National Documentation Packages (NDPs) are lists of public documents that provide information on country conditions. Updates occur on a regular basis.
NDPs support the refugee determination process. They do not imply recognition of a particular territory's sovereignty or political status.
NDPs include Responses to Information Requests (RIRs) published by the IRB on its website which may have attachments that are inaccessible due to technical constraints and may include translations of documents originally written in languages other than English or French. To obtain a copy of such attachments and/or translated version of the
RIR attachments, please
email us.
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
Jurisprudential Guides Notes
On
July 28, 2022, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide:
-
Decision TC1 05038 – The proper interpretation of the ‘generalized risk’ exception to protection found at subparagraph 97(1)(b)(ii) of the Act, in claims for protection involving allegations of gang-targeting or other acts of criminality.
On
December 22, 2020, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision MB8-00025 – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses, in applying Article 1E of the Refugee Convention, whether members should consider allegations of risk in a country of residence if they conclude that a refugee claimant has the rights and obligations which are attached to the possession of nationality in that country.
On
July 6, 2018, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being a
Jurisprudential Guide.
-
Decision TB7-19851 – Nigeria – This Jurisprudential Guide addresses internal flight alternatives in major cities in south and central Nigeria for claimants fleeing non-state actors.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 10, 2018.
On
July 20, 2017, the Chairperson identified the following Refugee Appeal Division decision as being
Jurisprudential Guides.
-
Decision TB7-01837 – Pakistan – Whether the treatment experienced by Ahmadis in Pakistan amounts to persecution, whether state protection is available and whether there is a viable internal flight alternative.
-
Decision MB6-01059/60 – India – Availability of an internal flight alternative in India for claimants from Punjab.
Revoked
-
Decision TB6-11632 – China – Analysis of the efficacy of the Chinese national computer network known as the Golden Shield Project and its impact on whether a person wanted by the authorities can exit China via an airport using a genuine passport.
Revoked
The country documentation referenced in each of these decisions has been included in s.16 of the updated National Documentation Packages published on July 20, 2017.
Back
30 June 2017
ERITREA
List of Documents
1.
General Information and Maps
Title:
Érythrée. L'Encyclopédie en ligne.
Accessed Date:
26 October 2012
Title:
Eritrea. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
15 June 2017
Accessed Date:
23 June 2017
Title:
Operational Guidance Note: Eritrea
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
December 2014
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; children; citizenship; corruption; disappeared persons; domestic violence; election; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; female genital mutilation; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender equality; gender-based violence; government corruption; human rights activists; identity documents; institutional efficacy; internal displacement; international guidance note; Internet; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; military service; nationality; penal system; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; rejected asylum seekers; religion; sexual violence; social services; state surveillance; torture; trafficking in persons; warrants; witness protection
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Eritrea: National service and illegal exit. Version 4.0e.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
25 October 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Présentation de l'Érythrée
Source:
France. Ministère des Affaires étrangères et du Développement international.
Date of Document:
15 September 2015
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
citizenship; country overview; ethnic and national groups; judicial efficacy; military service; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; religion
Title:
Eritrea and Ethiopia
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Eritrea: Religious groups. Version 2.0e.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
10 October 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Érythrée. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde.
Source:
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
Date of Document:
25 November 2016
Accessed Date:
23 June 2017
Title:
DFAT Country Information Report: Eritrea
Source:
Australia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
Date of Document:
8 February 2017
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
3 March 2017
Accessed Date:
7 March 2017
Title:
Eritrea. Amnesty International Annual Report 2016/17: The State of the World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea. Freedom in the World 2016.
