<sup id="fnb395-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb395"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>395</a></sup> If the complaint is rejected, the complainant is informed in writing of other available recourse.<sup id="fnb396-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb396"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>396</a></sup> In domestic violence or intrafamily violence cases evidencing a criminal offence, CONADEH can file complaints before another state body, on behalf of the party concerned.<sup id="fnb397-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb397"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>397</a></sup> In addition, CONADEH provides legal advice<sup id="fnb398-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb398"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>398</a></sup> and coordinates with institutions, such as women's shelters.<sup id="fnb399-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb399"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>399</a></sup> The Municipal Office for Women supports women who are victims of violence with the legal processes, in order to monitor whether their complaint is being processed.<sup id="fnb400-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb400"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>400</a></sup> Not all municipalities have a Municipal Office for Women, however.<sup id="fnb401-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb401"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>401</a></sup> The Municipal Office for Women of San Pedro Sula reports that it responds to 30 cases of domestic violence a week.<sup id="fnb402-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb402"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>402</a></sup></p><h3 id="h232">3.2 Reporting Rate and Lack of Trust</h3><p>While some sources indicated that women do not file complaints because they do not know how to file complaints or because they are scared,<sup id="fnb403-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb403"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>403</a></sup> others indicated that it is because women do not trust the system.<sup id="fnb404-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb404"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>404</a></sup> Sources indicated that there is a general lack of trust in state institutions,<sup id="fnb405-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb405"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>405</a></sup> including those that carry out criminal investigations, such as the Public Ministry and the Police Directorate of Investigations (<span lang="es">Dirección Policial de Investigaciones, DPI</span>),<sup id="fnb406-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb406"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>406</a></sup> as well as the justice system.<sup id="fnb407-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb407"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>407</a></sup> Sources indicated that there is collusion between members of the police and members of organized criminal groups.<sup id="fnb408-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb408"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>408</a></sup> SDHJGD indicated that when people do not file complaints, their situation and their problems remain invisible, which prevents SDHJGD from responding to their protection needs.<sup id="fnb409-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb409"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>409</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that women feel that they would be in greater danger if they reported the violence they have experienced.<sup id="fnb410-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb410"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>410</a></sup> For example, the mission learned that permission must be sought from gang leaders to file a complaint related to violence against women.<sup id="fnb411-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb411"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>411</a></sup> While filing a complaint, it is common for women to be told by state authorities that it is better to not file the complaint, because it is dangerous, and that one should leave the office.<sup id="fnb412-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb412"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>412</a></sup> ACV provided the example of a woman who came to the organization to seek protection from a man who was managing a
<em>sicariato</em> group (a group of contract killers) from inside prison.<sup id="fnb413-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb413"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>413</a></sup> While the woman had proof to show that her story was credible, she refused to report her situation to authorities, fearing that she would be killed for doing so, as the man had been paying police authorities from inside of the prison.<sup id="fnb414-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb414"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>414</a></sup> The same source provided another example of a woman who reported that she was raped.<sup id="fnb415-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb415"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>415</a></sup> After the perpetrator was captured, she began receiving threats from his family against herself and her family.<sup id="fnb416-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb416"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>416</a></sup> ACV also provided the example of a woman who refused to present her case in front of a judge, out of fear that the judge was compromised.<sup id="fnb417-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb417"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>417</a></sup></p><h3 id="h233">3.3 Protection Measures</h3><p>Interlocutors indicated that there are large gaps in state protection measures,<sup id="fnb418-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb418"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>418</a></sup> including in addressing violence against women.<sup id="fnb419-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb419"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>419</a></sup> According to ACV, when a woman files a complaint, she is provided with protection measures, which, depending on the judge receiving the complaint, can include precautionary measures as well.<sup id="fnb420-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb420"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>420</a></sup> According to the US Embassy in Tegucigalpa, protection/restraining orders may be issued for both domestic violence and intrafamily violence cases.<sup id="fnb421-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb421"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>421</a></sup> The same source states that in the case of intrafamily violence, if the aggressor violates the order, the victim has to file a new police report.<sup id="fnb422-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb422"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>422</a></sup> Regarding domestic violence cases, the Public Ministry, the police and the competent judicial authority are required to enforce and monitor the compliance of security measures of the accused, until the hearing.<sup id="fnb423-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb423"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>423</a></sup> ACV explained that the enforcement of such measures is problematic and that women have complained that men do not respect the measures.<sup id="fnb424-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb424"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>424</a></sup> The same source indicated that there have been women who were killed despite the issuance of such measures.<sup id="fnb425-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb425"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>425</a></sup> In the case of gang violence towards women and girls, GSC highlighted a case where girls, who were targeted by gangs and displaced from their homes, received assistance from the National Police in order to leave their neighbourhood.<sup id="fnb426-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb426"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>426</a></sup> </p><h3 id="h234">3.4 Effectiveness of the Police and Judicial System </h3><p>The mission learned that protection mechanisms, including the police complaint mechanism, do not function effectively and do not guarantee protection for victims and witnesses of crimes.<sup id="fnb427-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb427"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>427</a></sup> The SDHJGD explained that the investigation systems of the Public Ministry and the police are weak, particularly when identifying aggressors and, consequently, in reducing the level of risk for victims.<sup id="fnb428-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb428"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>428</a></sup> PMH indicated that complaints mechanisms, including human rights mechanisms and police mechanisms, do not have sufficient and qualified persons with the ability to provide an official response from an institution.<sup id="fnb429-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb429"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>429</a></sup> </p><p>The mission learned that impunity is rampant,<sup id="fnb430-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb430"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>430</a></sup> and that state institutions do not function effectively.<sup id="fnb431-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb431"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>431</a></sup> For example, according to the Directorate of Security, Prevention and Transportation (<span lang="es">Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte</span>) of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula, the DPI does not have the capacity to carry out adequate investigations.<sup id="fnb432-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb432"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>432</a></sup> According to CONADEH, a contributing factor to the high level of impunity in cases of femicide is the lack of preventative and investigative strategies for addressing femicide.<sup id="fnb433-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb433"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>433</a></sup> Such cases are investigated by the Technical Agency of Criminal Investigation (<span lang="es">Agencia Técnica de Investigación Criminal, ATIC</span>), which is a special unit that is part of the Public Ministry.<sup id="fnb434-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb434"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>434</a></sup> According to ACV, ATIC lacks resources, training and specialized staff.<sup id="fnb435-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb435"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>435</a></sup></p><p>A 2017 BBC article cites women's rights organizations as stating that "out of 463 women murdered [in 2016], … 15 cases were investigated."<sup id="fnb436-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb436"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>436</a></sup> According to the 2015 Annual Report of the National Police, out of the 4,201 arrest warrants issued by the police in 2015, 417 were issued to members of criminal groups for intrafamily violence.<sup id="fnb437-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb437"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>437</a></sup> In 2015, the Special Tribunal on Domestic Violence issued 3,430 sentences.<sup id="fnb438-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb438"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>438</a></sup><em>La Prensa</em>, a daily Honduran newspaper, reports that, between January and July 2016, the Domestic Violence Court in San Pedro Sula received close to 2,000 complaints, with the Domestic Violence Court in San Pedro Sula issuing 700 sentences by the beginning of August 2016.<sup id="fnb439-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb439"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>439</a></sup> The Domestic Violence Court in San Pedro Sula noted that complaints increased by seven percent, in contrast to 2015, when the Court had received 1,500 complaints.<sup id="fnb440-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb440"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>440</a></sup> According to
<em>La Prensa</em>, judicial authorities indicate that 50 percent of domestic violence victims drop their case before a sentence is issued.<sup id="fnb441-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb441"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>441</a></sup> The mission was unable to obtain further statistics on sentences.</p><h3 id="h235">3.5 Awareness-Raising Campaigns and Activities</h3><p>A small number of activities are carried out at state and municipal level to raise awareness about the prevalence of gender-based violence. For example, in 2016, CONADEH once again joined UN Women's UNiTE To End Violence Against Women campaign, which occurs annually, for sixteen days between 25 November and 10 December.<sup id="fnb442-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb442"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>442</a></sup> The objective of this campaign is to sensitize and mobilize the public to take a stance against gender-based violence.<sup id="fnb443-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb443"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>443</a></sup> According to the Directorate of Social Services of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula, the Municipal Office for Women and the Municipal Office for the Defense of Children (<span lang="es">Defensoría Municipal de la Niñez</span>) of San Pedro Sula provide training in neighbourhoods on how to file a complaint with authorities and what the rights of the complainants are, including those of their children.<sup id="fnb444-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb444"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>444</a></sup> The Municipality of San Pedro Sula also provides classes on the
<em>Law Against Domestic Violence and its Reforms</em> in order to educate couples who are about to get married.<sup id="fnb445-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb445"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>445</a></sup> These classes address the types of violence that exist, the protection mechanisms and security measures available, the places where complaints can be filed and the sanctions that exist for domestic violence.<sup id="fnb446-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb446"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>446</a></sup></p><h3 id="h24">4. Support Services</h3><p>The mission learned that there is a significant gap in support services for women facing violence. According to ACV, there are even fewer support services for women and girls who are survivors of violence in rural areas than in cities like Tegucigalpa and San Pedro Sula.<sup id="fnb447-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb447"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>447</a></sup> Dr. Ayestas stated that, according to information from the National Observatory of Violence, mechanisms providing health services to assist victims of domestic violence do not exist.<sup id="fnb448-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb448"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>448</a></sup> GSC indicated that a woman who has experienced domestic violence may face difficulty accessing services, such as shelters, if her partner is also a gang leader.<sup id="fnb449-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb449"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>449</a></sup> In a context where there are no real protection mechanisms that can adequately protect women from violence and life-threatening situations, ACV expressed feelings of despair.<sup id="fnb450-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb450"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>450</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that the majority of support services that are available for women facing violence are provided by NGOs,<sup id="fnb451-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb451"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>451</a></sup> such as Casa Alianza, NRC and ACV. Casa Alianza provides services for girls and boys affected by violence, including a voluntary residential programme for children at the office of Casa Alianza in Tegucigalpa, as described in Chapter I.<sup id="fnb452-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb452"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>452</a></sup> Another voluntary residential programme, also described in Chapter I, is called Querubines, which takes care of youth between 12 and 17 years old who have been victims of human trafficking.<sup id="fnb453-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb453"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>453</a></sup> In addition to the residential programs, Casa Alianza provides material support to children, in case they do not have school supplies, such as backpacks, clothing or lunch.<sup id="fnb454-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb454"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>454</a></sup></p><p>NRC's ICLA Programme assists people who are displaced as a result of violence, for example intrafamily violence, including with access to food, a temporary shelter, as well as assisting with one's relocation or, with the help of Doctors Without Borders, providing psychological care.<sup id="fnb455-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb455"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>455</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that, through ACV, UNHCR provides humanitarian assistance to displaced women and their children up to 12 years old, who face persecution, threats and forced recruitment from gangs.</p><p>In terms of state-run support services, the Centre for Care and Protection of Women's Rights (<span lang="es">Centro de Atención y Protección de los Derechos de las Mujeres, CAPRODEM</span>) was created by the state to provide free of charge technical and legal support to women who are victims of domestic violence and intrafamily violence.<sup id="fnb456-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb456"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>456</a></sup> CAPRODEM receives support from civil society<sup id="fnb457-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb457"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>457</a></sup> and CONADEH.<sup id="fnb458-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb458"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>458</a></sup> Its office is located in Barrio Concepción in Comayagüela.<sup id="fnb459-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb459"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>459</a></sup> In 2015, CAPRODEM assisted 213 women who experienced domestic and/or intrafamily violence.<sup id="fnb460-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb460"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>460</a></sup> The mission did not obtain further information on the services provided by CAPRODEM.</p><p>Sources report that in March 2017, the first comprehensive care centre, called Ciudad Mujer (Woman City), was opened in the Kennedy neighbourhood of Tegucigalpa.<sup id="fnb461-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb461"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>461</a></sup> Ciudad Mujer is a state-led initiative that coordinates the work of 15 state institutions with the objective of providing comprehensive services to women, including in the area of violence against women.<sup id="fnb462-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb462"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>462</a></sup> The mission did not obtain further information on the services provided by Ciudad Mujer.</p><p>According to the response of the Government of Honduras to a 2010 UN questionnaire on violence against women, the Special Attorney for Women (<span lang="es">Fiscalía Especial de la Mujer</span>), as part of the Public Ministry, provides legal and technical assistance on the issue of gender-based violence.<sup id="fnb463-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb463"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>463</a></sup> The Special Attorney for Women also carries out public criminal proceedings of violence against women cases, in addition to designing and implementing institutional policies on violence against women.<sup id="fnb464-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb464"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>464</a></sup></p><h3 id="h241">4.1 Helplines</h3><p>There are no official helplines provided by the state that serve to inform women about their rights and about the services that are available,<sup id="fnb465-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb465"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>465</a></sup> other than 911, which is the general emergency phone line.<sup id="fnb466-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb466"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>466</a></sup> According to the National Institute for Women (<span lang="es">Instituto Nacional de la Mujer, INAM</span>), which is responsible for the development of policies to guarantee women and girls' rights in Honduras,<sup id="fnb467-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb467"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>467</a></sup> the national emergency line of 911 is [translation] "a successful tool that ensures that complaints about intrafamily violence are addressed as a priority matter and allows for adequate follow-up to each individual case."<sup id="fnb468-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb468"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>468</a></sup> Media sources report that in 2016, 3,233 domestic violence complaints and 4,653 intrafamily violence complaints were received through 911.<sup id="fnb469-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb469"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>469</a></sup> The website of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula indicates that women can call the Municipal Office for Women of San Pedro Sula if they have experienced violence.<sup id="fnb470-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb470"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>470</a></sup></p><h3 id="h242">4.2 Shelters</h3><p>The mission learned that oftentimes, the most that women's rights organizations are able to do for women facing violence is help them look for a shelter or send them back to their community, where they are expected to be protected by the community.<sup id="fnb471-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb471"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>471</a></sup> Within the
<em>Law Against Domestic Violence and its Reforms</em>, shelters are listed as one of the measures provided to women who are survivors of domestic violence.<sup id="fnb472-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb472"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>472</a></sup> According to the Directorate of Social Services of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula, there is one state-run shelter, which is located in San Pedro Sula and run by the municipality of San Pedro Sula, and there are four NGO-run shelters, which are located in La Ceiba, Santa Rosa de Copán, Choloma and Tegucigalpa.<sup id="fnb473-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb473"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>473</a></sup> ACV stated, however, that there are three state-run women shelters across Honduras, which are under the direction of the Municipal Offices for Women and are located in San Pedro Sula, Choluteca, and La Ceiba.<sup id="fnb474-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb474"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>474</a></sup> According to ACV, both the shelters in Choluteca and La Ceiba receive support from civil society.<sup id="fnb475-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb475"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>475</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that a key requirement to access the shelter in San Pedro Sula is that a domestic violence complaint is filed. In order to access the shelter in San Pedro Sula, a woman has to be referred to the shelter either by the police, the Public Ministry or a judicial authority.<sup id="fnb476-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb476"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>476</a></sup> Women may also come to the Municipal Office for Women to access the shelter, but they are then accompanied to first file a complaint at a domestic violence court or at the Public Ministry.<sup id="fnb477-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb477"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>477</a></sup> The shelter, which is in a secret location for security reasons,<sup id="fnb478-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb478"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>478</a></sup> receives women who have been displaced from their homes, including by their partner.<sup id="fnb479-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb479"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>479</a></sup> The mission learned that this shelter does not receive women who have been displaced by gangs; it only receives victims of domestic violence. The shelter admits women with their children who can remain there for up to three months.<sup id="fnb480-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb480"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>480</a></sup> The mission learned that boys older than 12 years old are not allowed, however. Women's entry, stay and departure of the shelter is voluntary and there are women who leave before the three-month period has ended.<sup id="fnb481-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb481"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>481</a></sup> The shelter was furnished as a result of donations received by the municipality.<sup id="fnb482-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb482"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>482</a></sup></p><p>The shelter in San Pedro Sula can host six families.<sup id="fnb483-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb483"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>483</a></sup> Women receive food, medical care, psychological care and legal support at the shelter in San Pedro Sula.<sup id="fnb484-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb484"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>484</a></sup> The Municipality of San Pedro Sula also offers women who come to the shelter vocational training and training to help them open small businesses in the fields of flower-arranging, baking, jewelry-making, and cosmetology.<sup id="fnb485-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb485"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>485</a></sup> There is also an educational programme for children<sup id="fnb486-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb486"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>486</a></sup> and children have access to therapy and psychological support.<sup id="fnb487-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb487"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>487</a></sup> The shelter has one psychologist that provides support to the women and children.<sup id="fnb488-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb488"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>488</a></sup></p><p>According to the Directorate of Social Services of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula, the shelter in San Pedro Sula provides effective and successful support to the women it hosts.<sup id="fnb489-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb489"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>489</a></sup> According to ACV, however, the shelter does not function effectively, given that it is run by government personnel who are not gender-sensitive and who are not knowledgeable about the issues at stake.<sup id="fnb490-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb490"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>490</a></sup></p><p>ACV itself is an NGO that runs a women's shelter in Tegucigalpa, providing women facing violence, and their children, with services, food, clothing and medicine.<sup id="fnb491-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb491"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>491</a></sup> Women can remain in the shelter for three months, and sometimes longer in exceptional cases.<sup id="fnb492-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb492"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>492</a></sup> Boys can remain with their mother until they are 12 years old.