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Report on the State of Human Rights in Eritrea 2016
Source:
Human Rights Concern Eritrea
Date of Document:
31 January 2017
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea. World Report 2017: Events of 2016.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2017
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea, Sheila B. Keetharuth
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
7 June 2017
Accessed Date:
23 June 2017
Title:
EASO Country of Origin Information Report: Eritrea Country Focus
Source:
European Asylum Support Office
Date of Document:
May 2015
Accessed Date:
24 July 2015
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; armed groups; children; citizenship; conflict; corruption; country overview; crime; disappeared persons; document fraud; election; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender equality; gender-based violence; government corruption; human rights activists; identity documents; institutional efficacy; internal displacement; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; map; marriage; military service; minorities; penal system; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; religion; sexual violence; social services; state surveillance; statistics; torture; trafficking in persons; transport infrastructure
Title:
Detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
8 June 2016
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; children; citizenship; conflict; corruption; country overview; crime; disappeared persons; domestic violence; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; family law; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender equality; gender-based violence; government corruption; identity documents; institutional efficacy; Internet; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; military service; minorities; nationality; penal system; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; rejected asylum seekers; religion; sexual violence; state surveillance; torture
3.
Identification Documents and Citizenship
Title:
Eritrean Nationality Proclamation (No. 21/1992)
Accessed Date:
26 October 2012
Keywords:
citizenship; identity documents; legislation
Title:
Truck driver's licenses, including issuance procedures and appearance (2013-August 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 September 2014
Accessed Date:
26 September 2014
Keywords:
identity documents
Title:
Prevalence of fraudulent identity documents, including national identity cards (2012-August 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
5 September 2014
Accessed Date:
26 September 2014
Keywords:
document fraud; freedom of movement; identity documents
Title:
Procedures for obtaining Eritrean nationality for persons born outside Eritrea; whether new nationality legislation is being drafted or enacted
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
3 September 2009
Accessed Date:
26 October 2012
Keywords:
citizenship; identity documents; legislation
Title:
Military identification cards and permits, including appearance (2012-August 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 September 2014
Accessed Date:
26 September 2014
Keywords:
document fraud; freedom of movement; identity documents; military service
Title:
Identification documents, including national identity cards and birth certificates; requirements and procedures for obtaining and renewing identity documents, both within the country and abroad (2009-August 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
16 September 2013
Accessed Date:
27 September 2013
Keywords:
freedom of movement; identity documents; military service
Title:
Eritrea Reciprocity Schedule
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Appearance of national identity cards, including description of security features and size; whether the acronym 'PGE' is printed on the border of the laminate (2014-May 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
4 May 2015
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
identity documents
Title:
Birth certificates issued by the Public Registration Office of Zoba Maekel [Maakel] (Central Zone); including whether the certificate has a standard format and appearance (2013-November 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 December 2014
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
identity documents
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain a birth certificate, both within and outside the country; information on regional differences (2014-May 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
6 June 2017
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
4.
Political Activities and Organizations
Title:
Eritrea: Scenarios for Future Transition. Africa Report N°200.
Source:
International Crisis Group
Date of Document:
28 March 2013
Accessed Date:
16 September 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; armed groups; citizenship; conflict; corruption; disappeared persons; election; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; extremist/terrorist organizations; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; government corruption; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; military service; minorities; nationality; police corruption; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; religion; state surveillance
Title:
Authoritarianism in Eritrea and the Migrant Crisis
Source:
Council on Foreign Relations
Date of Document:
11 November 2015
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; disappeared persons; election; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; humanitarian situation; institutional efficacy; legislation; military service; political activities; political organizations; state surveillance
Title:
I. Political Transformation. Bertelsmann Stiftung, BTI 2016 - Eritrea Country Report.
Source:
Gütersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; armed groups; election; ethnic and national groups; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; government corruption; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; legal system; legislation; military service; minorities; penal system; police/security forces; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; religion; state surveillance; trafficking in persons
Title:
The emergence of ethnically based opposition. Eritrean opposition parties and civic organisations.