<sup id="fnb493-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb493"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>493</a></sup> ACV has a multidisciplinary team that is comprised of a social worker, a psychologist, a lawyer and a teacher.<sup id="fnb494-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb494"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>494</a></sup> It receives many women, including women that have fled from other countries, like Afghanistan, Brazil and Mexico.<sup id="fnb495-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb495"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>495</a></sup> According to ACV, as a women-run organization, security is an issue.<sup id="fnb496-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb496"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>496</a></sup> ACV provided the example of a man trying to break down the door of the shelter.<sup id="fnb497-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb497"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>497</a></sup> According to ACV, requests made to the police to designate women police officers to protect the shelter have been declined, with the police giving excuses that there are other emergencies, or that the request has been sent to a higher level.<sup id="fnb498-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb498"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>498</a></sup> Nevertheless, the police continue to send women who need protection to the ACV shelter.<sup id="fnb499-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb499"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>499</a></sup> ACV stated that in its 20 years of existence, it has never received financial support from the state of Honduras.<sup id="fnb500-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb500"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>500</a></sup> In addition to running a women's shelter, ACV indicated that they work in border areas as well, for example on the issue of human trafficking.<sup id="fnb501-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb501"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>501</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that there is a private-run shelter in Santa Rosa Copan that is well-established with the necessary resources.<sup id="fnb502-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb502"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>502</a></sup> This shelter was financed and constructed by the Spanish Cooperation (<span lang="es">Cooperación Española</span>) and has space for 12 families.<sup id="fnb503-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb503"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>503</a></sup> According to ACV, the shelter in Santa Rosa Copan is Honduras' best women's shelter, in terms of its infrastructure.<sup id="fnb504-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb504"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>504</a></sup> ACV further indicated that there is less demand for this shelter, given that the area is more affected by trafficking than by violence.<sup id="fnb505-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb505"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>505</a></sup></p><p>ACV explained that there is communication among shelters in Honduras to coordinate whether to send women to another shelter, so as to ensure their security in another location.<sup id="fnb506-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb506"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>506</a></sup> Likewise, the Directorate of Children, Women and Family of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula indicated that if a woman is too scared to stay in San Pedro Sula, she can be transferred to another shelter or to family members in another city.<sup id="fnb507-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb507"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>507</a></sup></p><p>According to ACV, women in shelters live in fear, experience a high level of stress and some even experience post-traumatic stress syndrome.<sup id="fnb508-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb508"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>508</a></sup> According to the same source, women's shelters receive women who have experienced various types of violence, in addition to women who have experienced human trafficking.<sup id="fnb509-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb509"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>509</a></sup> ACV indicated that it is working with Trócaire, an Irish Catholic development NGO,<sup id="fnb510-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb510"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>510</a></sup> to create a shelter solely dedicated to women who have experienced human trafficking.<sup id="fnb511-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb511"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>511</a></sup></p><h3 id="h25">5. Possibility of Relocation and Traceability of Women Fleeing Violent Situations</h3><p>PMH explained that women leave Honduras to protect their own lives and also the lives of their children.<sup id="fnb512-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb512"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>512</a></sup> Other interlocutors similarly indicated that, when women are forced to flee, they are often reluctant to leave behind their family members, including their children, given the cultural importance of family ties.<sup id="fnb513-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb513"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>513</a></sup> GSC indicated that when women do flee, either abroad or within Honduras, it is standard for them to take contraceptive pills, with the assumption that they will be raped at some point in their journey.<sup id="fnb514-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb514"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>514</a></sup></p><p>According to ACV, the feasibility of a woman to safely relocate to another part of Honduras to escape violence depends on her own means and the support network she has, including support she could receive from relatives.<sup id="fnb515-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb515"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>515</a></sup></p><h2 id="h-chap3">Chapter III - Situation of Sexual Minorities</h2><h3 id="h31">1. Situation</h3><p>The mission learned that the situation of sexual minorities and LGBTI human rights defenders in Honduras is precarious. Sexual minorities in Honduras face widespread discrimination on a daily basis throughout the country.<sup id="fnb516-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb516"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>516</a></sup> Asociación Colectivo Violeta indicated that it is ingrained in society as a whole to discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI).<sup id="fnb517-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb517"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>517</a></sup> According to Asociación Para Una Vida Mejor de Personas Infectadas y Afectadas por el VIH/SIDA en Honduras (APUVIMEH), LGBT organizations and sexual minorities live in an "extreme situation" where their human rights are not respected and they remain invisible.<sup id="fnb518-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb518"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>518</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that sexual minorities in Honduras are persecuted in both public and private domains. In the public domain, persecution occurs at the hands of state authorities,<sup id="fnb519-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb519"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>519</a></sup> including the police<sup id="fnb520-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb520"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>520</a></sup> and the military.<sup id="fnb521-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb521"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>521</a></sup> According to Asociación LGTB Arcoíris, the principal agents of persecution are security forces, including the National Police, the Military Police of Public Order (<span lang="es">Policía Militar Del Orden Público</span>), municipal police (<span lang="es">policía municipal</span>), DPI, ATIC, Special Operations Command (<span lang="es">Comando de Operaciones Especiales, COBRA</span>), and the Armed Forces (<span lang="es">Fuerzas Armadas</span>).<sup id="fnb522-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb522"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>522</a></sup> Security forces have subjected sexual minorities to robbery,<sup id="fnb523-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb523"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>523</a></sup> extortion,<sup id="fnb524-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb524"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>524</a></sup> physical abuse, kidnapping,<sup id="fnb525-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb525"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>525</a></sup> and death.<sup id="fnb526-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb526"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>526</a></sup> According to Asociación LGTB Arcoíris, security forces have also subjected sexual minorities to sexual abuse, including children as young as 12 years old.<sup id="fnb527-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb527"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>527</a></sup> Asociación Trans Cozumel indicated that there is a case where military representatives targeted and attacked transwomen.<sup id="fnb528-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb528"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>528</a></sup> The Directorate of Security, Prevention and Transportation of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula, stated, however, that sexual minorities are not persecuted by the municipal police of San Pedro Sula.<sup id="fnb529-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb529"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>529</a></sup></p><p>The mission also learned that gangs discriminate against sexual minorities and have used them for various gang-related activities. According to APUVIMEH, gangs, including M-18, MS-13, and criminal organizations, like the Cachiros, among others, express a high level of intolerance, homophobia, transphobia and lesbophobia towards sexual minorities.<sup id="fnb530-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb530"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>530</a></sup> According to Asociación Kukulcán, transwomen and gay men are not only stigmatized by gangs, they are also forced to sell drugs and are used as drug mules.<sup id="fnb531-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb531"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>531</a></sup> Asociación LGTB Arcoíris explained that it can be deadly if one declines to sell drugs.<sup id="fnb532-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb532"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>532</a></sup> Asociación Kukulcán further explained that when transwomen and gay men seek to escape gang control, gangs threaten them, causing transwomen and gay men to move to another city or to leave the country.<sup id="fnb533-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb533"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>533</a></sup> The Department for Children, Women and Family of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula stated that sexual minorities are not special targets for gangs and that sexual minorities are subject to the same type of violence as any other member of society.<sup id="fnb534-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb534"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>534</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that it is also common for sexual minorities to face discrimination and ill-treatment from family members.<sup id="fnb535-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb535"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>535</a></sup> Asociación LGTB Arcoíris explained that LGBTI persons experience high levels of repression within their homes from family members, including parents, brothers and sisters, which affects their psychosocial and psychological state.<sup id="fnb536-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb536"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>536</a></sup> The same source indicated that the stigma and discrimination against their sexual orientation causes LGBTI persons to leave their homes at an early age.<sup id="fnb537-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb537"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>537</a></sup> In addition, suicidal thoughts among LGBTI adolescents are prevalent and suicide is regarded as an option to escape the shame placed upon them by family members.<sup id="fnb538-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb538"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>538</a></sup></p><p>According to Asociación Colectivo Violeta, the persecution of LGBTI rights defenders is significant and systematic.<sup id="fnb539-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb539"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>539</a></sup> LGBT organizations are also frequently robbed, including of their files.<sup id="fnb540-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb540"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>540</a></sup> Asociación Colectivo Violeta stated that espionage of LGBTI rights defenders by state authorities, including wiretapping, is commonplace.<sup id="fnb541-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb541"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>541</a></sup></p><p>Sources indicated that sexual minorities are vulnerable and face obstacles when trying to access opportunities,<sup id="fnb542-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb542"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>542</a></sup> including in the areas of employment and education.<sup id="fnb543-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb543"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>543</a></sup> Sources indicated that transwomen have been forced to cut their hair,<sup id="fnb544-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb544"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>544</a></sup> in order to access employment or education.<sup id="fnb545-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb545"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>545</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that sexual minorities have been targeted and killed. APUVIMEH indicated that sexual minorities have been killed in a "very dehumanizing manner" and in "very savage" ways in their homes and in public spaces, including being stoned to death and mutilated.<sup id="fnb546-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb546"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>546</a></sup> Asociación Trans Cozumel stated that the situation of transwomen in Honduras is "horrible"<sup id="fnb547-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb547"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>547</a></sup> and that there have been cases of transwomen who have been attacked, threatened, stabbed, kidnapped, forcibly disappeared, and assassinated.
<sup id="fnb548-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb548">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>548</a></sup> While the mission participants were in Honduras, Sherlyn Montoya, a transwoman, was killed and found dead in Tegucigalpa on 4 April 2017.<sup id="fnb549-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb549"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>549</a></sup> Sources indicate that Sherlyn Montoya was an LGBTI human rights defender and that she was a member of Asociación LGBT Arcoíris and of Grupo de Mujeres Transexuales – Muñecas de Arcoíris (Transsexual Women’s Group – Rainbow Dolls),<sup id="fnb550-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb550"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>550</a></sup> “which is part of Arcoíris and is dedicated to promoting dialogue and advocacy for issues concerning transgender women.”<sup id="fnb551-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb551"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>551</a></sup> Sources indicate that her body was found wrapped in sacks<sup id="fnb552-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb552"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>552</a></sup> and that it showed signs of torture<sup id="fnb553-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb553"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>553</a></sup> and strangulation.<sup id="fnb554-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb554"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>554</a></sup></p><h3 id="h32">2. Statistics</h3><p>A 2017 report published by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) indicates that, there is an "absence of comprehensive statistical information on the violence indexes that affect LGB people in the [Americas]."<sup id="fnb555-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb555"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>555</a></sup> Sources indicate that in 2015, 37 sexual minorities were killed in Honduras.<sup id="fnb556-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb556"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>556</a></sup> According to ILGA, in 2016, the murders of "seven LGBT people and human rights advocates" were recorded in Honduras.<sup id="fnb557-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb557"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>557</a></sup> A 2017 report by CATTRACHAS,<sup id="fnb558-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb558"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>558</a></sup> a Tegucigalpa-based feminist lesbian organization dedicated to research, communication and advocacy to defend the human rights of sexual minorities in Honduras,<sup id="fnb559-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb559"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>559</a></sup> indicates that in 2016, 22 sexual minorities were killed in Honduras.<sup id="fnb560-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb560"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>560</a></sup> The same report indicates that between 1994 and 2017, 269 deaths of sexual minorities were registered in Honduras, of which 153 were gay men, 23 were lesbian women and 93 were transsexuals.<sup id="fnb561-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb561"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>561</a></sup> In the vast majority of cases involving gay men, the bodies of the victims were found in their own homes.<sup id="fnb562-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb562"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>562</a></sup></p><p>According to the same source, the highest number of cases involving sexual minorities were registered in the Francisco Morazán Department (115 cases), followed by the Cortés Department (114).<sup id="fnb563-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb563"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>563</a></sup> By municipalities, the highest number of cases were registered in the Central District (110 cases), which includes Tegucigalpa and Comayagüela, followed by San Pedro Sula (80), Choloma (17), La Ceiba (8), Chamelecón (6), El Progreso (5), Roatán (5), La Lima (4), Tocoa (4), San Manuel (2), Quimistán (2), and Santa Cruz de Yojoa (2).<sup id="fnb564-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb564"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>564</a></sup> CATTRACHAS indicated that between January and 22 September 2017, a total of 27 sexual minorities were killed in Honduras, including 7 lesbian women, 6 transsexual persons and 14 gay men.<sup id="fnb565-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb565"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>565</a></sup></p><h3 id="h33">3. Legislation</h3><p>ILGA's 2017 report indicates that consensual same-sex acts between adults have been legal since 1899.<sup id="fnb566-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb566"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>566</a></sup> Asociación Trans Cozumel indicated that, according to research carried out with CATTRACHAS, SOGI is addressed in 15 laws, rules and protocols in Honduras.<sup id="fnb567-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb567"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>567</a></sup> Sources indicated that legislation to exclusively protect the rights of sexual minorities in Honduras does not exist.<sup id="fnb568-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb568"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>568</a></sup> In 2013, Article 321 of the Penal Code was amended and criminalizes discrimination, including on the basis of sexual orientation.<sup id="fnb569-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb569"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>569</a></sup> Asociación Colectivo Violeta indicated that the reform of Article 321 has not produced any tangible results for sexual minorities, because it has not been applied due to a lack of political will.<sup id="fnb570-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb570"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>570</a></sup> ILGA's 2017 report indicates that Article 27(27) of the Penal Code, which was amended in 2013, "establishes that motivation for a crime based on the victim's sexual orientation (among other grounds) operates as an aggravating circumstance."<sup id="fnb571-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb571"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>571</a></sup> Article 321-A of the Penal Code, as amended in 2013, criminalizes "incitement to hatred or discrimination based on sexual orientation."<sup id="fnb572-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb572"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>572</a></sup> Between 2013 and 2017, there have been no cases of punishment on the basis of discrimination against sexual minorities.<sup id="fnb573-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb573"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>573</a></sup></p><p>Asociación LGTB Arcoíris indicated that the
<em>Law for the Protection of Human Rights Defenders, Journalists, Media Contributors and Judiciary Workers</em> does not necessarily protect all sexual minorities, because not all sexual minorities are active human rights defenders.<sup id="fnb574-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb574"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>574</a></sup> The same source explained that it is necessary to have legislation that protects sexual diversity for all, not just for human rights defenders, and that it is necessary to have anti-discrimination legislation with functioning mechanisms and legislation on gender identity.<sup id="fnb575-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb575"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>575</a></sup></p><h3 id="h34">4. State Protection</h3><p>In meetings with state authorities, the mission observed an attitude of indifference towards sexual minorities as a group that has special protection needs. Interlocutors indicated that the state lacks the political will to address the situation of sexual minorities<sup id="fnb576-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb576"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>576</a></sup> and that state protection for sexual minorities does not exist.<sup id="fnb577-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb577"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>577</a></sup> According to Asociación Colectivo Violeta, there is no mechanism in the country that functions adequately to improve the situation of sexual minorities.<sup id="fnb578-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb578"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>578</a></sup> According to Asociación Colectivo Violeta, the state exacerbates the vulnerability of sexual minorities due to their sexual orientation and gender identity.<sup id="fnb579-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb579"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>579</a></sup> APUVIMEH added that severe institutional homophobia exists and that in the past, public officials have carried out smear campaigns against sexual diversity.<sup id="fnb580-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb580"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>580</a></sup> The representatives of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula, stated, however, that "sexual minorities have the same rights as everyone else in Honduras,"
<sup id="fnb581-ref">
<a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb581">