Source:
Norwegian Peacebuilding Resource Centre
Date of Document:
January 2015
Author:
Abdulkader Saleh Mohammad and Kjetil Tronvoll
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
ethnic and national groups; freedom of movement; human rights activists; labour; minorities; nationality; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; race; religion; trafficking in persons
Title:
The Eritrean People's Democratic Party (EPDP)-Zete, including objectives, leaders and membership procedure; treatment of members and supporters by authorities (2015-December 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
9 December 2016
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
5.
Gender, Domestic Violence and Children
Title:
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Country Profile: Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
Date of Document:
17 August 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea. Social Institutions and Gender Index 2014.
Source:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
Accessed Date:
28 November 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; domestic violence; family law; freedom of movement; gender equality; gender-based violence; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; political activities; political prisoners; sexual violence; statistics
Title:
Concluding observations on the fourth and fifth periodic reports of Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.
Date of Document:
12 March 2015
Accessed Date:
24 July 2015
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; children; domestic violence; family law; female genital mutilation; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; gender equality; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; military service; political activities; religion; sexual violence; social services; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Eritrea Report. A Chronic State of Agony. A Report to the Commission of Inquiry on Human Rights in Eritrea.
Source:
Strategic Initiative for Women in the Horn of Africa
Date of Document:
May 2015
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
abduction; children; female genital mutilation; freedom of movement; humanitarian situation; identity documents; labour; map; marriage; military service; religion; sexual violence; social services; torture; trafficking in persons; transport infrastructure
Title:
Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Committee on the Rights of the Child.
Date of Document:
8 June 2015
Accessed Date:
24 July 2015
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; children; citizenship; corruption; disappeared persons; domestic violence; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; family law; female genital mutilation; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender equality; gender-based violence; government corruption; identity documents; institutional efficacy; internal displacement; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; military service; minorities; nationality; penal system; police efficacy; police/security forces; rejected asylum seekers; religion; sexual minorities; sexual violence; social services; torture; transport infrastructure; witness protection
Title:
Statement by Ms. Sheila B. Keetharuth, Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Eritrea at the 31th session of the Human Rights Council
Source:
United Nations. Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights.
Date of Document:
14 March 2016
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; children; disappeared persons; freedom of movement; identity documents; labour; military service; penal system; sexual violence; trafficking in persons
Title:
Report on Women's Rights Violations in Eritrea – HRCE Report 1/2017
Source:
Human Rights Concern Eritrea
Date of Document:
8 March 2017
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea. State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Sexual Orientation Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition. 12th Edition.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
May 2017
Author:
Aengus Carroll; Lucas Ramón Mendos
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
7.
Criminality and Corruption
Title:
Eritrea (Tier 3). Trafficking in Persons Report 2017.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
June 2017
Accessed Date:
28 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea. 2017 OSAC Crime and Safety Report.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
1 February 2017
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea: National service
Source:
Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo
Date of Document:
20 May 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Just Deserters: Why Indefinite National Service in Eritrea has Created a Generation of Refugees: Revised Edition
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
1 August 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
EASO Country of Origin Report. Eritrea: National service and illegal exit.
Source:
European Asylum Support Office
Date of Document:
November 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Erythrée: recrutement de mineurs
Source:
Swiss Refugee Council
Date of Document:
21 January 2015
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; legislation; military service; police/security forces
Title:
Information on exemption from National Service, including for Eritrean citizens living outside the country (2014-February 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 February 2017
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Report of a Home Office Fact-Finding Mission. Eritrea: illegal exit and national service. Conducted 7–20 February 2016.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
February 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
9.
Judiciary, Legal and Penal Systems
Title:
Update: Introduction to Eritrean Legal System and Research
Source:
New York University. School of Law. Hauser Global Law School Program.
Date of Document:
September 2015
Author:
Luwam Dirar; Kibrom Tesfagabir
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
ethnic and national groups; judicial efficacy; legal system; legislation; marriage; political activities; political organizations; religion
Title:
Issuance and delivery procedures for police orders or summonses in Asmara for suspected offenders or those violating reporting conditions, including whether the order or summons has to be delivered to the specified individual or can be left with ...