<span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>581</a></sup> elaborating that sexual minorities have "the same rights as men, women and children."<sup id="fnb582-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb582"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>582</a></sup></p><p>According to Asociación LGTB Arcoíris, the state "permits the social cleansing" of sexual minorities in Honduras by not condemning newspapers that spread anti-LGBTI rhetoric and by allowing state ministers and religious entities to spread negative rhetoric about sexual minorities.<sup id="fnb583-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb583"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>583</a></sup> Other interlocutors also indicated that sexual minorities are stigmatized and discriminated against by Christian-based religious entities.<sup id="fnb584-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb584"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>584</a></sup> For example, according to Asociación Colectivo Violeta, religious groups, such as the Evangelical Brotherhood of Honduras (<span lang="es">Confraternidad Evangélica de Honduras</span>), advocate for violence and discrimination against sexual minorities.<sup id="fnb585-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb585"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>585</a></sup> According to APUVIMEH, SDHJGD had created a campaign in 2012 to raise awareness about SOGI, but due to interventions by the Evangelical Brotherhood and the Catholic Church, the campaign launch was suspended.<sup id="fnb586-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb586"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>586</a></sup> According to Asociación Colectivo Violeta, there are no state-led campaigns to reduce discrimination on the basis of SOGI.<sup id="fnb587-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb587"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>587</a></sup> In terms of support from religious figures, sources indicate that Reverend Berta Ramírez has been advocating for the rights of sexual minorities<sup id="fnb588-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb588"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>588</a></sup> since 2009<sup id="fnb589-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb589"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>589</a></sup> and has provided them with a place of worship.<sup id="fnb590-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb590"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>590</a></sup> As a reverend of the Metropolitan Community Church, Reverend Berta Ramírez ministers in Tegucigalpa.<sup id="fnb591-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb591"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>591</a></sup></p><p>Sources indicated that the police and the judiciary receive training on how to respond to cases involving sexual minorities.<sup id="fnb592-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb592"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>592</a></sup> Such training has been provided by LGBT organizations, but due to rotations within the police force, the training has not been effective and sexual minorities continue being victimized by the police.<sup id="fnb593-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb593"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>593</a></sup> There is no mechanism to monitor or evaluate the manner in which the police and the judiciary respond to cases of involving sexual minorities.<sup id="fnb594-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb594"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>594</a></sup> The 2016 Annual Report by CONADEH states that one of their priorities is to carry out actions that prevent violence and aggression against sexual minorities and to reduce the level of impunity surrounding their deaths.<sup id="fnb595-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb595"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>595</a></sup></p><h3 id="h341">4.1 Filing Complaints</h3><p>Sources indicate that sexual minorities who have experienced harassment or violence can file complaints before: police bodies,<sup id="fnb596-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb596"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>596</a></sup> namely ATIC and DPI;<sup id="fnb597-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb597"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>597</a></sup> the Public Ministry;<sup id="fnb598-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb598"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>598</a></sup> courts;<sup id="fnb599-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb599"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>599</a></sup> CONADEH;<sup id="fnb600-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb600"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>600</a></sup> and LGBT organizations.<sup id="fnb601-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb601"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>601</a></sup></p><p>The mission learned that protection mechanisms, including the police system to report crimes, do not function effectively and do not guarantee protection for victims and witnesses of crimes. In addition, the mission learned that filing complaints can be risky for sexual minorities. APUVIMEH provided the example that, in many cases, there is a lack of evidence or witnesses to prosecute crimes, because witnesses fear that they will be in danger if they provide information.<sup id="fnb602-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb602"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>602</a></sup> There have been cases of persons whose houses were burnt down by the same perpetrators against whom a complaint was filed.<sup id="fnb603-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb603"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>603</a></sup> APUVIMEH indicated that such acts have caused fear among sexual minorities, making it less likely that they will file complaints.<sup id="fnb604-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb604"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>604</a></sup> According to the Directorate of Security, Prevention and Transportation of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula, the Municipality of San Pedro Sula does not have statistics on how many complaints are filed by sexual minorities, because sexual minorities "do not file complaints."<sup id="fnb605-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb605"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>605</a></sup></p><p>As previously noted, there is a general lack of trust among citizens, which prevents them from filing complaints with state authorities.<sup id="fnb606-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb606"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>606</a></sup> This lack of trust is linked to the overall lack of confidence in state authorities to protect citizens from human rights abuses.<sup id="fnb607-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb607"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>607</a></sup> The mission also learned that complaints against the police can be fatal for the complainant.<sup id="fnb608-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb608"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>608</a></sup> Asociación Trans Cozumel provided the example of a case where transwomen were threatened by the police while they were reporting a crime, and they were reportedly told by police officers that if they continued filing complaints, they would be killed.<sup id="fnb609-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb609"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>609</a></sup> According to Asociación LGTB Arcoíris, LGBT persons who experience violence perpetrated by security forces are very vulnerable given that they are not able to report such instances to the police.<sup id="fnb610-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb610"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>610</a></sup></p><p>Asociación LGTB Arcoíris explained that there is a sentiment among sexual minorities that reporting a crime is "futile" given that no adequate investigation results from reporting a crime.<sup id="fnb611-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb611"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>611</a></sup> The mission noted that impunity is commonplace, because state institutions do not function effectively.<sup id="fnb612-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb612"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>612</a></sup> A special unit exists to investigate crimes committed against sexual minorities,<sup id="fnb613-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb613"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>613</a></sup> called the Unit of High Impact Deaths (<span lang="es">Unidad de Muertes de Alto Impacto</span>) within the Attorney General's Office (<span lang="es">Fiscalía</span>) of the Public Ministry.<sup id="fnb614-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb614"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>614</a></sup> This special unit, however, lacks the human and technical resources required to function effectively.<sup id="fnb615-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb615"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>615</a></sup></p><p>Other sources further indicated that investigations carried out by state authorities are not effective.<sup id="fnb616-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb616"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>616</a></sup> Asociación LGTB Arcoíris added that the Public Ministry does not carry out appropriate measures for the effective investigation and punishment of crimes that are committed against sexual minorities.<sup id="fnb617-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb617"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>617</a></sup> According to the 2017 report by CATTRACHAS, 48 of the 225 cases involving the deaths of sexual minorities between 2008 and 2015 were prosecuted.<sup id="fnb618-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb618"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>618</a></sup> The rate of cases that went unsolved for those prosecuted between 2008 and 2015 is reportedly 80 percent.<sup id="fnb619-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb619"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>619</a></sup> The same report indicates that of the 29 cases involving the deaths of sexual minorities that occurred between 2016 and April 2017, 4 were prosecuted.<sup id="fnb620-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb620"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>620</a></sup> According to Asociación Colectivo Violeta, between 2009 and April 2017, there were 242 cases of sexual minorities who were murdered, 10 per cent of which were prosecuted.<sup id="fnb621-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb621"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>621</a></sup> Asociación Colectivo Violeta explained that the majority of these cases were dropped, because the state did not have enough capacity to investigate.<sup id="fnb622-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb622"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>622</a></sup></p><h3 id="h342">4.2 Protection Measures</h3><p>CONADEH indicated that there is a "large vacuum" in the area of protection measures.<sup id="fnb623-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb623"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>623</a></sup> Protection orders for sexual minorities experiencing violence do not exist.<sup id="fnb624-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb624"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>624</a></sup> Many leaders of LGBT organizations have been issued Precautionary Measures by the IACHR of the OAS, which were discussed in Chapter I.<sup id="fnb625-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb625"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>625</a></sup> Asociación LGTB Arcoíris indicated that the Precautionary Measures are not effective, especially when police authorities are the ones sanctioned to enforce these measures.<sup id="fnb626-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb626"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>626</a></sup></p><h3 id="h35">5. Support Services</h3><p>The mission learned that support services for sexual minorities are primarily provided by LGBT organizations. Asociación LGTB Arcoíris explained that it provides support services to adolescents who are victims of abuse or bullying and that LGBT organizations provide a safe space and support for youth.<sup id="fnb627-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb627"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>627</a></sup> The same source further explained that the capacity of LGBT organizations to provide LGBTI adolescents with psychosocial and psychological help and care is nevertheless limited and, in some cases, non-existent.<sup id="fnb628-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb628"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>628</a></sup> Asociación Trans Cozumel provides support services to transwomen, including adolescents involved in the sex trade industry, and works together with DINAF to assist at-risk/vulnerable adolescents.<sup id="fnb629-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb629"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>629</a></sup> PLAN indicated that it does not have programs especially dedicated to sexual minorities, but that the principles of non-exclusion and non-discrimination are upheld in their programs.<sup id="fnb630-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb630"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>630</a></sup> While the situation for intersex persons was described as "very difficult,"<sup id="fnb631-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb631"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>631</a></sup> the mission learned that there are no organizations<sup id="fnb632-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb632"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>632</a></sup> or leaders<sup id="fnb633-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb633"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>633</a></sup> that are focused on intersex issues in Honduras. </p><h3 id="h351">5.1 Shelters</h3><p>There are no state-run shelters specifically for sexual minorities fleeing violence carried out by gangs, family members or state authorities.<sup id="fnb634-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb634"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>634</a></sup> APUVIMEH is the only organization able to provide sexual minorities with a place to stay.<sup id="fnb635-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb635"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>635</a></sup> In regard to other LGBT organizations, the homes of the organization's leaders are used as a place of shelter.<sup id="fnb636-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb636"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>636</a></sup></p><h3 id="h352">5.2 Helplines</h3><p>There are no official helplines provided by the state for sexual minorities.<sup id="fnb637-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb637"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>637</a></sup> However, leaders and members of LGBT organizations respond to queries<sup id="fnb638-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb638"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>638</a></sup> and provide information on the rights of sexual minorities.<sup id="fnb639-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb639"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>639</a></sup></p><h3 id="h36">6. Possibility of Relocation and Traceability of Sexual Minorities Fleeing Violence</h3><p>The mission learned that, in an effort to escape violence, sexual minorities have fled internally or have sought to leave Honduras. According to Asociación LGTB Arcoíris, LGBT organizations have seen an increase in cases of forced internal displacement over the last nine years.<sup id="fnb640-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb640"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>640</a></sup> In many instances, sexual minorities who are internally displaced do not receive support.<sup id="fnb641-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb641"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>641</a></sup> There have also been cases where sexual minorities become internally displaced without having first sought assistance or information.<sup id="fnb642-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb642"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>642</a></sup> Casa Alianza provided the example of a gay boy and his family who were threatened by gangs.<sup id="fnb643-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb643"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>643</a></sup> The boy and his father fled the country without first seeking protection due to the lack of information about protection options available.<sup id="fnb644-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb644"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>644</a></sup> They were subsequently deported back to Honduras where they received assistance from a local NGO, which gave them information about seeking asylum abroad.<sup id="fnb645-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb645"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>645</a></sup> After contacting UNHCR in Mexico, the family was able to leave for Mexico.<sup id="fnb646-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb646"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>646</a></sup> According to Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS, approximately two sexual minorities flee Honduras every week.<sup id="fnb647-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb647"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>647</a></sup></p><p>Sources indicated that while it is possible for sexual minorities to relocate elsewhere in Honduras, it is unlikely that they are able to relocate to a secure location.<sup id="fnb648-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb648"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>648</a></sup> According to the Asociación Kukulcán, there are no safe neighbourhoods for the LGBTI community.<sup id="fnb649-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb649"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>649</a></sup> According to Asociación LGTB Arcoíris, there are three bars and one club for sexual minorities in Tegucigalpa.<sup id="fnb650-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb650"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>650</a></sup> However, APUVIMEH added that people in these spaces are harassed by state authorities.<sup id="fnb651-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb651"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>651</a></sup> Asociación Kukulcán explained that, even though there are bars and discos for sexual minorities, there have been fatalities and assassinations in these areas and as such, there are no true safe spaces.<sup id="fnb652-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb652"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>652</a></sup> The Directorate of Security, Prevention and Transportation of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula stated that the city of San Pedro Sula allows sexual minorities to express themselves freely.<sup id="fnb653-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb653"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>653</a></sup> The Directorate of Social Services of the Municipality of San Pedro Sula stated, however, that there are "risks" for sexual minorities in San Pedro Sula, "like in any other major city."<sup id="fnb654-ref"><a class="fn-lnk" href="#fnb654"><span class="wb-inv">Footnote </span>654</a></sup></p><h2 id="h-notes">Notes on Interlocutors</h2><p>
<strong>Asociación Calidad de Vida, ACV (Quality of Life Association)</strong><br> ACV is a Tegucigalpa-based NGO and women’s shelter that assists women and their children fleeing violence, including domestic violence. In addition, ACV provides services to persons with HIV/AIDS. The joint mission met with a representative in Tegucigalpa on 7 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Asociación Colectivo Violeta (Violet Collective Association)</strong><br> Asociación Colectivo Violeta is an NGO based in Tegucigalpa that promotes human rights in order to reduce the stigma and discrimination against sexual minorities as well as improve their access to justice. The joint mission met with a representative in Tegucigalpa on 6 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Asociación Kukulcán (Kukulcán Association)</strong><strong></strong>
<br> Asociación Kukulcán is an NGO based in Tegucigalpa that works to provide a better quality of life for sexual minorities in the Central District in the area of HIV prevention and human rights. The joint mission met with a representative in Tegucigalpa on 6 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Asociación LGBT Arcoíris (Rainbow LGBT Association)</strong><br> Asociación LGBT Arcoíris is an NGO that raises awareness about the rights of sexual minorities in the cities of Comayagüela and Tegucigalpa, in addition to carrying out research on sexual minorities' issues in Honduras. The joint mission met with a representative in Tegucigalpa on 6 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Asociación Para Una Vida Mejor de Personas Infectadas y Afectadas por el VIH/SIDA en Honduras, APUVIMEH (Association for a Better Life for People Infected with and Affected by HIV/AIDS in Honduras)</strong><br> APUVIMEH is an NGO that works with sexual minorities and those affected by HIV/AIDS in Honduras. The joint mission met with a representative in Tegucigalpa on 6 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Asociación Trans Cozumel (Trans Cozumel Association)</strong><br> Asociación Trans Cozumel is an NGO based in Tegucigalpa that works to promote and defend the right of transvestites, transgender persons and transsexual persons. It also works to prevent sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. The joint mission met with a representative in Tegucigalpa on 6 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Casa Alianza (Covenant House)</strong><br> Casa Alianza is an international NGO that provides assistance to vulnerable children, including those at risk of being recruited by gangs and homeless youth. In Tegucigalpa, Casa Alianza has two residential centers for youth, including the Crisis Centre and the Querubines Home. The joint mission met with representatives in San Pedro Sula on 4 April 2017 and visited the Crisis Centre in Tegucigalpa on 6 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Centro de Desarrollo Humano, CDH (Centre for Human Development)</strong><br> CDH is a Tegucigalpa-based NGO focused on human development and deals with issues related to poverty in Honduras. CDH delivers violence prevention programs in conflict-affected neighbourhoods in both urban and rural areas. The joint mission met with a representative in Tegucigalpa on 5 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Centro de Prevención, Tratamiento y Rehabilitación de Victimas de la Tortura, CPTRT (Centre for the Prevention, Treatment and Rehabilitation for Victims of Torture)</strong><br> CPTRT is a Tegucigalpa-based human rights NGO that advocates for the defense of the rights of victims of torture and cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment. The joint mission met with a representative in Tegucigalpa on 5 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Claudia Flores</strong><br> Claudia Flores is a lawyer and the Academic Head of Law and International Relations majors at the Central American Technical University (Universidad Tecnológica Centroamérica, UNITEC), a private institution of higher education, with seven campuses across Honduras, including in Tegucigalpa, San Pedro Sula and in La Ceiba. The joint mission met with Claudia Flores in Tegucigalpa on 7 April 2017. The information provided by Claudia Flores represents her personal opinion, not the position of UNITEC.</p><p>
<strong>Comisionado Nacional de los Derechos Humanos, CONADEH (National Commissioner for Human Rights)</strong><br> CONADEH is a governmental institution that advocates for the respect and promotion of human dignity and human rights in the country. The joint mission met with representatives in San Pedro Sula on 4 April 2017 and with representatives at the Tegucigalpa office on 5 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Dr. Ayestas</strong><br> Dr. Migdonia Ayestas is the Director of the National Violence Observatory (Observatorio Nacional de la Violencia) at the National Autonomous University of Honduras (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Honduras, UNAH), which analyzes and publishes information on violence and fatalities in Honduras. The joint mission met with Dr. Ayestas in Tegucigalpa on 7 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Equipo de Reflexión, Investigación y Comunicación - Compañía de Jesús, ERIC-SJ (Critical Thinking, Research and Communication Team – Society of Jesus)</strong><br> ERIC-SJ is a Jesuit organization that carries out research and analyses on social justice issues, including on the situation of migrants. ERIC-SJ is the sister organization of Radio Progreso. The joint mission met with a representative of ERIC-SJ in San Pedro Sula on 4 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS (LITOS Bisexual Lesbian Group)</strong><br> Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS is an association representing the rights of lesbian and bisexual women in Honduras. The joint mission met with a representative in Tegucigalpa on 6 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Grupo Sociedad Civil, GSC (Civil Society Association)</strong><br> GSC is a civil society association representing eleven social sectors (including women, the afro and indigenous population, the working class, private businesses, small and medium-sized businesses, people with disabilities, seniors, youth and sexual minorities) to advance the promotion of citizens' participation, democracy, political dialogue, economic stability and equality. The joint mission met with a representative in Tegucigalpa on 7 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Movimiento Amplio Univers</strong><strong>itario, MAU (Ample University Movement)</strong><br> MAU is an association of several Honduran student movements that advocates for the right to education and participation in the drafting of policies that affect education and universities. The joint mission met with a representative in San Pedro Sula on 4 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>San Pedro Sula - Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia (San Pedro Sula - Department for Women, Children and Family)</strong><br> The Department for Children, Women and Family is the municipal agency of San Pedro Sula responsible for providing assistance and protection programs to women, children and families. The joint mission met with a representative in San Pedro Sula on 3 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>San Pedro Sula - Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales (San Pedro Sula - Directorate of Social Services)</strong><br> The Directorate of Social Services is the municipal agency of San Pedro Sula responsible for executing public policy through programs designed to protect women, children, families and vulnerable groups. The joint mission met with a representative in San Pedro Sula on 3 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>San Pedro Sula – Gerencia de Prevención, Seguridad y Transporte (San Pedro Sula – Directorate of Prevention, Security and Transportation)</strong><br> The Directorate of Prevention, Security and Transportation is the municipal agency of San Pedro Sula responsible for policies and programs for the prevention of violence, citizen safety and transportation within San Pedro Sula. The joint mission met with a representative in San Pedro Sula on 3 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Norwegian Refugee Council, NRC</strong><br> NRC is an Oslo-based humanitarian organization that provides assistance to displaced people. NRC has two programs in Honduras that provide information and legal assistance to displaced people, as well as educational programs. The joint mission met with a representative in San Pedro Sula on 4 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Pastoral de Movilidad Humana, PMH (Human Mobility Pastoral)</strong><br> PMH is a faith-based organization under the Episcopal Conference of Guatemala that promotes the research, advocacy, and protection of the rights of migrants. The joint mission met with a representative in Tegucigalpa on 5 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Programa Nacional de Prevención, Rehabilitación y Reinserción Social, PLAN (National Program for Prevention, Rehabilitation and Social Reintegration)</strong><br> PLAN is a program created by the Office of the President to provide assistance in Tegucigalpa to at-risk youth and persons who were former gang members. The joint mission met with representatives from PLAN in Tegucigalpa on 6 April 2017.</p><p>
<strong>Radio Progreso</strong><br> Radio Progreso is an independent Jesuit radio station that carries out investigative journalism on issues related to, for example, migration, human rights, the environment and culture. Radio Progeso is the sister organization of ERIC-SJ. The joint mission met with three journalists of Radio Progeso in San Pedro Sula on 4 April 2017. </p><p>
<strong>Secretaría de Derechos Humanos, Justicia, Gobernación y Descentralización, SDHJGD (Ministry of Human Rights, Justice, Governance and Descentralization)</strong><br> SDHJGD coordinates the implementation of public policy, including on human rights, and works to promote citizenship participation and a culture of respect for human rights at state level. SDHJGD is responsible as well for the coordination of the Interinstitutional Commission for the Protection of Displaced People Due to Violence (Comisión Interinstitucional para la Protección de Personas Desplazadas por la Violencia). The joint mission met with representatives in Tegucigalpa on 5 April 2017. </p><p>
<strong>World Vision</strong><br> World Vision, a Christian relief, development and advocacy organization, has several social projects in Honduran communities that address issues related to education, health, and violence prevention. The joint mission met with representatives in San Pedro Sula on 4 April 2017 and in Tegucigalpa on 6 April 2017.</p><h2 id="h-references">Additional References</h2><p>Agence France Press (AFP). 4 July 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.elnuevodiario.com.ni/internacionales/centroamerica/432838-alerta-roja-honduras-aumento-femicidios-sana" rel="external">Alerta roja en Honduras por aumento de femicidios con saña.</a></span>" [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017] </p><p>Agencia EFE. 18 December 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.efe.com/efe/america/politica/hernandez-declarado-nuevo-presidente-electo-de-honduras/20000035-3470079" rel="external">Hernández declarado nuevo presidente electo de Honduras</a></span>." [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]</p><p>Agencia EFE. 27 August 2016. Anny Castro. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.efe.com/efe/america/portada/comisionado-de-dd-hh-dice-la-impunidad-obstaculiza-el-desarrollo-honduras/20000064-3024253" rel="external">Comisionado de DD.HH. dice la impunidad obstaculiza el desarrollo de Honduras.</a></span>" [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Asociación Calidad de Vida (ACV). 1 September 2017. Correspondence with the Research Directorate.</p><p>Asociación Para Una Vida Mejor de Personas Infectadas y Afectadas por el VIH/SIDA en Honduras (APUVIMEH). 1 September 2017. Correspondence with the Research Directorate. </p><p>Association for Women's Rights in Development (AWID). 4 April 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.awid.org/node/6987" rel="external">Asesinato de la líder y defensora de los derechos LGTTBI Sherlyn Montoya.</a>" </span> [Accessed 5 Sept. 2017]</p><p>British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 18 December 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-42126743" rel="external">El Tribunal Superior Electoral de Honduras declara al president Juan Orlando Hernández ganador de las polémicas elecciones minetras la OEA pide repetir los comicios.</a></span>" [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]</p><p>British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 6 July 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-40518212" rel="external">Honduras on 'Red Alert' over Female Murders, say Activists.</a></span>" [Accessed 7 Sept. 2017] </p><p>British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). 2 February 2016. Juan Paullier. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2016/02/160202_honduras_violencia_disminucion_tasa_homicidios_jp" rel="external">¿Cómo Honduras 'dejó de ser el país más violento del mundo'?</a></span>" [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Canada. 2016. Public Safety Canada.
<span lang="es">
<a href="https://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/pblctns/2016-r006/2016-r006-en.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Deportation, Circular Migration and Organized Crime.</em></a></span> By Geoff Burt, Michael Lawrence, Mark Sedra, James Bosworth, Philippe Couton, Robert Muggah and Hannah Stone. [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Covenant House. N.d. “<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.covenanthouse.org/casa-alianza/casa-alianza-honduras" rel="external">Casa Alianza Honduras.</a></span>” [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017]</p><p>CATTRACHAS. 22 September 2017. Correspondence with the Research Directorate. </p><p>CATTRACHAS. 7 September 2017. Correspondence with the Research Directorate. </p><p>CATTRACHAS. April 2017.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.cattrachas.org/descarga.php?archi=descargas/descargas/278-InformeGeneralmuertesviolentasLGTTBIHondurasCattrachas2017.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Informe Sobre Muertes Violentas de la Comunidad LGBTTBI Cattrachas 2017. </em></a></span> [Accessed 5 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Centro de Derechos de Mujeres (CDM). December 2014. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.contralosfemicidios.hn/images/generales/descargas/publicaciones/2015/Acceso_a_justicia_femicidios_y_muertes_violentas_de_Mujeres.pdf" rel="external">Acceso a la justicia en casos de muertes violentas y femicidios</a></span>." [Accessed 15 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Centro de Derechos de Mujeres (CDM). N.d.a. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://derechosdelamujer.org/project/2016/" rel="external">Observatorio de Violencias Contra Las Mujeres 2016</a></span>." [Accessed 14 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Centro de Derechos de Mujeres (CDM). N.d.b. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://derechosdelamujer.org/project/2017/" rel="external">Observatorio de Violencias Contra Las Mujeres 2017</a></span>." [Accessed 14 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Centro de Derechos de Mujeres (CDM). N.d.c. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://derechosdelamujer.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Hay-salida-2.pdf" rel="external">Hay salida…</a></span>" [Accessed 15 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Deutsche Welle. 18 August 2016. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.dw.com/en/honduras-purges-one-third-of-its-senior-police-officers/a-19484636" rel="external">Honduras Purges One-third of its Senior Police Officers</a></span>." [Accessed 19 Dec. 2017]</p><p>
<em>The Economist.</em> 31 March 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2017/03/daily-chart-23" rel="external">The World's Most Dangerous Cities</a></span>." [Accessed 10 Aug. 2017]</p><p>
<em>El Heraldo</em>. 28 March 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/1057287-466/inauguran-primer-centro-de-ciudad-mujer-en-honduras" rel="external">Inauguran primer centro de Ciudad Mujer en Honduras</a></span>." [Accessed 14 Sept. 2017]</p><p>
<em>El Heraldo.</em> 25 January 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/1038181-466/honduras-los-depuradores-aplauden-extensi%c3%b3n-de-per%c3%adodo-por-un-a%c3%b1o" rel="external">Honduras: Los depuradores aplauden extensión de período por un año.</a></span>" [Accessed 19 Dec. 2017]</p><p>
<em>El Heraldo</em>. 4 November 2016. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/1014602-466/alarmantes-indices-de-violencia-dom%c3%a9stica-e-intrafamiliar-en-honduras" rel="external">Alarmantes indices de violencia doméstica e intrafamiliar en Honduras</a></span>." [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</p><p>
<em>El Heraldo.</em> 10 August 2014. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/737103-214/crisis-en-programa-de-protecci%c3%b3n-a-testigos-en-honduras" rel="external">Crisis en Programa de Protección a Testigos en Honduras</a></span>." [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>
<em>El Heraldo</em>. 31 July 2014. Héctor Cálix. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.elheraldo.hn/pais/733971-214/m%c3%83g%c2%a1s-de-un-mill%c3%b3n-de-armas-en-honduras" rel="external">Más de un millón de armas en Honduras</a></span>." [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]</p><p>El Pulso. 9 March 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://elpulso.hn/suyapa-martinez-desa-y-una-persecucion/" rel="external">Suyapa Martínez, DESA y una persecución</a></span>." [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</p><p>
<em>El País.</em> 6 July 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.elpais.hn/2017/07/06/alerta-roja-feminicidios/" rel="external">Alerta roja por feminicidios</a></span>." [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Frontline Defenders. N.d.a. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-gladys-lanza-ochoa" rel="external">Case History: Gladys Lanza Ochoa</a></span>." [Accessed 7 Sept. 2017] </p><p>Frontline Defenders. N.d.b. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/complaint-against-centro-de-estudios-de-la-mujer-%25u2013-honduras" rel="external">Complaints against Centro de Estudios de la Mujer - Honduras</a></span>." [Accessed 7 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Frontline Defenders. N.d.c. “<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/case/case-history-sherlyn-montoya" rel="external">Case History: Sherlyn Montoya.</a></span>” [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017] </p><p>Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 September 2017. Correspondence with the Research Directorate.</p><p>
<em>The Guardian.</em> 28 February 2017. Nina Lakhani. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/28/berta-caceres-honduras-military-intelligence-us-trained-special-forces" rel="external">Berta Cáceres Court Papers Show Murder Suspects' Links to US-Trained Elite Troops</a></span>." [Accessed 11 Aug. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 18 December 2017. Despacho Presidencial. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.presidencia.gob.hn/index.php/gob/el-presidente/3433-en-cadena-nacional-tse-declara-ganador-a-juan-orlando-hernandez" rel="external">En cadena nacional: TSE declara ganador a Juan Orlando Hernández</a></span>." [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 20 April 2017. Secretaría de Derechos Humanos, Justicia, Gobernación y Descentralización (SDHJGD). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.sdhjgd.gob.hn/biblioteca-virtual/noticias/noticias/697-sistema-nacional-de-proteccion-para-personas-defensoras-de-derechos-humanos-periodistas-comunicadores-sociales-y-operadores-de-justicia-presento-avances" rel="external">Sistema Nacional de Protección para Personas Defensoras de Derechos Humanos, Periodistas, Comunicadores Sociales y Operadores de Justicia presentó avances</a></span>." [Accessed 29 July 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 30 March 2017. Despacho Presidencial. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.presidencia.gob.hn/index.php/gob/el-presidente/primera-dama/2184-se-inaugura-unidad-municipal-de-atencion-al-migrante-retornado-en-el-distrito-central" rel="external">Se inaugural Unidad Municipal de Atención al Migrante Retornado en el Distrito Central</a></span>." [Accessed 20 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 28 March 2017. Instituto Nacional de la Mujer (INAM). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.inam.gob.hn/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=119:ciudad-mujer-ya-es-una-realidad-en-honduras&catid=35&Itemid=390" rel="external">Ciudad Mujer ya es una realidad en Honduras</a></span>." [Accessed 14 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. March 2017. Comisionado Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (CONADEH).
<br><em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://conadeh.hn/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/Informe-Anual-2016.pdf" rel="external">Informe Anual 2016</a></span>.</em> [Accessed 30 Aug. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 23 February 2017. Secretaría de Coordinación General de Gobierno. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.scgg.gob.hn/content/informa-secretario-coordinador-de-gobierno-en-tres-a%c3%b1os-la-tasa-de-homicidios-se-ha-reducido" rel="external">Informa Secretario Coordinador de Gobierno en tres años la tasa de homicidios se ha reducido notablemente</a></span>." [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 2017. Tasa de Seguridad Poblacional.
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://tasadeseguridad.hn/_assets/docs/Presentacion-para-pagina-web-al-28-de-Febrero-de-2017.pdf" rel="external">Tasa de Seguridad Poblacional: Informe de actividad 2012 al 28 de febrero de 2017</a></span></em>. [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 10 October 2016. Instituto Nacional de la Mujer (INAM). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.inam.gob.hn/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=94:911-un-aliado-para-prevenir-la-violencia-contra-la-mujer&catid=34&Itemid=297" rel="external">911 un aliado para prevenir la violencia contra la mujer</a></span>." [Accessed 14 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 31 July 2016. Centro Nacional de Información del Sector Social (CENISS).
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://ceniss.gob.hn/Descarga/Informe%20Estadistico%20Personas%20Migrantes%20Repatriadas-Retornadas%202016%2031.07.16.pdf" rel="external">Informe estadístico de las personas repatriadas/retornadas a Honduras, 31 julio 2016</a></span></em>. [Accessed 20 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 19 July 2016. Comisionado Nacional de los Derechos Humanos (CONADEH). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://conadeh.hn/conadeh-violencia-contra-las-mujeres-es-una-flagrante-violacion-a-sus-derechos-humanos/" rel="external">CONADEH: violencia contra las mujeres es una flagrante violación a sus derechos humanos</a></span>." [Accessed 12 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 19 January 2016. Despacho Presidencial. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.presidencia.gob.hn/index.php/honduras/historia" rel="external">Honduras</a></span>." [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. November 2015. Comisión Interinstitucional para la Protección de las Personas Desplazadas por la Violencia.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://sedis.gob.hn/sites/default/files/desplazamiento/Caract.Desplazam.Interno_ES.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Caracterización del Desplazamiento Interno en Honduras. </em></a></span> [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 2015.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.tsc.gob.hn/leyes/Ley_Proteccion_defensores_der_humanos_periodistas_op_just.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Ley de Protección</em><em> para las y los Defensores de Derechos Humanos, Periodistas, Comunicadores Sociales y Operadores de Justicia</em></a></span>. [Accessed 29 July 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 28 October 2014. Poder Judicial. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=37&v=grmWaIueBrk" rel="external">Spot de TV - CAPRODEM.</a></span>" [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 5 September 2014. Secretaría de Derechos Humanos, Justicia, Gobernación y Descentralización (SDHJGD). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.sdhjgd.gob.hn/biblioteca-virtual/noticias/noticias/83-gobierno-socializa-acciones-realizadas-por-comision-interinstitucional-para-la-proteccion-de-personas-desplazadas-por-la-violencia" rel="external">Gobierno socializa acciones realizadas por Comisión Interinstitucional para la Protección de Personas Desplazadas por la violencia.</a></span>" [Accessed 28 July 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 26 November 2013. Poder Ejecutivo. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://extwprlegs1.fao.org/docs/pdf/hon132079.pdf" rel="external">Decreto Ejecutivo Número PCM-053-2013.</a></span>" [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. November 2013. Poder Judicial. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://sia.eurosocial-ii.eu/files/docs/1396265477-Protocolo_Honduras_Atencion_integral_violencia_mujer.pdf" rel="external">Protocolo de Atención Integral a Víctimas de la Violencia Contra la Mujer en Supuestos de Violencia Doméstica y de Violencia Intrafamiliar</a></span>." [Accessed 15 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 2006.
<em>
<span lang="es">
<a href="https://www.oas.org/dil/esp/Ley_contra_la_violencia_domestica_Honduras.pdf" rel="external">Ley Contra la Violencia Doméstica con sus Reformas.</a></span></em> [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 2000.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.tsc.gob.hn/leyes/LEY%20DE%20CONTROL%20DE%20ARMAS%20DE%20FUEGO%2c%20MUNICIONES%2c%20EXPLOSIONES%20Y%20OTROS%20SIMILARES.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Ley de Control de Armas de Fuego, Municiones Explosiones y Otros Similares.</em></a></span> [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. 1985.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/CodigoPenal2017.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Código Penal. </em></a></span> [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. N.d.a. Centro Nacional de Información del Sector Social (CENISS). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://ceniss.gob.hn/funciones.html" rel="external">Funciones.</a></span>" [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. N.d.b. Dirección de Niñez, Adolescencia y Familia (DINAF). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://dinaf.gob.hn/?page_id=2734" rel="external">Misión y visión.</a></span>" [Accessed 20 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. N.d.c. Poder Judicial. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/Proyectos/CAPRODEM/Paginas/default.aspx" rel="external">CAPRODEM.</a></span>" [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. N.d.d. Ciudad Mujer. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.ciudadmujer.gob.hn/about-us.html" rel="external">Sobre Nosostros.</a></span>" [Accessed 14 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. N.d.e. Instituto Nacional de la Mujer (INAM). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.inam.gob.hn/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12&Itemid=116" rel="external">Sobre el INAM.</a></span>" [Accessed 14 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Honduras. N.d.f. Policía Nacional. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.policianacional.gob.hn/policiaNacional/media/MEMORIA%202015.pdf" rel="external">Memoria Anual 2015. Año del fortalecimiento de la Policía Nacional.</a></span>" [Accessed 14 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Human Rights Watch. 24 April 2017. Sarah Taylor. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/04/24/honduras-should-give-women-more-access-abortion" rel="external">Honduras Should Give Women More Access to Abortion.</a></span>" [Accessed 7 Sept. 2017]</p><p>The Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). N.d. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.internal-displacement.org/countries/honduras/" rel="external">Honduras.</a></span>" [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA). May 2017.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://ilga.org/downloads/2017/ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2017_WEB.pdf" rel="external">
<em>State-sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Sexual Orientation Laws: Criminalisation, Protection and Recognition</em></a></span>. [Accessed 30 Aug. 2017]</p><p>International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA). 7 April 2017. “<span lang="es"><a href="http://ilga.org/lgbti-news-84-ilga-apr-2017/" rel="external">LGBulleTIn #84 – Two Weeks in LGBTI News (April 7 – 20, 2017).</a></span>” [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017]</p><p>International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IRFC). 1 December 2016. Eimear McNamara. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://media.ifrc.org/global-review-on-migration/es/smart-practice/centro-de-atencion-al-migrante-retornado-camrhonduras/" rel="external">Centro de Atencion al Migrante Retornado (CAMR), Honduras</a></span>."  [Accessed 15 Nov. 2017]</p><p>International Service for Human Rights (ISHR). 2 April 2015. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.ishr.ch/news/honduran-human-rights-defender-sentenced-18-months-prison-holding-peaceful-protest" rel="external">Honduran Human Rights Defender Sentenced to 18 Months Prison for Holding Peaceful Protest.</a></span>" [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</p><p>InSight Crime and Asociación para una Sociedad Más Justa. 23 August 2017.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.insightcrime.org/images/PDFs/2017/Firearms-Trafficking-Honduras.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Firearms Trafficking in Honduras.</em></a></span> [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]</p><p>InSight Crime. 24 January 2017. Victoria Dittmar. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.insightcrime.org/news/brief/honduras-extends-police-reform-commission-until-2018/" rel="external">Honduras Extends Police Reform.</a></span>" [Accessed 19 Dec. 2017]</p><p>InSight Crime and Asociación para una Sociedad Más Justa. 21 April 2016. “<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.insightcrime.org/images/PDFs/2015/HondurasGangs.pdf" rel="external">Gangs in Honduras.</a></span>” [Accessed 27 Nov. 2017]</p><p>InSight Crime. 9 April 2016. Steven Dudley.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.insightcrime.org/investigations/honduras-elites-and-organized-crime-introduction" rel="external">
<em>Honduras Elites and Organized Crime: Introduction. </em></a></span> [Accessed 10 Aug. 2017]</p><p>InSight Crime and Asociación para una Sociedad Más Justa. 20 November 2015.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.insightcrime.org/images/PDFs/2015/MarasHonduras.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Maras y Pandillas en Honduras.</em></a></span> [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>
<em>La Nación.</em> 23 March 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.nacion.com/el-mundo/politica/la-violencia-de-las-pandillas-acosa-las-escuelas-de-honduras/J664Z6DUHZCDDM3FXZBHIWPRUE/story/" rel="external">La violencia de las pandillas acosa las escuelas de Honduras.</a></span>" [Accessed 18 Dec. 2017]</p><p>
<em>La Prensa</em>. 4 May 2017.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/1067985-410/aborto-en-honduras-seguir%c3%a1-siendo-un-crimen" rel="external">"Aborto en Honduras seguirá siendo un crimen."</a></span> [Accessed 7 Sept. 2017]</p><p>
<em>La Prensa.</em> 10 March 2017. Kevin Mercado. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/1051419-410/inauguran-unidad-municipal-de-atenci%c3%b3n-al-migrante-retornado" rel="external">Inauguran unidad municipal de atención al migrante retornado.</a></span>" [Accessed 20 Nov. 2017]</p><p>
<em>La Prensa</em>. 16 August 2016. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/990595-410/comunidad-gay-en-tegucigalpa-quiere-su-propia-iglesia" rel="external">Comunidad gay en Tegucigalpa quiere su propia iglesia.</a></span>" [Accessed 22 Sept. 2017]</p><p>
<em>La Prensa.</em> 7 August 2016. Kevin Mercado. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/987556-410/denuncias-por-violencia-dom%c3%a9stica-han-aumentado-un-7" rel="external">Denuncias por violencia doméstica han aumentado un 7%.</a></span>" [Accessed 15 Sept. 2017]</p><p>
<em>La Prensa</em>. 7 March 2016. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.laprensa.hn/honduras/937051-410/investigan-red-de-extorsi%c3%b3n-dentro-de-la-polic%c3%ada-nacional" rel="external">Investigan red de extorsión dentro de la Policía Nacional.</a></span>" [Accessed 30 July 2017]</p><p>
<em>La Prensa.</em> 12 July 2015. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.laprensa.hn/sucesos/858562-410/protecci%c3%b3n-a-testigos-no-funciona-denuncia-asociaci%c3%b3n-de-fiscales" rel="external">Protección a testigos no funciona, denuncia Asociación de Fiscales.</a></span>" [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>
<em>La Tribuna.</em> 18 August 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.latribuna.hn/2017/08/18/hoy-se-inaugura-unidad-atencion-al-migrante-choloma/" rel="external">Hoy se inaugural Unidad de Atención al Migrante en Choloma.</a></span>" [Accessed 20 Nov. 2017]</p><p>
<em>La Tribuna.</em> 28 March 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.latribuna.hn/2017/03/28/gobierno-inaugura-ciudad-mujer-la-kennedy/" rel="external">Gobierno inaugural 'Ciudad Mujer' en la Kennedy.</a></span>" [Accessed 14 Sept. 2017]</p><p>
<em>La Tribuna.</em> 10 March 2017.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.latribuna.hn/2017/03/10/inauguran-unidad-municipal-atencion-migrantes-retornados/" rel="external">Inauguran Unidad Municipal de Atencion a Migrantes Retornados</a></span>. [Accessed 20 Nov. 2017]</p><p>
<em>La Tribuna.</em> 18 August 2016. “<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.latribuna.hn/2016/08/18/comunidad-gay-tendra-iglesia-catolica/" rel="external">Comunidad ‘gay’ tendrá su propia iglesia católica.</a></span>” [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Mazariegos, Luis et al. January 2014.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pa00k2gk.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Sistematización. Centros de Alcance "Por Mi Barrio". </em>
<em>Honduras.</em></a></span> [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Organization of American States (OAS). 16 May 2017. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). “<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/preleases/2017/062.asp" rel="external">IACHR Condemns Killings of Women and Urges States to Intensify Prevention Efforts.</a></span>” [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Organization of American States (OAS). 7 March 2016. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/media_center/PReleases/2016/027.asp" rel="external">IACHR Condemns Killings and Other Acts of Violence against Human Rights Defenders of LGBT Persons in Honduras.</a></span>" [Accessed 30 Aug. 2017]</p><p>Organization of American States (OAS). 4 March 2016. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/prensa/comunicados/2016/024.asp" rel="external">CIDH repudia asesinato de Berta Cáceres en Honduras.</a></span>" [Accessed 31 July 2017]</p><p>Organization of American States (OAS). 31 December 2015. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR).