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
1 May 2014
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; corruption; judicial efficacy; legal system; military service; police efficacy; police/security forces; religion; warrants
Title:
Left out in the cold. Eritreans persecuted at home and in exile. A world of torture.
Source:
Action by Christians for the Abolition of Torture
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
10.
Police and Security Forces
Title:
Information on military structure, including ranks; reason and process for advancement among ranks and transferring between areas, particularly to the Sudan border area; information on the logistics unit and the unit responsible for patrolling the Sudan..
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 July 2016
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea. Freedom of the Press 2016.
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
The Erosion of the Rule of Law in Eritrea: Silencing Freedom of Expression
Source:
Centre for Human Rights. University of Pretoria. UN Mandated University for Peace.
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; conflict; election; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; human rights activists; identity documents; Internet; judicial efficacy; legal system; legislation; marriage; military service; penal system; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; religion; torture; transport infrastructure
Title:
Eritrea: A Nation Silenced
Date of Document:
June 2013
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; government corruption; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; Internet; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; legislation; political prisoners; torture
Title:
Eritrea. International Religious Freedom Report for 2015.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
10 August 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Treatment of Christians by the authorities, including denominations not recognized by the state (2011-August 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 September 2013
Accessed Date:
27 September 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; citizenship; military service; religion; torture
Title:
Eritrea. United States Commission for International Religious Freedom Annual Report 2017.
Source:
United States. Commission on International Religious Freedom.
Date of Document:
April 2017
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Information on the Tehadiso movement, including core teachings and tenets; status of the movement in Eritrea; treatment of members by authorities (2015-January 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 January 2017
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
The Medhane Alem movement in Eritrea, including religious affiliation and history; treatment of members by authorities (2003-February 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
2 March 2015
Accessed Date:
27 July 2015
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; religion
Title:
Treatment of Evangelical and Pentecostal Christians by authorities; including members of the Mulu Wongei [Full Gospel] Church; incidents of arrests and detention of Mulu Wongel Church members in Asmara (2002-October 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
27 October 2014
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; disappeared persons; family law; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; identity documents; internal displacement; labour; legal system; legislation; military service; religion; state surveillance; torture
13.
Nationality, Ethnicity and Race
Title:
Treatment of Jeberti people by government authorities, including Jeberti returnees (2010-August 2013)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
17 September 2013
Accessed Date:
27 September 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; ethnic and national groups; military service; minorities; rejected asylum seekers; religion; torture
14.
Exit/Entry and Freedom of Movement
Title:
Eritrea and Sudan: Situation of the border region between the two countries, including military and police patrols, as well as legal crossing points; information on physical obstacles to prevent crossing, such as fences and mines; number of people legally and irregularly crossing the border (2013-May 2014)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
15 May 2014
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Keywords:
abduction; children; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of movement; government corruption; identity documents; labour; legislation; marriage; military service; police corruption; police/security forces; rejected asylum seekers; sexual violence; torture; trafficking in persons; transport infrastructure
Title:
Situation of people returning to the country after they either spent time, claimed refugee status, or were seeking asylum abroad (July 2015-May 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
14 June 2017
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
Eritrea: Reactions towards returning asylum seekers
Source:
Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo
Date of Document:
27 April 2016
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Response. Eritrea: Exit visas and illegal exit.
Source:
Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo
Date of Document:
15 April 2015
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
abduction; children; ethnic and national groups; freedom of movement; government corruption; identity documents; military service; political opposition; trafficking in persons
Title:
Information on exit procedures, including type of exit document issued and validity period of the document; whether exit stamps that were issued in 2012 or prior, were valid for 2016 (2011-February 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 March 2017
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
15.
Labour, Employment and Unions - (No items in this section)
16.
Other - (No items in this section)
The following changes have been made to the previous package dated 31 March 2017:
Title:
Eritrea. The World Factbook.