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.oas.org/es/cidh/informes/pdfs/honduras-es-2015.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Situación de Derechos Humanos en Honduras.</em></a></span> [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Organization of American States (OAS). 1 August 2013. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). “<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/Basics/rulesiachr.asp" rel="external">Rules and Procedure of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.</a></span>” [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Organization of American States (OAS). N.d.a. Mission to Support the Fight Against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras (MACCIH). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.oas.org/es/sap/dsdme/maccih/new/mision.asp" rel="external">Misión de Apoyo contra la Corrupción y la Impunidad en Honduras.</a></span>" [Accessed 19 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Organization of American States (OAS). N.d.b. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/decisions/about-precautionary.asp" rel="external">About Precautionary Measures.</a></span>" [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Ortiz Gómez, Yamileth and Fanny Gallo. July 2014.
<span lang="es">
<a href="http://www.seguridad.gob.hn/secretariaSeguridad/publicaciones/2017/mayo/2-PMCSC-Distrito-Central.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Plan Local de Convivencia y Seguridad Ciudadana del municipio del Distrito Central. </em>
<em>2014-2018</em></a></span>. Ed. UN Development Programme (UNDP). [Accessed 27 July 2017]</p><p>Proceso Digital. 17 August 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.proceso.hn/aldia/15-al-d%c3%ada/choloma-tendra-su-unidad-municipal-de-atencion-al-migrante-retornado.html" rel="external">Choloma tendrá su Unidad Municipal de Atención al Migrante Retornado</a></span>." [Accessed 20 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Proceso Digital. 19 October 2016. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.proceso.hn/aldia/15-al-d%c3%ada/usaid-anuncia-construccion-de-mas-centros-de-alcance-en-honduras-para-prevenir-la-violencia.html" rel="external">USAID anuncia construcción de más Centros de Alcance en Honduras para prevenir la violencia.</a></span>" [Accessed 27 July 2017]</p><p>Proceso Digital. 30 July 2014. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.proceso.hn/component/k2/item/85920-Programa-de-Testigos-Protegidos-urge-fortalecimento-para-no-morir.html" rel="external">Programa de Testigos Protegidos urge fortalecimento para no morir.</a></span>" [Accessed 14 Nov. 2017]</p><p>Ramos, Jessica and José Miguel Álvaro. June 2012. “<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Honduras1.html" rel="external">Update: Guide to Legal Research in Honduras.</a></span>” [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017]</p><p>San Pedro Sula. 15 June 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://municipalidad.sanpedrosula.hn/index.php/municipalidad/corporacion/noticias/2565-municipalidad-de-san-pedro-sula-sensibiliza-a-parejas-que-contraeran-matronimo-civil-sobre-ley-contra-la-violencia-domestica" rel="external">Municipalidad de San Pedro Sula sensibiliza a parejas que contraerán matrónimo civil sobre ley contra la violencia doméstica.</a></span>" [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Small Arms Survey. November 2016. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/H-Research_Notes/SAS-Research-Note-62.pdf" rel="external">Measuring Illicit Arms Flows: Honduras.</a></span>" [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]</p><p>TeleSUR. 5 May 2017. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/-Femicide-Rates-Spike-in-Machista-Honduras--20170505-0001.html" rel="external">Femicide Rates Spike in 'Machista' Honduras.</a></span>" [Accessed 7 Sept. 2017]</p><p>TeleSUR. 21 September 2016. Gerardo Torres. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/Honduras-Most-Important-Feminist-Leader-Passes-Away-20160921-0006.html" rel="external">Honduras' Most Important Feminist Leader Passes Away.</a></span>" [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</p><p>
<em>Tiempo.</em> 4 April 2017. Alexis Torres. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://tiempo.hn/sherlyn-montoya-la-diva-que-le-apagaron-sus-suenos-este-dia-en-la-capital-hondurena/" rel="external">'La Diva' a la que le apagaron sus sueños este día en la capital hondureña.</a></span>" [Accessed 30 Aug. 2017]</p><p>
<em>Tiempo.</em> 23 January 2017. Elvin Díaz. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://tiempo.hn/comision-depuradora-28-ciento-los-depurados-oficiales-alto-rango/" rel="external">Comisión Depuradora: 28 por ciento de los depurados son oficiales de alto rango.</a></span>" [Accessed 19 Dec. 2017]</p><p>
<em>Tiempo</em>. 4 November 2016. Victoria Aguilar. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://tiempo.hn/la-onu-preocupada-la-violencia-las-mujeres-honduras/" rel="external">La ONU preocupada por la violencia contra las mujeres en Honduras.</a></span>" [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Trócaire. N.d. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.trocaire.org/about" rel="external">About Trócaire.</a></span>" [Accessed 13 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH). 17 August 2017. Observatorio de Muertes Violentas de Mujeres y Femicidios<em>.
<span lang="es">
<a href="https://iudpas.unah.edu.hn/dmsdocument/2244-enero-a-diciembre-2015" rel="external">Resultados del análisis enero-diciembre 2015. </a></span></em> [Accessed 7 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH). March 2017. Observatorio Nacional de la Violencia.
<span lang="es">
<a href="https://iudpas.unah.edu.hn/dmsdocument/2593" rel="external">
<em>Observatorio de la Violencia: Mortalidad y otros. Boletín enero-diciembre 2016</em></a></span>. [Accessed 29 July 2017]</p><p>United Nations (UN). 15 December 2017. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Correspondence with the Research Directorate.</p><p>United Nations (UN). 2016. UN Women. "<span lang="es"><a href="http://evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/en/countries/americas/honduras/1995/fiscalia-especial-de-la-mujer" rel="external">Fiscalía Especial De La Mujer.</a></span>" [Accessed 14 Sept. 2017]</p><p>United Nations (UN). 2012. World Health Organization (WHO). "<span lang="es"><a href="http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77421/1/WHO_RHR_12.38_eng.pdf" rel="external">Understanding and Addressing Violence against Women.</a></span>" [Accessed on 4 Oct. 2017]</p><p>United Nations (UN). N.d.a. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC). "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.cepal.org/en/files/femicide-0" rel="external">Femicide.</a></span>" [Accessed 8 Sept. 2017]</p><p>United States (US). 25 July 2017. Department of Commerce. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://www.export.gov/article?id=Honduras-Safety-Security-Products-Services" rel="external">Honduras - Safety & Security Products & Services.</a></span>" [Accessed 13 Nov. 2017]</p><p>United States (US). 24 July 2017. Central Intelligence Agency. "Honduras."
<span lang="es">
<a href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ho.html" rel="external">
<em>World Factbook</em></a></span>. [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]</p><p>United States (US). 3 March 2017. Department of State. "Honduras."
<span lang="es">
<a href="https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/265808.pdf" rel="external">
<em>Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016</em></a></span>. [Accessed 1 Aug. 2017]</p><p>United States (US). N.d. Embassy in Honduras. "<span lang="es"><a href="https://hn.usembassy.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/109/2015/06/domestic_violence_acs.pdf?_ga=2.252635209.1528133373.1505416464-1141149764.1505416464" rel="external">Domestic Violence</a></span>." [Accessed 14 Sept. 2017]</p><p>Washington Blade. 10 April 2017. Ernesto Valle. “<span lang="es"><a href="http://www.washingtonblade.com/2017/04/10/trans-activist-murdered-honduras/" rel="external">Trans Activist Murdered in Honduras</a></span>.” [Accessed 28 Nov. 2017]</p><h2 id="h-attachments">Attachments</h2><ol><li>Honduras. 2015.
<a href="http://www.tsc.gob.hn/leyes/Ley_Proteccion_defensores_der_humanos_periodistas_op_just.pdf">Ley de Protección para las y los Defensores de Derechos Humanos, Periodistas, Comunicadores Sociales y Operadores de Justicia. "Título III De Las Medidas de Protección."</a><a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/honduras-attach.aspx#attach1">Unofficial Translation Provided by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada</a>. [Accessed 29 July 2017]</li><li>Honduras. 2006.
<a href="https://www.oas.org/dil/esp/Ley_contra_la_violencia_domestica_Honduras.pdf">Ley Contra la Violencia Doméstica con sus Reformas</a>.
<a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/honduras-attach.aspx#attach2">Unofficial Translation Provided by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada</a>. [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</li><li>Honduras. 1985 (Reformed 2013).
<a href="http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/CodigoPenal2017.pdf">Código Penal. Libro II. Título IV. Capítulo V.</a><a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/honduras-attach.aspx#attach3">Unofficial Translation Provided by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada</a>. [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</li><li>Honduras. 1985 (Reformed 2013).
<a href="http://www.poderjudicial.gob.hn/CEDIJ/Leyes/Documents/CodigoPenal2017.pdf">Código Penal. Libro II. Título II. Capítulo I.</a><a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/honduras-attach.aspx#attach4">Unofficial Translation Provided by the Translation Bureau, Public Services and Procurement Canada</a>. [Accessed 11 Sept. 2017]</li><li>Honduras. 2013. Poder Judicial.
<a href="http://sia.eurosocial-ii.eu/files/docs/1396265477-Protocolo_Honduras_Atencion_integral_violencia_mujer.pdf">"VII. Ruta de atención da la denuncia." Protocolo de Atención Integral a Víctimas de la Violencia Contra la Mujer en Supuestos de Violencia Doméstica y de Violencia Intrafamiliar. P. 24.</a><a href="/en/country-information/research/Pages/honduras-attach.aspx#attach5">Unofficial Translation by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada</a>. [Accessed 15 Sept. 2017]</li></ol><h2 id="h-appendix">Appendix 1 - Terms of Reference</h2><ol><li>
<strong>Witnesses and victims of crime and corruption</strong></li><ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Current levels of corruption, including in the police, judiciary and government; anti-corruption efforts and their effectiveness. </li><li>Current extent of individuals who report police corruption or witness a crime by a criminal gang especially with regard to drug-trafficking, kidnapping, extortion, and public sector malfeasance:</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Statistics: national, state, and local;</li><li>Legislative framework: national and state level.</li></ol><li>Government and police effectiveness in assisting individuals who witness police wrongdoing or a criminal activity:</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Police protection measures; whether a special police unit exists to investigate these types of crimes; availability and effectiveness of protection at the national, state and local levels;</li><li>Accessibility of the justice system: complaints procedure, whether protection for witnesses/whistleblowers is addressed; police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints (e.g. are witness protection orders available and to what extent are they enforced);</li><li>Whether special training exists for police and judiciary in dealing with witness protection cases;</li><li>Whether police response to witnesses is measured or evaluated, including results;  </li><li>Existence, scope and effectiveness of any witness protection programs.</li></ol><li>Ability of victims to seek relocation:</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Ability to flee from aggressor without being found (e.g., the level of risk & socio-economic factors);</li><li>Accessibility to databases to find a victim (e.g., school registries, etc.); what are the main national registries and identity cards that are issued by the government? Which authorities, and at what level, are able to access these registries? Level of security used to protect these databases; surveillance systems in place at the state and national levels;</li><li>Level of communication among law enforcement agencies at the local, state, and federal levels;</li><li>Known cases of victims being found by agents of persecution.</li></ol></ol><li>
<strong>Gangs</strong></li><ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Main gangs and criminal organizations, including presence of Los Zetas.</li><li>Structure of main gangs</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Hierarchical division of main gangs as a whole and as cliques; scope of communication between leadership and cliques, within cliques, within cities and between different cities/areas; how are orders transmitted and executed;</li><li>The role of women in the maras;</li><li>Number of cliques and members.</li></ol><li>Recruitment</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Methods of recruitment; have they changed after the
<em>mano dura</em> policies? Target population (i.e. age, gender, social class, etc.);</li><li>Initiation process and processes practiced for promotion within;</li><li>Information on how to leave a gang; treatment of former gang members or people who try to leave; information about former gang members (also known as
<em>calmados</em>); whether they are still active or collaborate with gangs.</li></ol><li>Areas of operation</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Territorial division of gangs and cliques; how are territorial divisions established (<em>rifa del barrio</em>);</li><li>Conflicts and disputes between cliques and gangs for territorial presence; cooperation between gangs.</li><li>Presence in rural areas;</li><li>Proliferation of firearms.</li></ol><li>National/transnational activities</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Local criminal activities: kidnapping, extortion, homicides; statistics; profile of targets/victims;</li><li>International activities: drug trafficking, contract killings; statistics; profile of targets/victims;</li><li>Whether gangs can be considered transnational crime syndicates; relationship with drug cartels and other organized criminal organizations.</li><li>Ability to flee from gangs without being found, including characteristics (gender, education, economic background etc.) of the victim; scope of their reach at the national and transnational levels; whether a victim's profile influences the likelihood of being found.</li></ol><li>State efforts</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Legislative framework;</li><li>Anti-gang units: whether a special police unit exists to combat gangs and investigate crimes committed by them; information on effectiveness, training, and resources; instances of cooptation, infiltration, corruption or excessive use of force; whether their effectiveness is measured or evaluated; statistics on arrests.</li><li>Accessibility of the justice system: complaints procedure; police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints; statistics on charges, convictions, and jail terms;</li><li>State protection programs: existence, scope and effectiveness of any witness protection program; whether the protection for victims, witnesses, and former gang members is addressed; accessibility to databases to find a victim; level of security used by authorities to protect these databases; known cases of victims being found.</li></ol></ol><li>
<strong>Violence against Women</strong></li><ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Prevalence of gender-based violence, including: domestic violence, sexual harassment and violence (including rape), femicide, disappearance, trafficking, and stalking:</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Statistics: national, state-level, and local;</li><li>Legislative framework; whether there have been any new developments nationally; or at the state-level.</li></ol><li>Effectiveness of the police and judiciary in addressing gender-based violence:</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Police records; arrests and complaints; numbers of persons charged/arrested for committing gender-based crimes (as outlined in section a); numbers of those convicted; length of jail term (if found guilty); numbers of those released;</li><li>Police protection measures; whether special police units exist to investigate these types of crimes; protection orders and enforcement;</li><li>Accessibility of the justice system: Complaints procedure, police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints (e.g. are protection orders available);</li><li>Whether special training exists for police and judiciary in dealing with gender-based violence cases;</li><li>Whether police response to gender-based violence is measured or evaluated by government agencies. </li></ol><li>Status of emergency shelter system:</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Number of government-run shelters in operation and the capacity of each of these shelters (e.g., number of beds per shelter, trained staff);</li><li>Accessibility and length of stay allowed;</li><li>Options available after individual leaves shelter; whether social services follows-up with victim.</li></ol><li>Ability of victims to seek relocation:</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Ability to flee from aggressor without being found (e.g., the level of risk & socio-economic factors);</li><li>Access to databases to find a victim (e.g., school registries, etc.); what are the main national registries and identity cards that are issued by the government? Which authorities, and at what level, are able to access these registries? Level of security used to protect these databases; surveillance systems in place at the national and state level;</li><li>Known cases of victims being found by their ex-partners.</li></ol><li>Women rights organizations and treatment of women human rights defenders.</li></ol><li>
<strong>Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity </strong></li><ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Treatment by society; current extent of homophobia, transphobia, discrimination, and harassment against members of the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex (LGBTI) community:</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Statistics on homophobic and transphobic violence/hate crimes: national, state-level, and local;</li><li>Incidents of homophobic and transphobic violence against LGBTI members (widespread, minimal, under-reported, etc.);</li><li>Types of violations experienced by LGBTI members (e.g. insults, harassment, physical violence, homicide, and discrimination, including employment, housing and education);</li><li>Legislative framework; whether there have been any new developments nationally; or at the state-level;</li><li>Access to social services.</li></ol><li>Police effectiveness in addressing wrongdoing/violence against LGBTI individuals:</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Police records; arrests and complaints; numbers of those charged for committing homophobic and transphobic crimes (as outlined in section a); numbers of those convicted; length of jail term (if found guilty); numbers of those released (without conviction);</li><li>Police protection measures; whether a special police unit exists to investigate these types of crimes;</li><li>Access to the justice system: Complaints procedure, police response to complaints; judicial process for these types of complaints (e.g. length of procedures, protection orders available for victims, availability of bail for the accused);</li><li>Whether special training of police and judiciary in dealing with LGBTI cases exists;</li><li>Whether police response to LGBTI violence is measured or evaluated.</li></ol><li>Ability of victims to seek relocation:</li><ol class="lst-lwr-rmn"><li>Ability to flee from aggressor without being found (e.g., the level of risk & socio-economic factors);</li><li>Access to databases to find a victim (e.g., school registries, etc.); what are the main national registries and identity cards that are issued by the government? Which authorities and at what level are able to access these registries? Level of security used to protect these databases; surveillance systems in place at the national and state level;</li><li>Known cases of victims being found.</li></ol></ol><li>
<strong>Other Items<u></u></strong></li><ol class="lst-lwr-alph"><li>Availability of government programs for returned asylum seekers, including housing, health, education, and employment.</li><li>Availability of fraudulent documents.</li></ol></ol>
<aside class="wb-fnote" role="note"><section>
<h2 id="fnb">Footnotes</h2>
<dl><dt>Footnote 1</dt><dd id="fnb1"><p>Honduras. 19 Jan. 2016. Despacho Presidencial.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb1-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>1<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 2</dt><dd id="fnb2"><p>Honduras. 19 Jan. 2016. Despacho Presidencial.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb2-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>2<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 3</dt><dd id="fnb3"><p>Honduras. 19 Jan. 2016. Despacho Presidencial; US. 24 July 2017. CIA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb3-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>3<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 4</dt><dd id="fnb4"><p>Ramos, Jessica and José Miguel Álvarez. June 2012, Section 4.1.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb4-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>4<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 5</dt><dd id="fnb5"><p>Honduras recognizes as sources of law “the Law as a primary source, Jurisprudence and Legal Doctrine, together with common uses and customs in cases in which the law makes [specific] reference to them.” Ramos, Jessica and José Miguel Álvarez. June 2012, Section 4.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb5-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>5<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 6</dt><dd id="fnb6"><p>Agencia EFE 18 Dec. 2017; BBC 18 Dec. 2017; Honduras. 18 Dec. 2017. Despacho Presidencial.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb6-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>6<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 7</dt><dd id="fnb7"><p>InSight Crime. 9 Apr. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb7-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>7<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 8</dt><dd id="fnb8"><p>US. 24 July 2017. CIA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb8-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>8<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 9</dt><dd id="fnb9"><p>US. 24 July 2017. CIA; Agencia EFE. 27 Aug. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb9-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>9<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 10</dt><dd id="fnb10"><p>US. 24 July 2017. CIA.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb10-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>10<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 11</dt><dd id="fnb11"><p>Honduras. 19 Jan. 2016. Despacho Presidencial.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb11-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>11<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 12</dt><dd id="fnb12"><p>InSight Crime. 9 Apr. 2016;
<em>The Economist</em> 31 Mar. 2017; Meeting with Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb12-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>12<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 13</dt><dd id="fnb13"><p>InSight Crime. 20 Nov. 2015, 22.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb13-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>13<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 14</dt><dd id="fnb14"><p>US. 3 Mar. 2017. DOS, 1.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb14-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>14<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 15</dt><dd id="fnb15"><p>InSight Crime. 9 Apr. 2016; Canada. 2016. Public Safety, 9, 15.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb15-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>15<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 16</dt><dd id="fnb16"><p>InSight Crime. 9 Apr. 2016; Canada. 2016. Public Safety, 14; Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb16-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>16<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 17</dt><dd id="fnb17"><p>InSight Crime. 9 Apr. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb17-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>17<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 18</dt><dd id="fnb18"><p>InSight Crime. 9 Apr. 2016; Canada. 2016. Public Safety, 15.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb18-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>18<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 19</dt><dd id="fnb19"><p>Canada. 2016. Public Safety, 15.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb19-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>19<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 20</dt><dd id="fnb20"><p>InSight Crime. 9 Apr. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb20-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>20<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 21</dt><dd id="fnb21"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb21-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>21<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 22</dt><dd id="fnb22"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb22-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>22<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 23</dt><dd id="fnb23"><p>Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb23-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>23<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 24</dt><dd id="fnb24"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb24-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>24<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 25</dt><dd id="fnb25"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb25-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>25<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 26</dt><dd id="fnb26"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb26-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>26<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 27</dt><dd id="fnb27"><p>Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb27-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>27<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 28</dt><dd id="fnb28"><p>Meeting with World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb28-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>28<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 29</dt><dd id="fnb29"><p>Meeting with World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb29-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>29<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 30</dt><dd id="fnb30"><p>US. 25 July 2017. Department of Commerce.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb30-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>30<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 31</dt><dd id="fnb31"><p>Honduras. 2017. Tasa de Seguridad Poblacional.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb31-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>31<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 32</dt><dd id="fnb32"><p>Honduras. 2017. Tasa de Seguridad Poblacional.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb32-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>32<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 33</dt><dd id="fnb33"><p>Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb33-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>33<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 34</dt><dd id="fnb34"><p>Meeting with SDHJGD. Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017..</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb34-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>34<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 35</dt><dd id="fnb35"><p>US. 3 Mar. 2017. DOS, 15.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb35-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>35<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 36</dt><dd id="fnb36"><p>Meeting with MAU. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb36-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>36<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 37</dt><dd id="fnb37"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb37-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>37<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 38</dt><dd id="fnb38"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb38-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>38<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 39</dt><dd id="fnb39"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb39-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>39<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 40</dt><dd id="fnb40"><p>Honduras. 23 Feb. 2017. Secretaría de Coordinación General de Gobierno.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb40-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>40<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 41</dt><dd id="fnb41"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb41-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>41<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 42</dt><dd id="fnb42"><p>UNAH. Mar. 2017. Observatorio Nacional de la Violencia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb42-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>42<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 43</dt><dd id="fnb43"><p>UNAH. Mar. 2017. Observatorio Nacional de la Violencia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb43-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>43<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 44</dt><dd id="fnb44"><p>UNAH. Mar. 2017. Observatorio Nacional de la Violencia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb44-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>44<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 45</dt><dd id="fnb45"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb45-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>45<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 46</dt><dd id="fnb46"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb46-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>46<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 47</dt><dd id="fnb47"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb47-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>47<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 48</dt><dd id="fnb48"><p>InSight Crime and Asociación para una Sociedad Más Justa. 23 Aug. 2017, 7.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb48-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>48<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 49</dt><dd id="fnb49"><p>
<em>El Heraldo</em>. 31 July 2014.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb49-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>49<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 50</dt><dd id="fnb50"><p>The Small Arms Survey. Nov. 2016, 1.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb50-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>50<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 51</dt><dd id="fnb51"><p>Honduras. 2000, Art. 17.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb51-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>51<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 52</dt><dd id="fnb52"><p>Meeting with CDH. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb52-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>52<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 53</dt><dd id="fnb53"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad y Prevención. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb53-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>53<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 54</dt><dd id="fnb54"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb54-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>54<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 55</dt><dd id="fnb55"><p>Meeting with the NRC. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb55-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>55<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 56</dt><dd id="fnb56"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb56-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>56<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 57</dt><dd id="fnb57"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb57-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>57<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 58</dt><dd id="fnb58"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017.Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb58-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>58<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 59</dt><dd id="fnb59"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb59-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>59<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 60</dt><dd id="fnb60"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb60-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>60<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 61</dt><dd id="fnb61"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb61-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>61<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 62</dt><dd id="fnb62"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb62-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>62<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 63</dt><dd id="fnb63"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb63-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>63<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 64</dt><dd id="fnb64"><p>Meeting with the CDH. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad y Prevención.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb64-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>64<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 65</dt><dd id="fnb65"><p>Meeting with the CDH. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad y Prevención; World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb65-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>65<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 66</dt><dd id="fnb66"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb66-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>66<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 67</dt><dd id="fnb67"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017.Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte; Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb67-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>67<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 68</dt><dd id="fnb68"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb68-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>68<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 69</dt><dd id="fnb69"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb69-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>69<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 70</dt><dd id="fnb70"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb70-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>70<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 71</dt><dd id="fnb71"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb71-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>71<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 72</dt><dd id="fnb72"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb72-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>72<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 73</dt><dd id="fnb73"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017;