Source:
United States. Central Intelligence Agency.
Date of Document:
16 June 2016
URL:
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/er.html
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
country overview; map
Title:
Country Information and Guidance. Eritrea: Religious Groups.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
20 October 2014
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/365456/CIG_-_Eritrea_-_Religious_Groups_v1_0.pdf
Accessed Date:
21 November 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; disappeared persons; extralegal executions/killings; legal system; legislation; map; penal system; police/security forces; religion; torture
Title:
Érythréé. L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde.
Source:
L'aménagement linguistique dans le monde
Date of Document:
9 June 2016
URL:
http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/erythree.htm
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
country overview; ethnic and national groups; legislation; map; religion; statistics
Title:
Eritrea. Amnesty International Annual Report 2015/16: The State of the World's Human Rights.
Source:
Amnesty International
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/africa/eritrea/report-eritrea/
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; human rights activists; labour; legal system; legislation; military service; political opposition; political prisoners; religion; torture
Title:
Eritrea. Freedom in the World 2015.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world/2015/eritrea#.VTlIiiFVhHw
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; armed groups; children; corruption; crime; disappeared persons; domestic violence; election; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; female genital mutilation; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender equality; government corruption; human rights activists; identity documents; institutional efficacy; Internet; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; military service; minorities; organized crime; penal system; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; race; rejected asylum seekers; religion; sexual minorities; sexual violence; social services; state surveillance; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Eritrea. World Report 2016: Events of 2015.
Source:
Human Rights Watch
Date of Document:
January 2016
URL:
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/eritrea
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; armed groups; children; disappeared persons; extremist/terrorist organizations; freedom of the press; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; military service; penal system; police/security forces; political opposition; political prisoners; religion; sexual violence; torture
Title:
Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Eritrea, Sheila B. Keetharuth
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
19 June 2015
URL:
http://www.un.org/Docs/journal/asp/ws.asp?m=A/HRC/29/41
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; disappeared persons; extralegal executions/killings; family law; female genital mutilation; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender equality; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; internal displacement; judicial efficacy; legal system; legislation; marriage; military service; police/security forces; political prisoners; rejected asylum seekers; social services; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Eritrea Reciprocity Schedule
Source:
United States. Department of State.
URL:
http://travel.state.gov/content/visas/english/fees/reciprocity-by-country/ER.html
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
identity documents
Title:
Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting Country Profile: Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Population Fund.
Date of Document:
22 October 2013
URL:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/527a05494.html
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Keywords:
children; female genital mutilation; statistics
Title:
Eritrea. State-Sponsored Homophobia: A World Survey of Sexual Orientation Laws: criminalisation, protection and recognition.
Source:
International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association
Date of Document:
May 2016
URL:
http://ilga.org/downloads/02_ILGA_State_Sponsored_Homophobia_2016_ENG_WEB_150516.pdf
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
legislation; sexual minorities
Title:
Eritrea (Tier 3). Trafficking in Persons Report 2015.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
July 2015
URL:
http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/countries/2015/243434.htm
Accessed Date:
24 July 2015
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; children; corruption; crime; government corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; military service; organized crime; police corruption; police/security forces; sexual violence; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Eritrea. 2015 OSAC Crime and Safety Report.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
20 May 2015
URL:
https://www.osac.gov/pages/ContentReportDetails.aspx?cid=17689
Accessed Date:
24 July 2015
Keywords:
armed groups; conflict; crime; document fraud; domestic violence; drug trafficking; extralegal executions/killings; extremist/terrorist organizations; freedom of movement; gender equality; identity documents; military service; police/security forces; religion; transport infrastructure
Title:
Eritrea: National service
Source:
Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo
Date of Document:
23 March 2015
URL:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/56cd5e574.html
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; ethnic and national groups; freedom of movement; government corruption; labour; legislation; military service; minorities; religion; sexual violence; social services
Title:
Just Deserters: Why Indefinite National Service in Eritrea has Created a Generation of Refugees
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
2 December 2015
URL:
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr64/2930/2015/en/
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of movement; identity documents; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; military service; penal system; police/security forces; religion; social services; torture; transport infrastructure
Title:
Eritrea. Freedom of the Press 2015.