<em>La Nación</em>. 23 Mar. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb73-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>73<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 74</dt><dd id="fnb74"><p>Meeting with the PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb74-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>74<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 75</dt><dd id="fnb75"><p>Meeting with ERIC-SJ. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb75-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>75<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 76</dt><dd id="fnb76"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia; Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb76-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>76<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 77</dt><dd id="fnb77"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia; Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb77-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>77<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 78</dt><dd id="fnb78"><p>Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb78-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>78<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 79</dt><dd id="fnb79"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb79-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>79<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 80</dt><dd id="fnb80"><p>World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb80-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>80<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 81</dt><dd id="fnb81"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb81-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>81<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 82</dt><dd id="fnb82"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb82-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>82<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 83</dt><dd id="fnb83"><p>The migratory route is a term to describe the land route that irregular migrants use to travel from Central America to the US via Mexico. It involves the crossing of land borders, often irregularly, by land.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb83-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>83<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 84</dt><dd id="fnb84"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb84-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>84<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 85</dt><dd id="fnb85"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb85-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>85<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 86</dt><dd id="fnb86"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb86-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>86<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 87</dt><dd id="fnb87"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb87-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>87<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 88</dt><dd id="fnb88"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb88-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>88<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 89</dt><dd id="fnb89"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb89-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>89<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 90</dt><dd id="fnb90"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb90-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>90<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 91</dt><dd id="fnb91"><p>Meeting with the San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte; Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb91-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>91<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 92</dt><dd id="fnb92"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb92-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>92<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 93</dt><dd id="fnb93"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb93-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>93<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 94</dt><dd id="fnb94"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb94-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>94<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 95</dt><dd id="fnb95"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb95-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>95<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 96</dt><dd id="fnb96"><p>Canada. 2016. Public Safety, 10.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb96-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>96<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 97</dt><dd id="fnb97"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb97-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>97<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 98</dt><dd id="fnb98"><p>InSight Crime. 20 Nov. 2015, 24.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb98-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>98<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 99</dt><dd id="fnb99"><p>InSight Crime. 20 Nov. 2015, 24.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb99-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>99<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 100</dt><dd id="fnb100"><p>InSight Crime. 20 Nov. 2015, 24.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb100-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>100<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 101</dt><dd id="fnb101"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb101-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>101<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 102</dt><dd id="fnb102"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb102-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>102<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 103</dt><dd id="fnb103"><p>Meeting with MAU. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Casa Alianza 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb103-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>103<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 104</dt><dd id="fnb104"><p>Gangs in Honduras are organized into cliques, which are “relatively autonomous groups that have their own name and hierarchy but are subject to the leadership’s overall, strategic decisions.” InSight Crime and Asociación para una Sociedad Más Justa. 21 Apr. 2016, 4.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb104-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>104<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 105</dt><dd id="fnb105"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb105-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>105<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 106</dt><dd id="fnb106"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb106-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>106<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 107</dt><dd id="fnb107"><p>Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb107-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>107<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 108</dt><dd id="fnb108"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb108-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>108<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 109</dt><dd id="fnb109"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb109-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>109<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 110</dt><dd id="fnb110"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb110-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>110<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 111</dt><dd id="fnb111"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb111-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>111<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 112</dt><dd id="fnb112"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb112-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>112<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 113</dt><dd id="fnb113"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH; Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb113-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>113<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 114</dt><dd id="fnb114"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb114-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>114<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 115</dt><dd id="fnb115"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN; Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb115-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>115<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 116</dt><dd id="fnb116"><p>In Honduras, transportistas are people who work as public transportation drivers. It is important to note that in Honduras, the term transportistas is not commonly used to refer to people who are engaged in narcotrafficking.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb116-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>116<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 117</dt><dd id="fnb117"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb117-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>117<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 118</dt><dd id="fnb118"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb118-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>118<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 119</dt><dd id="fnb119"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb119-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>119<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 120</dt><dd id="fnb120"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb120-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>120<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 121</dt><dd id="fnb121"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb121-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>121<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 122</dt><dd id="fnb122"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb122-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>122<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 123</dt><dd id="fnb123"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb123-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>123<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 124</dt><dd id="fnb124"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb124-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>124<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 125</dt><dd id="fnb125"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with ERIC-SJ. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH; Agencia EFE. 27 Aug. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb125-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>125<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 126</dt><dd id="fnb126"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Agencia EFE. 27 Aug. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb126-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>126<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 127</dt><dd id="fnb127"><p>US. 3 Mar. 2017. DOS, 10.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb127-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>127<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 128</dt><dd id="fnb128"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb128-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>128<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 129</dt><dd id="fnb129"><p>Agencia EFE. 27 Aug. 2016; OAS. 31 Dec. 2015. IACHR, 12.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb129-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>129<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 130</dt><dd id="fnb130"><p>OAS. N.d.a. MACCIH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb130-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>130<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 131</dt><dd id="fnb131"><p>OAS. N.d.a. MACCIH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb131-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>131<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 132</dt><dd id="fnb132"><p>BBC. 2 Feb. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb132-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>132<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 133</dt><dd id="fnb133"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb133-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>133<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 134</dt><dd id="fnb134"><p>Meeting with the San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb134-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>134<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 135</dt><dd id="fnb135"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb135-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>135<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 136</dt><dd id="fnb136"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb136-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>136<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 137</dt><dd id="fnb137"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb137-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>137<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 138</dt><dd id="fnb138"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017; BBC 2 Feb. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb138-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>138<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 139</dt><dd id="fnb139"><p>Meeting with CPTRT. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación Arco Iris. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017; Agencia EFE. 23 Feb. 2017;
<em>La Prensa</em>. 7 Mar. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb139-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>139<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 140</dt><dd id="fnb140"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH; Meeting with CPTRT. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb140-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>140<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 141</dt><dd id="fnb141"><p>InSight Crime. 24 Jan. 2017; Deutsche Welle. 18 Aug. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb141-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>141<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 142</dt><dd id="fnb142"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb142-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>142<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 143</dt><dd id="fnb143"><p>
<em>El Tiempo</em>. 23 Jan. 2017;
<em>El Heraldo</em>. 25 Jan. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb143-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>143<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 144</dt><dd id="fnb144"><p>Meeting with CPTRT. 5 Apr. 2017. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb144-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>144<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 145</dt><dd id="fnb145"><p>Proceso Digital. 30 July 2014;
<em>El Heraldo</em>. 10 Aug. 2014.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb145-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>145<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 146</dt><dd id="fnb146"><p>
<em>La Prensa</em>. 12 July 2015;
<em>El Heraldo</em>. 10 Aug. 2014.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb146-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>146<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 147</dt><dd id="fnb147"><p>
<em>El Heraldo</em>. 10 Aug. 2014.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb147-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>147<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 148</dt><dd id="fnb148"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb148-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>148<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 149</dt><dd id="fnb149"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb149-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>149<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 150</dt><dd id="fnb150"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb150-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>150<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 151</dt><dd id="fnb151"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb151-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>151<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 152</dt><dd id="fnb152"><p>Meeting with CPTRT. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb152-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>152<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 153</dt><dd id="fnb153"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb153-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>153<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 154</dt><dd id="fnb154"><p>Honduras. 2015, Art. 19.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb154-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>154<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 155</dt><dd id="fnb155"><p>Honduras. 20 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb155-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>155<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 156</dt><dd id="fnb156"><p>Honduras. 20 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb156-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>156<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 157</dt><dd id="fnb157"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb157-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>157<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 158</dt><dd id="fnb158"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb158-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>158<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 159</dt><dd id="fnb159"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb159-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>159<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 160</dt><dd id="fnb160"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb160-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>160<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 161</dt><dd id="fnb161"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb161-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>161<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 162</dt><dd id="fnb162"><p>Meeting with MAU. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb162-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>162<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 163</dt><dd id="fnb163"><p>Meeting with MAU. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb163-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>163<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 164</dt><dd id="fnb164"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb164-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>164<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 165</dt><dd id="fnb165"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb165-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>165<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 166</dt><dd id="fnb166"><p>OAS. 2013. IACHR, Art. 25. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb166-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>166<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 167</dt><dd id="fnb167"><p>OAS. N.d.b. IACHR.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb167-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>167<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 168</dt><dd id="fnb168"><p>OAS. N.d.b. IACHR.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb168-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>168<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 169</dt><dd id="fnb169"><p>OAS. 4 Mar. 2016. IACHR.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb169-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>169<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 170</dt><dd id="fnb170"><p>OAS. 4 Mar. 2016. IACHR.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb170-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>170<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 171</dt><dd id="fnb171"><p>
<em>The Guardian</em>. 28 Feb. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb171-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>171<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 172</dt><dd id="fnb172"><p>Meeting with PLAN. 6 Apr. 2017</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb172-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>172<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 173</dt><dd id="fnb173"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo y Servicios.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb173-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>173<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 174</dt><dd id="fnb174"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo y Servicios.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb174-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>174<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 175</dt><dd id="fnb175"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo y Servicios.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb175-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>175<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 176</dt><dd id="fnb176"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo y Servicios.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb176-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>176<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 177</dt><dd id="fnb177"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo y Servicios.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb177-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>177<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 178</dt><dd id="fnb178"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo y Servicios.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb178-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>178<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 179</dt><dd id="fnb179"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo y Servicios.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb179-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>179<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 180</dt><dd id="fnb180"><p>Ortiz Gómez, Yamileth and Fanny Gallo. July 2014, 10.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb180-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>180<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 181</dt><dd id="fnb181"><p>Ortiz Gómez, Yamileth and Fanny Gallo. July 2014, 10.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb181-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>181<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 182</dt><dd id="fnb182"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo y Servicios; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb182-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>182<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 183</dt><dd id="fnb183"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb183-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>183<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 184</dt><dd id="fnb184"><p>Proceso Digital. 19 Oct. 2016; Luis Mazariegos et al. Jan. 2014, 5.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb184-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>184<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 185</dt><dd id="fnb185"><p>Proceso Digital. 19 Oct. 2016; Luis Mazariegos et al. Jan. 2014, 5.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb185-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>185<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 186</dt><dd id="fnb186"><p>Luis Mazariegos et al. Jan. 2014, 5.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb186-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>186<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 187</dt><dd id="fnb187"><p>Proceso Digital. 19 Oct. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb187-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>187<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 188</dt><dd id="fnb188"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb188-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>188<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 189</dt><dd id="fnb189"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb189-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>189<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 190</dt><dd id="fnb190"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb190-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>190<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 191</dt><dd id="fnb191"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb191-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>191<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 192</dt><dd id="fnb192"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb192-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>192<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 193</dt><dd id="fnb193"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb193-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>193<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 194</dt><dd id="fnb194"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb194-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>194<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 195</dt><dd id="fnb195"><p>Meeting World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb195-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>195<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 196</dt><dd id="fnb196"><p>Meeting World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb196-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>196<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 197</dt><dd id="fnb197"><p>Meeting World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb197-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>197<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 198</dt><dd id="fnb198"><p>Meeting with World Vision. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb198-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>198<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 199</dt><dd id="fnb199"><p>Meeting World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb199-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>199<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 200</dt><dd id="fnb200"><p>Meeting World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb200-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>200<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 201</dt><dd id="fnb201"><p>Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb201-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>201<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 202</dt><dd id="fnb202"><p>Meeting with MAU. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with CPTRT. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb202-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>202<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 203</dt><dd id="fnb203"><p>Meeting with CPTRT. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb203-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>203<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 204</dt><dd id="fnb204"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb204-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>204<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 205</dt><dd id="fnb205"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with the PMH. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with CPTRT. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb205-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>205<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 206</dt><dd id="fnb206"><p>Meeting with the PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb206-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>206<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 207</dt><dd id="fnb207"><p>Meeting with MAU. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with the PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb207-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>207<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 208</dt><dd id="fnb208"><p>Meeting with MAU. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb208-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>208<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 209</dt><dd id="fnb209"><p>Meeting with the PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb209-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>209<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 210</dt><dd id="fnb210"><p>Meeting with the PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb210-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>210<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 211</dt><dd id="fnb211"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb211-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>211<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 212</dt><dd id="fnb212"><p>Meeting with CPTRT. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb212-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>212<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 213</dt><dd id="fnb213"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb213-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>213<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 214</dt><dd id="fnb214"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with the PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb214-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>214<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 215</dt><dd id="fnb215"><p>Meeting with ERIC-SJ. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with CDH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb215-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>215<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 216</dt><dd id="fnb216"><p>Meeting with the PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb216-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>216<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 217</dt><dd id="fnb217"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales; Meeting with the NRC; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb217-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>217<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 218</dt><dd id="fnb218"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with the PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb218-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>218<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 219</dt><dd id="fnb219"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with CDH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb219-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>219<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 220</dt><dd id="fnb220"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb220-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>220<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 221</dt><dd id="fnb221"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb221-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>221<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 222</dt><dd id="fnb222"><p>Meeting with MAU. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb222-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>222<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 223</dt><dd id="fnb223"><p>Meeting with MAU. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb223-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>223<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 224</dt><dd id="fnb224"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb224-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>224<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 225</dt><dd id="fnb225"><p>Honduras. 26 Nov. 2013. Poder Ejecutivo.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb225-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>225<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 226</dt><dd id="fnb226"><p>Honduras. 5 Sept. 2014. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb226-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>226<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 227</dt><dd id="fnb227"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb227-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>227<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 228</dt><dd id="fnb228"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb228-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>228<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 229</dt><dd id="fnb229"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb229-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>229<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 230</dt><dd id="fnb230"><p>Honduras. Nov. 2015. Comisión Interinstitucional para la Protección de las Personas Desplazadas por la Violencia, 10.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb230-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>230<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 231</dt><dd id="fnb231"><p>Honduras. Nov. 2015. Comisión Interinstitucional para la Protección de las Personas Desplazadas por la Violencia, 12.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb231-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>231<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 232</dt><dd id="fnb232"><p>IDMC. N.d. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb232-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>232<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 233</dt><dd id="fnb233"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb233-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>233<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 234</dt><dd id="fnb234"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb234-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>234<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 235</dt><dd id="fnb235"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb235-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>235<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 236</dt><dd id="fnb236"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb236-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>236<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 237</dt><dd id="fnb237"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb237-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>237<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 238</dt><dd id="fnb238"><p>Meeting with ERIC-SJ. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb238-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>238<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 239</dt><dd id="fnb239"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb239-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>239<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 240</dt><dd id="fnb240"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb240-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>240<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 241</dt><dd id="fnb241"><p>Meeting with Claudia Flores. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb241-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>241<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 242</dt><dd id="fnb242"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb242-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>242<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 243</dt><dd id="fnb243"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb243-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>243<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 244</dt><dd id="fnb244"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with CPTRT. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb244-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>244<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 245</dt><dd id="fnb245"><p>Meeting with CPTRT. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb245-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>245<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 246</dt><dd id="fnb246"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb246-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>246<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 247</dt><dd id="fnb247"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb247-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>247<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 248</dt><dd id="fnb248"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb248-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>248<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 249</dt><dd id="fnb249"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb249-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>249<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 250</dt><dd id="fnb250"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb250-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>250<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 251</dt><dd id="fnb251"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb251-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>251<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 252</dt><dd id="fnb252"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb252-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>252<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 253</dt><dd id="fnb253"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb253-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>253<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 254</dt><dd id="fnb254"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb254-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>254<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 255</dt><dd id="fnb255"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb255-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>255<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 256</dt><dd id="fnb256"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb256-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>256<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 257</dt><dd id="fnb257"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb257-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>257<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 258</dt><dd id="fnb258"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 6 Apr. 2017. PLAN.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb258-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>258<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 259</dt><dd id="fnb259"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb259-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>259<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 260</dt><dd id="fnb260"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb260-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>260<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 261</dt><dd id="fnb261"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb261-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>261<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 262</dt><dd id="fnb262"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb262-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>262<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 263</dt><dd id="fnb263"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb263-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>263<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 264</dt><dd id="fnb264"><p>Covenant House. N.d. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb264-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>264<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 265</dt><dd id="fnb265"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb265-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>265<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 266</dt><dd id="fnb266"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb266-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>266<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 267</dt><dd id="fnb267"><p>Covenant House. N.d. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb267-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>267<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 268</dt><dd id="fnb268"><p>Covenant House. N.d. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb268-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>268<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 269</dt><dd id="fnb269"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb269-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>269<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 270</dt><dd id="fnb270"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb270-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>270<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 271</dt><dd id="fnb271"><p>Correspondence with UNHCR. 15 Dec. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb271-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>271<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 272</dt><dd id="fnb272"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb272-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>272<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 273</dt><dd id="fnb273"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb273-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>273<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 274</dt><dd id="fnb274"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb274-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>274<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 275</dt><dd id="fnb275"><p>Meeting with World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb275-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>275<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 276</dt><dd id="fnb276"><p>Meeting with World Vision. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb276-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>276<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 277</dt><dd id="fnb277"><p>Honduras. N.d.a. CENISS.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb277-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>277<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 278</dt><dd id="fnb278"><p>Honduras. 31 July 2016. CENISS, 10.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb278-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>278<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 279</dt><dd id="fnb279"><p>Honduras. 31 July 2016. CENISS, 23.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb279-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>279<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 280</dt><dd id="fnb280"><p>Honduras. 31 July 2016. CENISS, 18.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb280-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>280<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 281</dt><dd id="fnb281"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb281-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>281<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 282</dt><dd id="fnb282"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb282-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>282<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 283</dt><dd id="fnb283"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb283-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>283<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 284</dt><dd id="fnb284"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb284-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>284<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 285</dt><dd id="fnb285"><p>IFRC. 1 Dec. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb285-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>285<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 286</dt><dd id="fnb286"><p>