URL:
https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-press/2015/eritrea
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; human rights activists; Internet; judicial efficacy; legal system; legislation; political prisoners
Title:
Eritrea. International Religious Freedom Report for 2014.
Source:
United States. Department of State.
Date of Document:
14 October 2015
URL:
http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/religiousfreedom/index.htm?year=2014&dlid=238212
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; identity documents; legislation; military service; penal system; political organizations; religion
Title:
Eritrea. USCIRF Annual Report 2016.
Source:
United States. Commission on International Religious Freedom.
Date of Document:
2 May 2016
Page Numbers:
39-43, 233-234
URL:
http://www.uscirf.gov/sites/default/files/USCIRF%202016%20Annual%20Report.pdf
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
children; crime; domestic violence; ethnic and national groups; freedom of expression; race; religion; sexual violence; social services; trafficking in persons
Title:
Situation of people returning to the country after they either spent time abroad, claimed refugee status, or were seeking asylum (September 2014-June 2015)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
18 November 2015
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456228
Accessed Date:
21 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; freedom of movement; identity documents; legislation; military service; political opposition; torture
Title:
Response. Eritrea: Reactions towards returning asylum seekers.
Source:
Norwegian Country of Origin Information Centre, Landinfo
Date of Document:
23 March 2015
URL:
http://www.landinfo.no/asset/3274/1/3274_1.pdf
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; military service; police/security forces; political opposition; torture
Title:
UNHCR Eligibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Asylum-Seekers from Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. High Commissioner for Refugees.
Date of Document:
20 April 2011
URL:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/4dafe0ec2.html
Accessed Date:
13 September 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; citizenship; conflict; disappeared persons; ethnic and national groups; female genital mutilation; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender-based violence; human rights activists; humanitarian situation; identity documents; international guidance note; labour; legal system; marriage; military service; minorities; political activities; political opposition; political prisoners; religion; sexual minorities; sexual violence; trafficking in persons
Title:
Fact Finding Mission Report of the Danish Immigration Service, “Eritrea – Drivers and Root Causes of Emigration, National Service and the Possibility of Return. Country of Origin Information for Use in the Asylum Determination Process”, UNHCR'...
Source:
United Nations. High Commissioner for Refugees.
Date of Document:
December 2014
URL:
http://www.ft.dk/samling/20141/almdel/uui/bilag/41/1435206.pdf
Accessed Date:
30 July 2015
Keywords:
freedom of expression; legal system; military service; rejected asylum seekers
Title:
Eritrea – Drivers and Root Causes of Emigration, National Service and the Possibility of Return. Appendix edition. Country of Origin Information for Use in the Asylum Determination Process. Report from the Danish Immigration Service's fact findin...
Source:
Denmark. Danish Immigration Service.
Date of Document:
December 2014
URL:
https://www.nyidanmark.dk/NR/rdonlyres/744EA210-A4F1-4D7B-8898-AB792907769C/0/EritreareportAnnexABFINAL15122014.pdf
Accessed Date:
30 July 2015
Keywords:
abduction; armed groups; children; citizenship; conflict; corruption; country overview; crime; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of movement; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; military service; penal system; police corruption; police/security forces; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; rejected asylum seekers; religion; social services; statistics; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Eritrea. Country of Origin Information Report.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
18 September 2013
URL:
http://www.refworld.org/docid/523acfcb4.html
Accessed Date:
13 September 2013
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; citizenship; conflict; corruption; country overview; crime; disappeared persons; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; extremist/terrorist organizations; female genital mutilation; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender equality; gender-based violence; human rights activists; humanitarian situation; identity documents; internal displacement; Internet; labour; legal system; legislation; map; marriage; military service; minorities; nationality; penal system; political activities; political opposition; rejected asylum seekers; religion; sexual violence; state surveillance; statistics; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Summary Prepared by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Accordance with Paragraph 15 (b) of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 5/1 and Paragraph 5 of the Annex to Council Resolution 16/21: Eritrea
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/18/ERI/3
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
4 November 2013
URL:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/ERSession18.aspx
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; citizenship; conflict; disappeared persons; extralegal executions/killings; female genital mutilation; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender equality; identity documents; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; military service; nationality; penal system; police efficacy; police/security forces; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; rejected asylum seekers; religion; sexual minorities; sexual violence; social services; torture
Title:
Eritrea – The North Korea of Africa? The Researcher.
Source:
The Refugee Documentation Centre
Date of Document:
April 2014
URL:
http://www.legalaidboard.ie/lab/publishing.nsf/650f3eec0dfb990fca25692100069854/b3fdf772cf730c4e80257cc2003cca7b/$FILE/The%20Researcher%20-%20April%202014.%20Vol%209,%20Issue%201.pdf
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; citizenship; conflict; country overview; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gangs; government corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; military service; minorities; nationality; organized crime; penal system; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; rejected asylum seekers; religion; sexual violence; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
National Report Submitted in Accordance with Paragraph 5 of the Annex to Human Rights Council Resolution 16/21: Eritrea
Code:
A/HRC/WG.6/18/ERI/1
Date of Document:
8 November 2013
URL:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/ERSession18.aspx
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; armed groups; children; disappeared persons; female genital mutilation; freedom of movement; gender equality; institutional efficacy; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; penal system; rejected asylum seekers; religion; sexual violence; social services; torture; trafficking in persons; transport infrastructure
Title:
Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Eritrea
Source:
United Nations. Human Rights Council.
Date of Document:
7 April 2014
URL:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/ERSession18.aspx
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; disappeared persons; domestic violence; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; female genital mutilation; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender equality; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; Internet; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; marriage; military service; nationality; penal system; political prisoners; religion; sexual minorities; sexual violence; social services; torture; trafficking in persons
Title:
Eritrea - Country of Concern. Human Rights and Democracy Report 2014.
Source:
United Kingdom. Foreign and Commonwealth Office.
Date of Document:
12 March 2015
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/eritrea-country-of-concern--2/eritrea-country-of-concern
Accessed Date:
23 July 2015
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; disappeared persons; election; ethnic and national groups; extralegal executions/killings; female genital mutilation; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of movement; freedom of the press; gender equality; human rights activists; institutional efficacy; internal displacement; Internet; judicial corruption; judicial efficacy; labour; legal system; legislation; military service; minorities; penal system; political activities; political opposition; political organizations; political prisoners; rejected asylum seekers; religion; sexual violence; state surveillance; trafficking in persons
Title:
The Open-Ended Eritrean National Service: The Driver of Forced Migration
Source:
London South Bank University
Date of Document:
16 October 2014
URL:
http://lifos.migrationsverket.se/dokument?documentSummaryId=33512
Accessed Date:
22 June 2016
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; extralegal executions/killings; gender equality; identity documents; legislation; military service; penal system; police/security forces; political activities; political organizations; religion; statistics; torture
Title:
Torture in Eritrea: ‘Every Night You Hear Shouts and Cries of People Being Beaten'
Source:
Amnesty International
Date of Document:
25 June 2013
URL:
http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/AFR64/006/2013/en
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; penal system; political prisoners; torture
Title:
Eritrea. 10 Most Censored Countries.