<em>La Prensa</em> 10 Mar. 2017;
<em>La Tribuna</em> 10 Mar. 2017; Honduras. 30 Mar. 2017. Despacho Presidencial.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb286-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>286<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 287</dt><dd id="fnb287"><p>Honduras. 30 Mar. 2017. Despacho Presidencial. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb287-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>287<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 288</dt><dd id="fnb288"><p>
<em>La Tribuna</em>. 18 Aug. 2017; Proceso Digital 17 Aug. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb288-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>288<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 289</dt><dd id="fnb289"><p>Honduras. 30 Mar. 2017. Despacho Presidencial;
<em>La Tribuna</em> 10 Mar. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb289-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>289<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 290</dt><dd id="fnb290"><p>
<em>La Tribuna</em> 10 Mar. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb290-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>290<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 291</dt><dd id="fnb291"><p>Honduras. N.d.b. DINAF.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb291-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>291<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 292</dt><dd id="fnb292"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb292-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>292<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 293</dt><dd id="fnb293"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb293-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>293<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 294</dt><dd id="fnb294"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb294-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>294<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 295</dt><dd id="fnb295"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH; Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb295-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>295<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 296</dt><dd id="fnb296"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb296-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>296<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 297</dt><dd id="fnb297"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb297-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>297<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 298</dt><dd id="fnb298"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb298-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>298<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 299</dt><dd id="fnb299"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb299-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>299<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 300</dt><dd id="fnb300"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb300-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>300<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 301</dt><dd id="fnb301"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb301-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>301<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 302</dt><dd id="fnb302"><p>UN. 2012. WHO, 1.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb302-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>302<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 303</dt><dd id="fnb303"><p>CDM. N.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb303-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>303<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 304</dt><dd id="fnb304"><p>Honduras. Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 134.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb304-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>304<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 305</dt><dd id="fnb305"><p>Honduras. Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 134.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb305-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>305<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 306</dt><dd id="fnb306"><p>CDM. N.d.b.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb306-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>306<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 307</dt><dd id="fnb307"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb307-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>307<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 308</dt><dd id="fnb308"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia; US. N.d. Embassy in Tegucigalpa.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb308-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>308<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 309</dt><dd id="fnb309"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb309-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>309<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 310</dt><dd id="fnb310"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb310-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>310<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 311</dt><dd id="fnb311"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb311-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>311<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 312</dt><dd id="fnb312"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia; Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb312-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>312<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 313</dt><dd id="fnb313"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb313-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>313<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 314</dt><dd id="fnb314"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb314-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>314<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 315</dt><dd id="fnb315"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte; Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb315-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>315<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 316</dt><dd id="fnb316"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb316-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>316<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 317</dt><dd id="fnb317"><p>Honduras. 2006.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb317-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>317<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 318</dt><dd id="fnb318"><p>San Pedro Sula. 15 June 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb318-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>318<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 319</dt><dd id="fnb319"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb319-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>319<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 320</dt><dd id="fnb320"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb320-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>320<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 321</dt><dd id="fnb321"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; TelesurTV. 5 May 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb321-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>321<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 322</dt><dd id="fnb322"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb322-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>322<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 323</dt><dd id="fnb323"><p>BBC. 6 July 2017; AFP. 4 July 2017. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb323-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>323<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 324</dt><dd id="fnb324"><p>UN. N.d.a. ECLAC.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb324-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>324<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 325</dt><dd id="fnb325"><p>UNAH. 17 Aug. 2017, 3.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb325-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>325<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 326</dt><dd id="fnb326"><p>UNAH. 17 Aug. 2017, 1.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb326-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>326<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 327</dt><dd id="fnb327"><p>UNAH. 17 Aug. 2017, 3.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb327-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>327<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 328</dt><dd id="fnb328"><p>UNAH. 17 Aug. 2017, 4.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb328-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>328<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 329</dt><dd id="fnb329"><p>CDM. N.d.a.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb329-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>329<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 330</dt><dd id="fnb330"><p>CDM. N.d.b.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb330-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>330<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 331</dt><dd id="fnb331"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb331-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>331<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 332</dt><dd id="fnb332"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb332-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>332<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 333</dt><dd id="fnb333"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb333-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>333<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 334</dt><dd id="fnb334"><p>Honduras. 1985 (reformed 2013).</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb334-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>334<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 335</dt><dd id="fnb335"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb335-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>335<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 336</dt><dd id="fnb336"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb336-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>336<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 337</dt><dd id="fnb337"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Casa Alianza 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb337-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>337<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 338</dt><dd id="fnb338"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb338-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>338<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 339</dt><dd id="fnb339"><p>Meeting with PLAN. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb339-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>339<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 340</dt><dd id="fnb340"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb340-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>340<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 341</dt><dd id="fnb341"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb341-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>341<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 342</dt><dd id="fnb342"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017; Human Rights Watch. 24 Apr. 2017;
<em>La Prensa</em> 4 May 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb342-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>342<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 343</dt><dd id="fnb343"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb343-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>343<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 344</dt><dd id="fnb344"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb344-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>344<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 345</dt><dd id="fnb345"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb345-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>345<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 346</dt><dd id="fnb346"><p>Honduras. Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 134.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb346-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>346<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 347</dt><dd id="fnb347"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017; CDM. N.d.c., 8.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb347-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>347<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 348</dt><dd id="fnb348"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb348-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>348<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 349</dt><dd id="fnb349"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb349-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>349<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 350</dt><dd id="fnb350"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb350-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>350<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 351</dt><dd id="fnb351"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb351-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>351<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 352</dt><dd id="fnb352"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb352-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>352<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 353</dt><dd id="fnb353"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb353-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>353<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 354</dt><dd id="fnb354"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Casa Alianza 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb354-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>354<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 355</dt><dd id="fnb355"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb355-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>355<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 356</dt><dd id="fnb356"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb356-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>356<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 357</dt><dd id="fnb357"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb357-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>357<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 358</dt><dd id="fnb358"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb358-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>358<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 359</dt><dd id="fnb359"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb359-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>359<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 360</dt><dd id="fnb360"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb360-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>360<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 361</dt><dd id="fnb361"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb361-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>361<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 362</dt><dd id="fnb362"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb362-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>362<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 363</dt><dd id="fnb363"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb363-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>363<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 364</dt><dd id="fnb364"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb364-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>364<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 365</dt><dd id="fnb365"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb365-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>365<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 366</dt><dd id="fnb366"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb366-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>366<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 367</dt><dd id="fnb367"><p>Meeting with MAU. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb367-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>367<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 368</dt><dd id="fnb368"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb368-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>368<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 369</dt><dd id="fnb369"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb369-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>369<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 370</dt><dd id="fnb370"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017; TeleSUR. 21 Sept. 2016; ISHR. 2 Apr. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb370-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>370<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 371</dt><dd id="fnb371"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017; TeleSUR. 21 Sept. 2016; ISHR. 2 Apr. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb371-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>371<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 372</dt><dd id="fnb372"><p>Frontline Defenders. N.d.a; TeleSUR. 21 Sept. 2016; ISHR 2 Apr. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb372-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>372<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 373</dt><dd id="fnb373"><p>TeleSUR. 21 Sept. 2016; ISHR 2 Apr. 2015.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb373-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>373<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 374</dt><dd id="fnb374"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017; El Pulso. 9 Mar. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb374-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>374<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 375</dt><dd id="fnb375"><p>Frontline Defenders. N.d.b; El Pulso. 9 Mar. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb375-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>375<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 376</dt><dd id="fnb376"><p>Frontline Defenders. N.d.b; El Pulso. 9 Mar. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb376-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>376<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 377</dt><dd id="fnb377"><p>Frontline Defenders. N.d.b.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb377-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>377<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 378</dt><dd id="fnb378"><p>Correspondence with ACV. 1 Sept. 2017; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia; Honduras. Nov. 2013. Poder Judicial, 21.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb378-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>378<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 379</dt><dd id="fnb379"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb379-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>379<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 380</dt><dd id="fnb380"><p>Honduras 2006.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb380-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>380<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 381</dt><dd id="fnb381"><p>US. N.d. Embassy in Tegucigalpa. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb381-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>381<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 382</dt><dd id="fnb382"><p>US. N.d. Embassy in Tegucigalpa. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb382-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>382<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 383</dt><dd id="fnb383"><p>Honduras. Nov. 2013. Poder Judicial, 34.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb383-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>383<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 384</dt><dd id="fnb384"><p>Honduras. Nov. 2013. Poder Judicial, 40.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb384-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>384<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 385</dt><dd id="fnb385"><p>Honduras. Nov. 2013. Poder Judicial, 45.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb385-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>385<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 386</dt><dd id="fnb386"><p>Honduras. Nov. 2013. Poder Judicial, 46.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb386-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>386<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 387</dt><dd id="fnb387"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb387-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>387<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 388</dt><dd id="fnb388"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb388-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>388<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 389</dt><dd id="fnb389"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb389-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>389<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 390</dt><dd id="fnb390"><p>Correspondence with ACV. 1 Sept. 2017; Honduras Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 187.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb390-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>390<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 391</dt><dd id="fnb391"><p>Correspondence with ACV. 1 Sept. 2017; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia; Honduras. Nov. 2013. Poder Judicial, 21.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb391-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>391<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 392</dt><dd id="fnb392"><p>Honduras. Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 6.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb392-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>392<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 393</dt><dd id="fnb393"><p>Meeting with CONADEH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb393-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>393<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 394</dt><dd id="fnb394"><p>Honduras. Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 186.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb394-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>394<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 395</dt><dd id="fnb395"><p>Honduras. Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 186.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb395-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>395<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 396</dt><dd id="fnb396"><p>Honduras. Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 186.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb396-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>396<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 397</dt><dd id="fnb397"><p>Honduras. Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 187.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb397-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>397<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 398</dt><dd id="fnb398"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia; Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb398-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>398<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 399</dt><dd id="fnb399"><p>Meeting with CONADEH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb399-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>399<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 400</dt><dd id="fnb400"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb400-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>400<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 401</dt><dd id="fnb401"><p>Honduras. Nov. 2013. Poder Judicial, 54.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb401-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>401<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 402</dt><dd id="fnb402"><p>San Pedro Sula. 15 June 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb402-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>402<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 403</dt><dd id="fnb403"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb403-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>403<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 404</dt><dd id="fnb404"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with CONADEH. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb404-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>404<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 405</dt><dd id="fnb405"><p>Meeting with ERIC-SJ. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with CONADEH. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Dr. Ayestas 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb405-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>405<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 406</dt><dd id="fnb406"><p>Meeting with CONADEH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb406-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>406<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 407</dt><dd id="fnb407"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb407-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>407<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 408</dt><dd id="fnb408"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb408-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>408<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 409</dt><dd id="fnb409"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb409-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>409<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 410</dt><dd id="fnb410"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb410-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>410<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 411</dt><dd id="fnb411"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb411-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>411<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 412</dt><dd id="fnb412"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb412-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>412<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 413</dt><dd id="fnb413"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb413-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>413<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 414</dt><dd id="fnb414"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb414-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>414<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 415</dt><dd id="fnb415"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb415-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>415<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 416</dt><dd id="fnb416"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb416-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>416<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 417</dt><dd id="fnb417"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb417-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>417<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 418</dt><dd id="fnb418"><p>Meeting with CONADEH. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb418-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>418<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 419</dt><dd id="fnb419"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb419-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>419<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 420</dt><dd id="fnb420"><p>Correspondence from ACV. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb420-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>420<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 421</dt><dd id="fnb421"><p>US. N.d. Embassy in Tegucigalpa.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb421-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>421<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 422</dt><dd id="fnb422"><p>US. N.d. Embassy in Tegucigalpa. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb422-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>422<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 423</dt><dd id="fnb423"><p>Honduras Nov. 2013. Poder Judicial, 35.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb423-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>423<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 424</dt><dd id="fnb424"><p>Correspondence from ACV. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb424-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>424<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 425</dt><dd id="fnb425"><p>Correspondence from ACV. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb425-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>425<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 426</dt><dd id="fnb426"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb426-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>426<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 427</dt><dd id="fnb427"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb427-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>427<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 428</dt><dd id="fnb428"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb428-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>428<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 429</dt><dd id="fnb429"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb429-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>429<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 430</dt><dd id="fnb430"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; ERIC-SJ. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb430-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>430<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 431</dt><dd id="fnb431"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso 4 Apr. 2017; ERIC-SJ. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb431-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>431<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 432</dt><dd id="fnb432"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb432-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>432<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 433</dt><dd id="fnb433"><p>Honduras. Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 41.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb433-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>433<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 434</dt><dd id="fnb434"><p>Correspondence with ACV. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb434-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>434<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 435</dt><dd id="fnb435"><p>Correspondence with ACV. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb435-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>435<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 436</dt><dd id="fnb436"><p>BBC. 6 July 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb436-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>436<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 437</dt><dd id="fnb437"><p>Honduras. N.d.f. Policía Nacional, 8. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb437-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>437<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 438</dt><dd id="fnb438"><p>Honduras. 19 July 2016. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb438-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>438<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 439</dt><dd id="fnb439"><p>
<em>La Prensa</em>. 7 Aug. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb439-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>439<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 440</dt><dd id="fnb440"><p>
<em>La Prensa</em>. 7 Aug. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb440-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>440<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 441</dt><dd id="fnb441"><p>
<em>La Prensa</em>. 7 Aug. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb441-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>441<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 442</dt><dd id="fnb442"><p>Honduras. Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 135.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb442-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>442<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 443</dt><dd id="fnb443"><p>Honduras. Mar. 2017. CONADEH, 135.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb443-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>443<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 444</dt><dd id="fnb444"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb444-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>444<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 445</dt><dd id="fnb445"><p>San Pedro Sula. 15 June 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb445-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>445<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 446</dt><dd id="fnb446"><p>San Pedro Sula. 15 June 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb446-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>446<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 447</dt><dd id="fnb447"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb447-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>447<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 448</dt><dd id="fnb448"><p>Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb448-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>448<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 449</dt><dd id="fnb449"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb449-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>449<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 450</dt><dd id="fnb450"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb450-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>450<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 451</dt><dd id="fnb451"><p>Meeting with Honduras. 5 Apr. 2017. SDHJGD; Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb451-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>451<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 452</dt><dd id="fnb452"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb452-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>452<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 453</dt><dd id="fnb453"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb453-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>453<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 454</dt><dd id="fnb454"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb454-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>454<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 455</dt><dd id="fnb455"><p>Meeting with NRC. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb455-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>455<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 456</dt><dd id="fnb456"><p>Honduras. N.d.c. Poder Judicial.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb456-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>456<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 457</dt><dd id="fnb457"><p>Honduras. N.d.c. Poder Judicial.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb457-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>457<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 458</dt><dd id="fnb458"><p>Honduras. 19 July 2016. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb458-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>458<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 459</dt><dd id="fnb459"><p>Honduras. 28 Oct. 2014. Poder Judicial.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb459-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>459<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 460</dt><dd id="fnb460"><p>Honduras. 19 July 2016. CONADEH.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb460-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>460<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 461</dt><dd id="fnb461"><p>Honduras. 28 Mar. 2017. INAM;
<em>El Heraldo</em> 28 Mar. 2017;