Source:
Committee to Protect Journalists
URL:
https://www.cpj.org/2015/04/10-most-censored-countries.php
Accessed Date:
24 July 2015
Keywords:
abduction; arbitrary arrest and detention; disappeared persons; extralegal executions/killings; freedom of assembly; freedom of expression; freedom of the press; Internet; legal system; penal system; political activities; political prisoners; statistics
Title:
Contribution to the Report of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights on the implementation of the new review mechanism of the Human Rights Council, established by GA Resolution 60/251 and by the Human Rights Council in Resolution 5/1 of 18 ...
Source:
The European Association of Jehovah's Christian Witnesses
Date of Document:
24 June 2013
URL:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/UPRERStakeholdersInfoS18.aspx
Accessed Date:
14 July 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; children; legislation; military service; penal system; religion; torture
Title:
Universal Periodic Review 2013: Religious Freedom in Eritrea
Source:
European Centre for Law and Justice
URL:
http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/UPRERStakeholdersInfoS18.aspx
Accessed Date:
16 September 2014
Keywords:
arbitrary arrest and detention; penal system; political prisoners; religion; statistics; torture
Title:
Country Policy and Information Note. Eritrea: National service and illegal exit. Version 4.0e.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
25 October 2016
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/565635/CPIN-Eritrea-NS-and-Illegal-Exit-v4-October-2016.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
DFAT Country Information Report: Eritrea
Source:
Australia. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
Date of Document:
8 February 2017
URL:
http://dfat.gov.au/about-us/publications/Documents/country-information-report-eritrea.pdf
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
Report on the State of Human Rights in Eritrea 2016
Source:
Human Rights Concern Eritrea
Date of Document:
31 January 2017
URL:
http://hrc-eritrea.org/wpxyz/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Report-on-the-State-of-Eritrea-2016-3-.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Requirements and procedures to obtain a birth certificate, both within and outside the country; information on regional differences (2014-May 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
6 June 2017
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=457069
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
The Eritrean People's Democratic Party (EPDP)-Zete, including objectives, leaders and membership procedure; treatment of members and supporters by authorities (2015-December 2016)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
9 December 2016
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456822
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Report on Women's Rights Violations in Eritrea – HRCE Report 1/2017
Source:
Human Rights Concern Eritrea
Date of Document:
8 March 2017
URL:
http://hrc-eritrea.org/report-on-womens-rights-violations-in-eritrea-hrce-report-12017/
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
EASO Country of Origin Report. Eritrea: National service and illegal exit.
Source:
European Asylum Support Office
Date of Document:
November 2016
URL:
https://www.easo.europa.eu/sites/default/files/publications/COI-%20Eritrea-Dec2016_LR.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Information on exemption from National Service, including for Eritrean citizens living outside the country (2014-February 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 February 2017
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456929
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Report of a Home Office Fact-Finding Mission. Eritrea: illegal exit and national service. Conducted 7–20 February 2016.
Source:
United Kingdom. Home Office.
Date of Document:
February 2016
URL:
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/565637/Report-of-UK-FFM-to-Eritrea-7-20-February-2016.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Left out in the cold. Eritreans persecuted at home and in exile. A world of torture.
Source:
Action by Christians for the Abolition of Torture
URL:
https://www.acatfrance.fr/public/acat_rapport2016_english_web.pdf
Accessed Date:
8 June 2017
Title:
Information on military structure, including ranks; reason and process for advancement among ranks and transferring between areas, particularly to the Sudan border area; information on the logistics unit and the unit responsible for patrolling the Sudan..
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
12 July 2016
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456600
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
Title:
Information on the Tehadiso movement, including core teachings and tenets; status of the movement in Eritrea; treatment of members by authorities (2015-January 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
20 January 2017
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456872
Accessed Date:
29 June 2017
Title:
Information on exit procedures, including type of exit document issued and validity period of the document; whether exit stamps that were issued in 2012 or prior, were valid for 2016 (2011-February 2017)
Source:
Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada
Date of Document:
13 March 2017
URL:
http://irb-cisr.gc.ca/Eng/ResRec/RirRdi/Pages/index.aspx?doc=456953
Accessed Date:
30 June 2017
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