<em>La Tribuna</em> 28 Mar. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb461-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>461<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 462</dt><dd id="fnb462"><p>Honduras. N.d.d. Ciudad Mujer.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb462-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>462<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 463</dt><dd id="fnb463"><p>UN. 2016. UN Women. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb463-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>463<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 464</dt><dd id="fnb464"><p>CDM. Dec. 2014, 38.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb464-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>464<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 465</dt><dd id="fnb465"><p>Correspondence with ACV. 1 Sept. 2017; US. n.d. Embassy in Tegucigalpa.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb465-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>465<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 466</dt><dd id="fnb466"><p>Correspondence with ACV. 1 Sept. 2017; Honduras. 10 Oct. 2016. INAM.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb466-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>466<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 467</dt><dd id="fnb467"><p>Honduras. N.d.e. INAM.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb467-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>467<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 468</dt><dd id="fnb468"><p>Honduras. 10 Oct. 2016. INAM.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb468-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>468<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 469</dt><dd id="fnb469"><p>
<em>El Heraldo</em>. 4 Nov. 2016;
<em>Tiempo</em>. 4 Nov. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb469-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>469<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 470</dt><dd id="fnb470"><p>San Pedro Sula. 15 June 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb470-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>470<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 471</dt><dd id="fnb471"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb471-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>471<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 472</dt><dd id="fnb472"><p>Honduras. 2006. Article 6; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb472-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>472<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 473</dt><dd id="fnb473"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb473-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>473<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 474</dt><dd id="fnb474"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb474-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>474<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 475</dt><dd id="fnb475"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb475-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>475<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 476</dt><dd id="fnb476"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb476-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>476<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 477</dt><dd id="fnb477"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb477-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>477<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 478</dt><dd id="fnb478"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb478-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>478<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 479</dt><dd id="fnb479"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb479-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>479<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 480</dt><dd id="fnb480"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb480-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>480<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 481</dt><dd id="fnb481"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb481-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>481<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 482</dt><dd id="fnb482"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb482-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>482<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 483</dt><dd id="fnb483"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb483-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>483<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 484</dt><dd id="fnb484"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb484-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>484<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 485</dt><dd id="fnb485"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb485-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>485<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 486</dt><dd id="fnb486"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb486-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>486<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 487</dt><dd id="fnb487"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb487-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>487<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 488</dt><dd id="fnb488"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb488-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>488<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 489</dt><dd id="fnb489"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales. </p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb489-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>489<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 490</dt><dd id="fnb490"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb490-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>490<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 491</dt><dd id="fnb491"><p>Correspondence with ACV. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb491-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>491<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 492</dt><dd id="fnb492"><p>Correspondence with ACV. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb492-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>492<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 493</dt><dd id="fnb493"><p>Correspondence with ACV. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb493-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>493<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 494</dt><dd id="fnb494"><p>Correspondence with ACV. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb494-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>494<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 495</dt><dd id="fnb495"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb495-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>495<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 496</dt><dd id="fnb496"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb496-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>496<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 497</dt><dd id="fnb497"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb497-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>497<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 498</dt><dd id="fnb498"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb498-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>498<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 499</dt><dd id="fnb499"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb499-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>499<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 500</dt><dd id="fnb500"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb500-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>500<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 501</dt><dd id="fnb501"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb501-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>501<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 502</dt><dd id="fnb502"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb502-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>502<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 503</dt><dd id="fnb503"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb503-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>503<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 504</dt><dd id="fnb504"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb504-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>504<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 505</dt><dd id="fnb505"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb505-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>505<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 506</dt><dd id="fnb506"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb506-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>506<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 507</dt><dd id="fnb507"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb507-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>507<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 508</dt><dd id="fnb508"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb508-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>508<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 509</dt><dd id="fnb509"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb509-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>509<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 510</dt><dd id="fnb510"><p>Trocaire n.d.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb510-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>510<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 511</dt><dd id="fnb511"><p>Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb511-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>511<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 512</dt><dd id="fnb512"><p>Meeting with PMH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb512-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>512<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 513</dt><dd id="fnb513"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017; Meeting with ACV. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb513-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>513<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 514</dt><dd id="fnb514"><p>Meeting with GSC. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb514-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>514<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 515</dt><dd id="fnb515"><p>Correspondence from ACV. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb515-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>515<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 516</dt><dd id="fnb516"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb516-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>516<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 517</dt><dd id="fnb517"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb517-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>517<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 518</dt><dd id="fnb518"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb518-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>518<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 519</dt><dd id="fnb519"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb519-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>519<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 520</dt><dd id="fnb520"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb520-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>520<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 521</dt><dd id="fnb521"><p>Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb521-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>521<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 522</dt><dd id="fnb522"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb522-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>522<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 523</dt><dd id="fnb523"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb523-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>523<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 524</dt><dd id="fnb524"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb524-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>524<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 525</dt><dd id="fnb525"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb525-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>525<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 526</dt><dd id="fnb526"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb526-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>526<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 527</dt><dd id="fnb527"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb527-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>527<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 528</dt><dd id="fnb528"><p>Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb528-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>528<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 529</dt><dd id="fnb529"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb529-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>529<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 530</dt><dd id="fnb530"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb530-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>530<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 531</dt><dd id="fnb531"><p>Meeting with Kukulcán Association. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb531-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>531<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 532</dt><dd id="fnb532"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb532-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>532<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 533</dt><dd id="fnb533"><p>Meeting with Kukulcán Association 6 Apr. 2017</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb533-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>533<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 534</dt><dd id="fnb534"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb534-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>534<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 535</dt><dd id="fnb535"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb535-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>535<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 536</dt><dd id="fnb536"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb536-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>536<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 537</dt><dd id="fnb537"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb537-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>537<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 538</dt><dd id="fnb538"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb538-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>538<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 539</dt><dd id="fnb539"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb539-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>539<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 540</dt><dd id="fnb540"><p>Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb540-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>540<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 541</dt><dd id="fnb541"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb541-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>541<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 542</dt><dd id="fnb542"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb542-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>542<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 543</dt><dd id="fnb543"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb543-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>543<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 544</dt><dd id="fnb544"><p>Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb544-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>544<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 545</dt><dd id="fnb545"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb545-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>545<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 546</dt><dd id="fnb546"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb546-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>546<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 547</dt><dd id="fnb547"><p>Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb547-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>547<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 548</dt><dd id="fnb548"><p>Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb548-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>548<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 549</dt><dd id="fnb549"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017;
<em>Tiempo</em>. 4 Apr. 2017; AWID. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb549-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>549<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 550</dt><dd id="fnb550"><p>Frontline Defenders. N.d.c; ILGA. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb550-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>550<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 551</dt><dd id="fnb551"><p>Frontline Defenders. N.d.c.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb551-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>551<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 552</dt><dd id="fnb552"><p>Washington Blade. 10 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb552-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>552<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 553</dt><dd id="fnb553"><p>OAS. May 16 2017. IACHR; Frontline Defenders. N.d.c.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb553-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>553<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 554</dt><dd id="fnb554"><p>OAS. May 16 2017. IACHR; Washington Blade. 10 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb554-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>554<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 555</dt><dd id="fnb555"><p>ILGA. May 2017, 161.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb555-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>555<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 556</dt><dd id="fnb556"><p>OAS. 7 Mar. 2016; CATTRACHAS. Apr. 2017, 18.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb556-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>556<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 557</dt><dd id="fnb557"><p>ILGA. May 2017, 161.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb557-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>557<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 558</dt><dd id="fnb558"><p>In correspondence with the Research Directorate, CATTRACHAS indicated on 7 September 2017 that the data on the deaths of sexual minorities is collected by the CATTRACHAS' Observatory of Violent Deaths of LGTTBI Persons (<span lang="es">Observatorio de Muertes Violentas de Personas LGTTBI</span>) through the daily monitoring of media, social networks and registered complaints. CATTRACHAS also indicated that the 2017 statistics are from January to April 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb558-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>558<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 559</dt><dd id="fnb559"><p>CATTRACHAS. 2017, 1.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb559-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>559<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 560</dt><dd id="fnb560"><p>CATTRACHAS. 2017, 23.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb560-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>560<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 561</dt><dd id="fnb561"><p>CATTRACHAS. 2017, 22-23.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb561-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>561<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 562</dt><dd id="fnb562"><p>CATTRACHAS. 2017, 2.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb562-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>562<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 563</dt><dd id="fnb563"><p>CATTRACHAS. 2017, 20.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb563-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>563<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 564</dt><dd id="fnb564"><p>CATTRACHAS. 2017, 21.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb564-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>564<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 565</dt><dd id="fnb565"><p>Correspondence with CATTRACHAS 7 Sept. 2017 and 22 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb565-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>565<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 566</dt><dd id="fnb566"><p>ILGA. May 2017, 29.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb566-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>566<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 567</dt><dd id="fnb567"><p>Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb567-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>567<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 568</dt><dd id="fnb568"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte; Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017; Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb568-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>568<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 569</dt><dd id="fnb569"><p>ILGA. May 2017, 49; Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb569-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>569<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 570</dt><dd id="fnb570"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb570-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>570<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 571</dt><dd id="fnb571"><p>ILGA. May 2017, 61.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb571-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>571<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 572</dt><dd id="fnb572"><p>ILGA. May 2017, 64.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb572-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>572<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 573</dt><dd id="fnb573"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb573-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>573<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 574</dt><dd id="fnb574"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb574-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>574<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 575</dt><dd id="fnb575"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb575-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>575<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 576</dt><dd id="fnb576"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb576-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>576<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 577</dt><dd id="fnb577"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb577-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>577<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 578</dt><dd id="fnb578"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb578-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>578<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 579</dt><dd id="fnb579"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb579-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>579<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 580</dt><dd id="fnb580"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb580-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>580<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 581</dt><dd id="fnb581"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb581-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>581<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 582</dt><dd id="fnb582"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb582-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>582<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 583</dt><dd id="fnb583"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb583-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>583<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 584</dt><dd id="fnb584"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb584-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>584<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 585</dt><dd id="fnb585"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb585-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>585<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 586</dt><dd id="fnb586"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb586-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>586<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 587</dt><dd id="fnb587"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb587-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>587<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 588</dt><dd id="fnb588"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017;
<em>La Prensa</em>. 16 Aug. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb588-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>588<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 589</dt><dd id="fnb589"><p>
<em>La Prensa</em>. 16 Aug. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb589-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>589<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 590</dt><dd id="fnb590"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb590-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>590<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 591</dt><dd id="fnb591"><p>
<em>La Tribuna</em>. 18 Aug. 2016.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb591-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>591<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 592</dt><dd id="fnb592"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017; Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb592-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>592<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 593</dt><dd id="fnb593"><p>Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb593-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>593<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 594</dt><dd id="fnb594"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017; Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb594-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>594<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 595</dt><dd id="fnb595"><p>Honduras Mar. 2017, 43.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb595-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>595<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 596</dt><dd id="fnb596"><p>Correspondence APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017; Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb596-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>596<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 597</dt><dd id="fnb597"><p>Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb597-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>597<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 598</dt><dd id="fnb598"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017; Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017; Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Dirección de Niñez, Mujer y Familia.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb598-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>598<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 599</dt><dd id="fnb599"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb599-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>599<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 600</dt><dd id="fnb600"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb600-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>600<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 601</dt><dd id="fnb601"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017; Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb601-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>601<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 602</dt><dd id="fnb602"><p>Correspondence APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb602-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>602<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 603</dt><dd id="fnb603"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb603-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>603<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 604</dt><dd id="fnb604"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb604-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>604<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 605</dt><dd id="fnb605"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb605-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>605<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 606</dt><dd id="fnb606"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with CONADEH. 5 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb606-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>606<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 607</dt><dd id="fnb607"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Dr. Ayestas. 7 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb607-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>607<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 608</dt><dd id="fnb608"><p>Meeting with PLAN. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb608-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>608<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 609</dt><dd id="fnb609"><p>Meeting with Trans Cozumel Association. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb609-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>609<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 610</dt><dd id="fnb610"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb610-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>610<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 611</dt><dd id="fnb611"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb611-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>611<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 612</dt><dd id="fnb612"><p>Meeting with Radio Progreso. 4 Apr. 2017; Meeting with ERIC-SJ. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb612-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>612<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 613</dt><dd id="fnb613"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017; Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb613-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>613<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 614</dt><dd id="fnb614"><p>Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb614-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>614<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 615</dt><dd id="fnb615"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb615-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>615<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 616</dt><dd id="fnb616"><p>Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017; Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb616-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>616<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 617</dt><dd id="fnb617"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb617-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>617<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 618</dt><dd id="fnb618"><p>CATTRACHAS. 2017, 18.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb618-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>618<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 619</dt><dd id="fnb619"><p>CATTRACHAS. 2017, 18.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb619-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>619<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 620</dt><dd id="fnb620"><p>CATTRACHAS. 2017, 18.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb620-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>620<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 621</dt><dd id="fnb621"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb621-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>621<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 622</dt><dd id="fnb622"><p>Meeting with Asociación Colectivo Violeta. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb622-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>622<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 623</dt><dd id="fnb623"><p>Meeting with CONADEH. 5 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb623-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>623<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 624</dt><dd id="fnb624"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017; Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb624-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>624<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 625</dt><dd id="fnb625"><p>Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017. For more information about the Precautionary Measures of the IACHR, please see Section 2.3.3 of Chapter I.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb625-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>625<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 626</dt><dd id="fnb626"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb626-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>626<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 627</dt><dd id="fnb627"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb627-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>627<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 628</dt><dd id="fnb628"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb628-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>628<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 629</dt><dd id="fnb629"><p>Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb629-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>629<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 630</dt><dd id="fnb630"><p>Meeting with PLAN. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb630-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>630<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 631</dt><dd id="fnb631"><p>Meeting with Asociación Kukulcán. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb631-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>631<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 632</dt><dd id="fnb632"><p>Meeting with Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb632-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>632<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 633</dt><dd id="fnb633"><p>Meeting with Asociación Trans Cozumel. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb633-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>633<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 634</dt><dd id="fnb634"><p>Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017; Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb634-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>634<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 635</dt><dd id="fnb635"><p>Correspondence APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb635-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>635<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 636</dt><dd id="fnb636"><p>Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb636-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>636<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 637</dt><dd id="fnb637"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017; Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb637-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>637<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 638</dt><dd id="fnb638"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb638-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>638<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 639</dt><dd id="fnb639"><p>Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb639-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>639<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 640</dt><dd id="fnb640"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb640-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>640<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 641</dt><dd id="fnb641"><p>Correspondence APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb641-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>641<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 642</dt><dd id="fnb642"><p>Correspondence APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb642-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>642<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 643</dt><dd id="fnb643"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb643-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>643<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 644</dt><dd id="fnb644"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb644-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>644<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 645</dt><dd id="fnb645"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb645-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>645<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 646</dt><dd id="fnb646"><p>Meeting with Casa Alianza. 4 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb646-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>646<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 647</dt><dd id="fnb647"><p>Meeting with Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb647-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>647<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 648</dt><dd id="fnb648"><p>Correspondence from APUVIMEH. 1 Sept. 2017; Correspondence from Grupo Lésbico Bisexual LITOS. 1 Sept. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb648-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>648<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 649</dt><dd id="fnb649"><p>Meeting with Asociación Kukulcán. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb649-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>649<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 650</dt><dd id="fnb650"><p>Meeting with Asociación LGTB Arcoíris. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb650-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>650<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 651</dt><dd id="fnb651"><p>Meeting with APUVIMEH. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb651-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>651<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 652</dt><dd id="fnb652"><p>Meeting with Asociación Kukulcán. 6 Apr. 2017.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb652-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>652<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 653</dt><dd id="fnb653"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Seguridad, Prevención y Transporte.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb653-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>653<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd><dt>Footnote 654</dt><dd id="fnb654"><p>Meeting with San Pedro Sula. 3 Apr. 2017. Gerencia de Apoyo a la Prestación de Servicios Sociales.</p><p class="fn-rtn">
<a href="#fnb654-ref">
<span class="wb-inv">Return to footnote </span>654<span class="wb-inv"> referrer</span></a></p></dd></dl> </section> </aside> 2018-07-03T14:03:27Z2018-07-03T14:03:27ZGovernment of Canada, Immigration and Refugee Board of Canadahttp://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca